ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the hard and soft tissue changing trend and contributing factors of skeletal class Ⅱ hyperdivergent patients before and after orthodontic camouflage treatment by analyzing the cephalogram and the three dimensional(3D)facial scan data.Methods:Eighteen skeletal class Ⅱhyperdivergent adult female patients who finished camouflage orthodontic treatment were selected.Skele-tal and dental measurements were carried out with the cephalometric analysis before and after the treat-ment.3D facial data before and after orthodontic treatment were acquired and the anatomical landmarks were set after the repositioning and superimposition process.Hard tissue measurement included 17 mea-surement indicators(sella-nasion-subspinale angle,sella-nasion-supramental angle,subspinale-nasion-supramental angle,facial angle,angle of convexity,Frankfort horizontal plane-mandibular plane angle(FH-MP),Y axis angle,sella-nasion plane-mandibular plane angle(MP-SN),pogonion-nasion-supra-mental distance,upper incisor-nasion-subspinale distance,upper incisor to sella-nasion,lower incisor-nasion-supramental distance,lower incisor-nasion-supramental angle,upper incisor to lower incisor,up-per incisor to sella-nasion,lower incisor-mandibular plane angle,and Z angle),and the changes before and after treatment were measured for 11 of them.Twenty soft tissue landmarks(left/right cheekbone,left/right chelion,left/right crista philtra,soft tissue gnathion,left/right gonion,glabella,labrale infe-rius,labrale superius,soft tissue menton,left/right mid-mandibular border,soft tissue pogonion,stomi-on superius,sublabial,subnasale,and supralabial)and 9 soft tissue indicators(lower lip height,facial convexity,lower vermilion height,mandibular contour,nasolabial angle,philtral length,philtral width,upper lip height,and upper vermilion height)were measured and recorded for treatment changes.Linear-regression analysis and correlation analysis were carried out for analyzing the relationship between hard and soft tissue changes before and after the treatment.Results:Significant differences were noticed for 18 out of the 20 cephalometric measurements and facial measurements before and after the treatment(P<0.05),which mainly represented the sagittal retraction of lip area after the treatment.Significant vertical displacements were revealed for soft tissue menton after treatment[(1.88±2.61)mm,P<0.05].Significant sagittal displacements were revealed for left/right cheilion[(-2.95±1.9)mm,(-2.90±1.92)mm],labrale inferius[(-4.94±1.95)mm],labrale superius[(-3.25±1.44)mm],sublabial[(-3.10±3.5)mm],and subnasale[(-1.23±1.06)mm]after treatment(P<0.05).An average of 4.10°±2.57° increasement was noticed for Z angle after treatment.High correla-tion(r>0.7)was noticed for the displacement of menton after treatment with FH-MP,with the rate of-0.183:1,and MP-SN,with the rate of-0.157:1.Moderate correlations(0.7≥r>0.4)were no-ticed for the other measurements with correlations(P<0.05).Conclusion:A certain extent of facial improvements could be achieved with orthodontic camouflage treatment for skeletal class Ⅱ hyperdiver-gent patients,which were mostly represented by the improvement of sagittal relationship of nose,lips,and chin.Certain correlations were noticed for the hard and soft tissue changes.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN La belleza se puede definir como una combinación de cualidades que dan placer a los sentidos o a la mente. En Ortodoncia, la mayoría de los pacientes acuden a consulta para mejorar su estética. Las características faciales y esqueléticas determinan el desarrollo del patrón facial, este puede ser descrito y cuantificado y es resultado del crecimiento. Dicho aspecto, ofrece, además, las bases para el diagnóstico correcto de la anomalía dentomaxilofacial y es un requisito para lograr una estética y una función adecuadas. Se realizó un estudio de los diferentes conceptos de estética y los análisis craneofaciales tomados en cuenta a lo largo de la historia de la Ortodoncia para definir tratamientos y diagnósticos en los pacientes. Si bien existen numerosos estudios que avalan la importancia de estos datos para llegar a la armonía facial, es evidente la ausencia de un acercamiento a la realidad cubana y su diversidad de razas.
ABSTRACT Beauty can be defined as a combination of qualities that give pleasure to the senses or to the mind. In Orthodontics, most patients come for consultation to improve their aesthetics. Facial and skeletal characteristics determine facial pattern development, which can be described and quantified and is the result of growth. It also provides the basis for the correct diagnosis of dentomaxillofacial anomalies and is a prerequisite for adequate function and aesthetics. A study of the different aesthetics concepts and the craniofacial analysis, throughout the history of Orthodontics, was made to define treatments and diagnoses in patients. Although there are numerous studies that endorse the importance of these data to achieve facial harmony, it is evident that there is no an approach to the Cuban reality and its racial diversity.
Subject(s)
Facial AsymmetryABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: The face is the most important factor affecting the physical appearance of a person. In facial aesthetics, there is a specific mathematical proportion, which is called golden proportion, used to measure and analyse facial aesthetic qualities in population. Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the facial soft tissue proportions which would help to constitute a standard for facial beauty and diagnose facial differences and anomalies and to compare these proportions to the golden proportion. Methods: One hundred and thirty-three (133) Turkish patients 18-40 years of age (61 females, 72 males) were involved in the study. Analysis of the photographs was performed by the same physician, and a software programme was used (NIH Image, version 1.62). Facial proportions were measured and differences from the golden proportions were recorded and grouped as normal (1.6-1.699), short (<1.6) and long (>1.699). Results: According to the facial analysis results, the trichion-gnathion/right zygoma-left zygoma was assessed: 33.1% of the patients were in normal facial morphology, 36.8% were in long facial morphology and 30.1% were in short facial morphology, according to this proportion. The trichion-gnathion/right zygoma-left zygoma proportion was significantly higher in males than females (p < 0.001). Statistically significant difference was noted in gender groups, according to the trichion-gnathion/right zygoma-left zygoma and the right lateral canthus-left lateral canthus/right cheilion-left cheilion proportions (p = 0.001, p = 0.028). Conclusion: Facial proportion assessments in relation to the golden proportion showed that a statistically significant difference was observed between gender groups. Long facial morphology was observed more in males (51.4%); normal (41%) and short (39.3%) facial morphology were more common in females. The measurements and proportions for facial balance in our study population showed that the facial width and height proportions deviated from the golden proportion.
Resumo Introdução: A face é o aspecto mais importante da aparência física de uma pessoa. Na estética facial, existe uma proporção matemática específica, chamada de proporção áurea. A proporção áurea é usada para medir e analisar as qualidades estéticas da face na população. Objetivo: Medir as proporções dos tecidos moles faciais que contribuem para o padrão da beleza facial, auxiliar a percepção e o diagnóstico das diferenças e anomalias faciais e comparar essas proporções com a proporção áurea. Método: Foram incluídos no estudo 133 pacientes turcos com 18 a 40 anos (61 mulheres, 72 homens). A análise das fotografias foi realizada pelo mesmo médico e um programa de software foi usado (NIH Image, versão 1.62). As proporções faciais foram medidas e as diferenças das proporções áureas foram registradas e agrupadas como normais (1,6-1,699), curtas (< 1,6) e longas (> 1,699). Resultados: De acordo com os resultados da análise facial, avaliou-se a proporção do tríquion-gnátio/zigoma direito-zigoma esquerdo e 33,1% dos pacientes apresentaram morfologia facial normal, enquanto 36,8% tinham morfologia facial longa e 30,1% morfologia facial curta, segundo essa proporção. A proporção do tríquion-gnátio/zigoma direito-zigoma esquerdo foi significantemente maior em homens do que em mulheres (p < 0,001). Uma diferença estatisticamente significante foi observada entre os sexos, de acordo com a proporção do tríquion-gnátio/zigoma direito-zigoma esquerdo e do canto lateral direito-canto lateral esquerdo/ângulo cantal direito- ângulo cantal esquerdo (p = 0,001, p = 0,028). Conclusão: A avaliação da proporção facial em relação à proporção áurea mostrou que houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os sexos. A morfologia facial longa foi mais observada no sexo masculino (51,4%), a morfologia facial normal (41%) e a curta (39,3%) foram mais comuns no sexo feminino. As medidas e proporções para o equilíbrio facial em nossa população estudada mostraram que as proporções de largura e altura faciais se desviaram da proporção áurea.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Vertical Dimension , Cephalometry/methods , Face/anatomy & histology , Turkey , Sex Factors , EstheticsABSTRACT
The process of facial analysis for orthognathic surgery has become of utmost importance over the last several decades, many studies show that the correction of occlusion in a dentofacial deformity does not always reach the desired facial proportions. There is no face completely symmetrical; However, the absence of some asymmetry is essential for an aesthetic outcome. Moreover, the perfect understanding of the face balance prior to treatment is critical to obtain the success of the treatment plan. Thus, the search for facial harmony requires an organized process of facial evaluation; which we intend to address in this article.
El proceso de análisis facial para la cirugía ortognática se ha vuelto de suma importancia en las últimas décadas, muchos estudios muestran que la corrección de la oclusión en una deformidad dentofacial no siempre alcanza las proporciones faciales deseadas. No hay rostro completamente simétrico; sin embargo, la ausencia de alguna asimetría es esencial para un resultado estético. Además, la comprensión perfecta del equilibrio facial antes del tratamiento es fundamental para obtener el éxito del plan de tratamiento. Por lo tanto, la búsqueda de armonía facial requiere un proceso organizado de evaluación facial; que intentamos abordar en este artículo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Orthognathic Surgical Procedures , Orthognathic Surgery , Facial Recognition , Algorithms , Facial BonesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This paper proposes Han's ratio as an objective and quantitative comparative result obtained from pre and postoperative data in patients with a mandibular angle reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients, 12 men and 18 women, who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery with the chief complaints of skeletal mandibular prognathism and prominent mandibular angle were selected. The subjects were classified into 3 groups according to the types of surgical procedures involved. Group A consisted of patients who underwent mandibular angle resection and mandibular setback. Group B was comprised of patients with mandibular angle resection, mandibular setback and genioplasty. Group C consisted of patients with mandibular angle resection, mandibular setback, Le Fort I osteotomy, and genioplasty. The landmarks placed in pre and postoperative frontal photographs were used to obtain the Han's ratio in each group. The Han's ratios were compared pre- and postoperation and according to the surgical techniques applied. RESULTS: Of the 3 groups who had undergone a mandibular angle resection, all showed a statistically significant increase in Han's ratio. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference based on the surgical techniques used. CONCLUSION: The ratio of the lateral lower face proposed in this study is a potential indicator of postoperative esthetic enhancement in mandibular angle reduction surgery.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Genioplasty , Hand , Methods , Orthognathic Surgery , Osteotomy , Plastics , Prognathism , Surgery, OralABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the relations between hard and soft tissues in subjects with facial asymmetry. Included were subjects aged between 15 and 35 years who presented a chin deviation greater than 5 mm from the midline and a unilateral posterior crossbite. Cone beam computed tomography was used to determine the measurements, positioning them on the three spatial planes; then, 5 bilateral bone points were selected on the coronal image, and parallel measurements were taken to determine the range between the bone point and the most lateral soft tissue point. The statistical analysis was done using the Shapiro-Wilk test, presenting normality in the sample distribution and Levene's test, considering a value of p < 0.05 to obtain significant differences. 20 subjects were included with an average age of 23 years, observing that there were differences in the soft tissue distance in relation to the mandibular condylar head; in other measurements, there were no significant differences, although tendencies of greater or less soft tissue width in relation to the mandibular sector of the asymmetry were observed. It may be concluded that there are limited differences in soft tissue width in subjects with facial asymmetry; the low sample number and the selection of new points may have influenced the results.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la relación entre tejidos duros y blandos en sujetos con asimetría facial. Se incluyeron sujetos de entre 15 y 35 años que presentaban desvío de mentón mayor a 5 mm desde la línea mediana y mordida cruzada posterior unilateral; se realizó una tomografía computadorizada de haz cónico para determinar las mediciones posicionándola en los tres planos espaciales; luego se realizó la selección de 5 puntos óseos bilaterales, en la imagen coronal y se realizaron mediciones paralelas para determinar la distancia entre los puntos óseo y de tejido blando más lateral; para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba Shapiro-Wilk presentando normalidad en la distribución de la muestra y la prueba de Levene considerando un valor de p < 0,05 para obtener diferencias significativas. Veinte sujetos fueron incluidos con una edad promedio de 23 años y se observó que existían diferencias en la distancia de tejidos blandos en relación a la cabeza de cóndilo mandibular; en otras mediciones no se presentaron diferencias significativas aunque se observaron tendencias de mayor o menor ancho de tejidos blandos en relación al sector mandibular de la asimetría. Se puede concluir que existen limitadas diferencias en ancho de tejidos blandos en sujetos con asimetría facial; el bajo número muestral y la selección de nuevos puntos pueden influir en los resultados observados.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Face/anatomy & histology , Facial Asymmetry/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to check if the numeric facial analysis can determine facial attractiveness. METHOD: The sample consisted of frontal and lateral standard facial photographs, in natural head position, of 85 Brazilian Caucasian women, without facial plastic surgery report. The sample mean age was 23 years and 9 months. A group of 5 orthodontists, 5 layman and 5 plastic artists classified the photographs according to their own attractiveness graduation in: pleasant, acceptable and not pleasant. The numeric facial analysis was then performed using a computerized method. Linear, proportional and angular measurements were compared among groups. RESULTS: According subjective analysis the sample was consisted of 18.8% of pleasant, 70.6% of acceptable and 10.6% of not pleasant. In most measurements there were no differences among groups. Just in three of them significant statistical difference was observed and in two of them the comparison value was within decision limit. All the differences found were related to the lower third of the face and to facial pattern. CONCLUSION: On the present research, the numeric facial analysis, by itself, was not capable of detecting facial attractiveness, considering that beauty judgment seems to be very personal.
OBJETIVO: esse estudo foi desenvolvido com o propósito de verificar se a análise facial numérica realizada em fotografias frontais é sensível em detectar a atratividade da face. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta por fotografias faciais padronizadas, frontais e laterais, em posição natural da cabeça, de 85 mulheres brasileiras, leucodermas, com idades entre 18 e 30 anos, sem histórico de cirurgia plástica facial. A idade média da amostra foi de 23 anos e 9 meses. As fotografias foram classificadas de acordo com o grau de atratividade da face por uma banca composta de cinco especialistas em Ortodontia, cinco leigos e cinco artistas plásticos. A partir dessa classificação, os indivíduos foram divididos em três grupos: esteticamente agradáveis, esteticamente aceitáveis e esteticamente desagradáveis. Em seguida, foram realizados os traçados fotométricos por meio computadorizado. As médias das variáveis lineares, proporcionais e angulares propostas foram comparadas estatisticamente entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: pela análise subjetiva, 18,8% da amostra foram classificados como esteticamente desagradáveis, 70,6% como esteticamente aceitáveis e 10,6% como esteticamente agradáveis. Na maioria das variáveis, não observou-se diferenças entre os grupos. Em apenas três delas houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Todas as diferenças encontradas relacionaram-se ao terço inferior da face e ao padrão facial. CONCLUSÃO: no presente estudo, a análise facial numérica utilizada isoladamente não foi sensível na detecção de padrões de atratividade, já que os critérios de beleza parecem ser altamente subjetivos.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate if there is correlation between perception of facial esthetic and divine proportion, verifying if most attractive faces are closer to and less attractive faces are more distant to this proportion. METHODS: Standard facial photographs (frontal and lateral) in natural head position were taken of a sample of 85 Brazilian Caucasian women, with mean age of 23 years and 9 months. The photographs were evaluated by 5 orthodontists, 5 artists and 5 laymen and were classified, according to their subjective analysis of facial esthetic, in pleasant, acceptable and not pleasant. Frontal photographs were evaluated by divine proportion analysis using the computerized method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: According to subjective analysis the sample consisted 18.8% of pleasant, 70.6% of acceptable and 10.6% of not pleasant faces. After statistical analysis, a lack of agreement was verified in esthetic facial preferences among the three groups of observers. It was also possible to verify that in this research there was no correlation between perception of facial beauty and divine proportion.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: avaliar a concordância de ortodontistas treinados no diagnóstico do Padrão Facial, por meio da avaliação morfológica da face. MÉTODOS: foram utilizadas fotografias faciais de frente, perfil e sorriso de 105 indivíduos selecionados aleatoriamente entre pacientes que procuraram tratamento ortodôntico, as quais foram enviadas a ortodontistas treinados na classificação do Padrão Facial. A concordância intraexaminador, dos examinadores com o Padrão-Ouro e interexaminadores foi avaliada por meio do Índice Kappa. RESULTADOS: a concordância na avaliação intraexaminador foi quase perfeita, com Índice Kappa 0,85. A concordância entre os examinadores e o Padrão-Ouro foi moderada (Kappa 0,48), sendo mais alta no Padrão I (Kappa 0,62) e mais baixa no Padrão Face Curta (Kappa 0,33). A concordância entre os examinadores foi substancial (Kappa 0,61), mais alta que a concordância com o Padrão-Ouro em todos os Padrões. CONCLUSÃO: os critérios utilizados pelos examinadores para determinação do Padrão Facial foram os mesmos na primeira e na segunda avaliação. A concordância entre os examinadores e o Padrão-Ouro é moderada, e eles apresentam maior concordância entre si que com o Padrão-Ouro.
OBJECTIVE To assess agreement among orthodontists trained in facial pattern diagnosis through the morphological evaluation of the face. METHODS: Facial photographs were taken in front and side view, as well as photos of the smiles of 105 individuals randomly selected among patients seeking orthodontic treatment. The photos were sent to orthodontists trained in facial pattern classification. Intra-rater agreement, agreement between raters and the Gold Standard, as well as inter-rater agreement were assessed using the Kappa index. RESULTS: Intra-rater agreement was almost perfect, with Kappa index reaching 0.85. Agreement between raters and the Gold Standard was moderate (Kappa = 0.48), higher for Pattern I (Kappa = 0.62) and lower for the short face pattern (Kappa = 0.33). Agreement between raters was significant (Kappa = 0.61) and even higher than agreement with the Gold Standard for all patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The criteria used by raters to determine the facial pattern were the same in the first and second evaluation. Agreement between raters and the Gold Standard was moderate, with raters exhibiting greater agreement between them than with the Gold Standard.
ABSTRACT
A imagem da face em norma lateral é um dos dados a serem avaliados no estabelecimento de um plano de tratamento ortodôntico, sendo o ângulo Z cefalométrico uma medida estabelecida para se avaliar a convexidade facial. O presente trabalho se propôs a comparar o ângulo Z de Merrifield com a medida que, a partir de então, foi chamada de ângulo Z clínico (medido na fotografia de perfil) nas más-oclusões de Classes I, II e III esqueléticas nos diferentes padrões faciais e correlacioná-Ios. Para medir o ângulo Z clínico, sobre a fotografia lateral do paciente, traçou-se a linha de perfil (passando pelo pogônio mole e lábio mais protruído) e também foi traçado um plano análogo ao Plano Horizontal de Frankfurt. O ângulo Z clínico foi considerado aquele entre este PHF análogo e a linha de perfil. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma amostra composta por 135 indivíduos, de ambos os gêneros, com idades a partir de 18 anos de idade, divididos pelas más-oclusões de Classes I,II e III e cada um destes grupos de más-oclusões subdivididos em grupos meso, braqui e dolicofaciais. Os dados foramsubmetidos à análise estatística utilizando-se o teste t Student com nível de significância de 5% e o teste de Correlação de Pearson. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que o ânguloZ clínico está próximo do cefalométrico, com exceção dos grupos Classe I dolicofacial, Classe II dolicofacial e Classe III braquifacial. Concluiu-se, no entanto, a despeito destas divergências,que existe uma correlação entre o ângulo Z clínico e o cefalométrico.
The facial image in lateral view and the cephalometric Z angle, which is used to assess the facial convexity, are two essential components of the orthodontic examination in order to establish a correct orthodontic treatment plan. This study aimed to compare the Merrifi eld Z angle to the clinical Z angle (measured by using profi le picture) in Class I, II and III malocclusion in different skeletal patterns and correlate them. To measure the clinical Z angle on the patient profi le picture, it was drawn up the profi le line (through the soft pogonion and forwarder lip) and it was outlined Frankfurt Horizontal Plane (FHP) as well. The Z angle was established between FHP and the profi le line. For this, it was used a sample of 135 individuals of both gender, aged from 18 years old, divided by Class I, II and III malocclusion and each one of these groups of malocclusion was subdivided into Meso, Brachy and Dolichofacial groups. The data were statistically analyzed using the t student test with signifi cance level of 5% and the Pearson correlation test. The results showed that the Z angle is closed to clinical Z angle, except for Dolichofacial Class I, Dolichofacial Class II, and Brachyfacial Class III groups. Despite these differences, there is a correlation between the clinical aspect and cephalometric Z angle.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Cephalometry , Face/anatomy & histology , Data Interpretation, StatisticalABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: avaliar a aplicabilidade de um padrão cefalométrico norte-americano em pacientes brasileiros submetidos à cirurgia ortognática, por meio da comparação dos traçados cefalométricos pós-tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico de 29 pacientes que passaram por cirurgia de maxila e mandíbula, com o padrão cefalométrico utilizado como orientação para o planejamento dos casos. MÉTODOS: os traçados foram gerados pelo programa Dolphin Imaging 9.0 a partir de telerradiografias em norma lateral digitalizadas, nas quais foram marcados 48 pontos de referência dentários, ósseos e tegumentares. Assim, obteve-se 26 grandezas cefalométricas lineares e angulares para posterior comparação com os valores normativos, considerando-se o dimorfismo sexual e as eventuais modificações feitas no planejamento em virtude de necessidades individuais de cada caso e das possíveis diferenças étnico-raciais. Os dados da amostra foram confrontados com o padrão por meio da comparação das médias e desvios-padrão pelo teste "t" de Student. RESULTADOS: para os homens, as médias da amostra foram significativamente diferentes do padrão em cinco das grandezas estudadas; enquanto, para as mulheres, nove apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. No entanto, apesar da similaridade das médias na maioria das medidas em ambos os gêneros, os dados mostraram grandes variações individuais. CONCLUSÕES: a análise dos resultados obtidos sugere que o padrão cefalométrico norte-americano empregado é aplicável como referência para o planejamento de casos ortodôntico-cirúrgicos de pacientes brasileiros, desde que se atente às variações individuais de acordo com as necessidades de cada paciente.
OBJECTIVES: To study the applicability of a North American cephalometric standard to Brazilian patients subjected to orthognathic surgery by comparing the post-surgical/orthodontic treatment cephalometric tracings of 29 patients who had undergone surgery of the maxilla and mandible with the cephalometric standard used as guidance in planning the cases. METHODS: The tracings were generated by the Dolphin Imaging 9.0 computer program from scanned lateral cephalograms in which 48 dental, osseous and tegumentary landmarks were defined. Thus, were obtained 26 linear and angular cephalometric measurements to be compared with normative values, considering sexual dimorphism and possible modifications to the treatment plan to meet the individual needs of each case, as well as any possible ethnic and racial differences. The sample data were compared with the standard using Student's t-test means and standard deviations. RESULTS: The results showed that for males, the sample means were significantly different from the standard in five of the measurements, while for women, nine were statistically different. However, despite the similarity of the means of most measurements in both genders, the data showed marked individual variations. CONCLUSIONS: An analysis of the results suggests that the North American cephalometric standard is applicable as a reference for planning orthodontic-surgical cases of Brazilian patients, provided that consideration is given to variations in the individual needs of each patient.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: As the influence of mass media increases, the general standard of attractiveness or beauty of a face also changes. The primary purpose of the study is to find out the factors of the attractive and beautiful face recognized by public. METHODS: We picked out standard model photography and operated with Adobe(R) Photoshop(R) and Monariza(R) virtual plastic surgery program. The contour of face, eye, nose, forehead, zygoma, chin and proportion of upper, middle, lower face were changed. The interview survey was conducted through structured standard photo for 310 respondents. That was utilized in the final analysis. Multiple regression analysis was executed by SPSS 12.0. It was used to deal with statistical data and all the other necessary analysis. RESULTS: According to general characteristics of the respondents, many differences were found in preferred face and facial aesthetic subunits. The younger generation preferred the lozenge and inverted triangle shape contour. The respondents over 40 of age preferred the egg shape contour. In chin and zygoma contour, the respondents at the age of 20 preferred distinctly small chin and relatively small lower face. On the other hand, the respondents over 40 of age preferred the wide zygoma relatively. In the proportion of upper, middle, lower face, 51.0% of respondents answered 1:1:1. If they want to have an aesthetic operation, they preferred protruding forehead. Also they preferred the small chin and V-shaped chin in frontal view. CONCLUSION: Many respondents preferred to have a plastic surgery for the better facial subunit. The statistical evidence from this study suggests that the harmony and balance of facial aesthetic subunits make attractive and beautiful face.
Subject(s)
Beauty , Chin , Surveys and Questionnaires , Eye , Forehead , Hand , Mass Media , Nose , Ovum , Photography , Surgery, Plastic , ZygomaABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: estudar duas análises subjetivas faciais utilizadas para o diagnóstico ortodôntico, avaliação da agradabilidade facial e definição de Padrão Facial, e verificar a associação existente entre elas. MÉTODOS: utilizou-se 208 fotografias faciais padronizadas (104 laterais e 104 frontais) de 104 indivíduos escolhidos aleatoriamente, as quais foram submetidas à avaliação da agradabilidade por dois grupos distintos (Grupo " Ortodontia" e Grupo " Leigos" ), que classificaram os indivíduos em " agradável" , " aceitável" ou " desagradável" . Os indivíduos também foram classificados quanto ao Padrão Facial por três examinadores calibrados, utilizando-se apenas a vista lateral. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: após a análise estatística, verificou-se que houve associação fortemente positiva entre a agradabilidade facial e o Padrão Facial para a norma lateral, porém não para a frontal, em que os indivíduos tenderam a ser bem classificados mesmo no Padrão II.
AIM: To study two subjective facial analysis commonly used on orthodontic diagnosis and to verify the association between the evaluation of facial attractiveness and Facial Pattern definition. METHODS: Two hundred and eight standardized face photographs (104 in lateral view and 104 in frontal view) of 104 randomly chosen individuals were used in the present study. They were classified as " pleasant" , " acceptable" and " not pleasant" by two distinct groups: " Lay people" and " Orthodontists" . The individuals were either classified according to their Facial Pattern using lateral view images. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After statistical analysis, it was noted a strong positive concordance between facial attractiveness in lateral view and Facial Pattern, however, frontal view attractiveness classification did not have good concordance with Facial Pattern, tending to have good attractiveness classification even in Facial Pattern II.
Subject(s)
Humans , Esthetics, Dental , Orthodontics , PhotographyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: avaliar a concordância entre a análise facial subjetiva, proposta por Capelozza Filho, e a análise cefalométrica de tecidos moles, de Arnett e McLaughlin. MÉTODOS: fotografias de frente e de perfil e telerradiografias em norma lateral padronizadas de 50 indivíduos, com média de idade de 24 anos e 1 mês, foram utilizadas para essa avaliação. Verificou-se, também, nos indivíduos classificados como Padrão I, a correspondência dos valores médios e desvios-padrão das medidas obtidas com os valores normativos da análise cefalométrica de tecidos moles para os indivíduos com harmonia facial. RESULTADOS: constatou-se, em indivíduos do padrão I, que os lábios sempre se encontram à frente da linha vertical verdadeira e que, apesar de grandes variações do ponto pogônio, o equilíbrio facial ainda se mantinha. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados demonstraram que a análise facial subjetiva é um método eficiente na classificação do padrão facial.
AIM: To evaluate the agreement between the subjective facial analysis, proposed by Capelozza Filho, and the soft tissue cephalometric analysis, proposed by Arnett and McLaughlin. METHODS: Fifty standardized frontal and lateral photographs and fifty cephalometric x-rays were used, in a sample with a mean age of 24 years and 1 month. After that it was verified, on the pattern I patients, the correspondence of the values found on this sample with the ones proposed by the soft tissue cephalometric analysis normative values. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that the lips are always positioned ahead the true vertical line, and that, despite the variation of the pogonion point, the facial equilibrium is still maintained. CONCLUSION: The results related to the subjective facial analysis showed that this is a valid and efficient method of facial pattern classification.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Cephalometry , Face/anatomy & histology , Orthodontics , PhotographyABSTRACT
El análisis de las dimensiones y proporciones faciales es necesario en distintos ámbitos de la odontoestomatología y de la antropología física. En este informe presentamos el software Antropmeter, diseñado para realizar análisis de dimensiones y proporciones faciales, en base a fotografías estandarizadas, de fácil manejo por parte del clínico y de utilidad en análisis faciales estéticos y antropológicos.
The dimensions and facial proportions analysis are necessary in different areas of the odontostomatology and physical anthropology practice. In this report we present the Antropmeter software, designed to carry out analysis of dimensions and facial proportions, based on standardized pictures, of easy handling on the part of the clinical one and of utility in aesthetic and anthropological facial analysis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anthropometry/instrumentation , Face/anatomy & histology , Photogrammetry , SoftwareABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: analisar o perfil facial masculino adulto jovem, através de fotografias padronizadas e comparar a medição manual com a medição computadorizada por meio do software Cef X (CDT). MÉTODOS: a amostra consistiu de 40 indivíduos brasileiros brancos, com média de idade de 21,9 anos, que possuíam perfis agradáveis, oclusão normal, sem histórico de tratamento ortodôntico prévio. As fotografias coloridas de 10cm x 15cm foram obtidas de forma padronizada, com o indivíduo na posição natural da cabeça. As fotografias foram medidas manualmente, utilizando-se paquímetro digital e transferidor, e também através de computador, utilizando-se o programa Cef X (CDT). Trinta e seis variáveis faciais foram analisadas por meio de medidas lineares, angulares e proporcionais. RESULTADOS: as médias da medição manual e da medição por computador foram diferentes estatisticamente para 24 variáveis. No método por computador, somente uma medida mostrou diferença significativa entre a primeira e a segunda medição, enquanto na manual oito mostraram diferença. CONCLUSÕES: considerando-se que houve diferença entre as medições manual e por computador, deve-se utilizar as médias respectivas para cada tipo de medição. Os dois tipos de medição são confiáveis, entretanto a medição por computador é mais precisa. Devido à praticidade e agilidade da medição por computador, esta seria a mais indicada.
Aim: To analyze the young male adult facial profile using standardized photographs and compare manual measuring procedures to the measuring procedures with the software Cef X (CDT). METHODS: The sample consisted of 40 Brazilian Caucasian individuals, with an average age of 21.9 years, who possessed pleasant profiles, normal occlusion, and no history of previous orthodontic treatment. Colored photographs measuring 10cm x 15cm were taken in a standard way with the subject in natural head position. The photographs were measured manually, using dial caliper and a protractor, as well as using the Cef X (CDT) computer program. Thirty six facial variables were analyzed with linear, angular, and proportional measurements. RESULTS: Manual and computerized measurement scores presented different statistics to 24 variables. In the computerized method only one measurement showed significant difference between the first and the second measuring whereas in the manual method eight measurements presented differences. CONCLUSION: Considering that there were differences in manual and computerized measurements, one must use respective mean values for each type of measuring procedure. Both types of measurement are reliable although the computerized one is more accurate. Due to the convenience and swiftness of the computerized measuring, it is best recommended.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Esthetics, Dental , Face/anatomy & histology , Photography , Software , Computing MethodologiesABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar a moifologiafacial de indivíduos portadores de fissura de lábio e palato unilateral completa. Método: o perfilfaciaI de 25 indivíduos portadores de fissura transforame incisivo unilateral completo (grupo experimental), operados de lábio e palato convencionalmente, residentes em BelémPa, foi comparado, através do exame cefalométrico obtido através de telerradiografias em norma lateral da cabeça, com a face de 25 indivíduos (grupo controle) não fissurados, escolhidos aleatoriamente, e pareados ao grupo fissurado quanto ao sexo e a idade. A análise comparativa foi realizada en!re os grupos foram examinadas através do teste t de Student ao nível de 95% de confiança. Resultados: as análises cefalométricas dos dois grupos revelaram uma morfologia fadal significativamente diferente entre os mesmos. No grupo fissurado, a maxila apresentou-se mais retroposta e menor. Como conseqÜência, o terço médio da face apresentou uma marcante retrusão, que associada à severa inclinação palatina dos incisivos superiores agravaram o quadro de retrusão do arco dentário superior. Os incisivos inferiores apresentaram inclinação lingual, ocasionada por mudanças adaptativas em sua posição. A mandíbula, por sua vez, era semelhante entre os dois grupos, no que concerne ao seu tamanho e posição ântero-posterior. Entretanto, um padrão mais vertical da face foi observado 110 grupo fissurado. Conclusão: a morfologia facial do portador de fissura completa unilateral de lábio e palato exibe diferenças marcantes quando comparada à um grupo de indivíduos não fissurados.
Objective: to evaluate the dento-facial pattern of complete unilateral eleft lip and palate subjects. Material alld MetllOds: 25 operated complete eleft lip and palate individuais (experimental group) were compared throllgh cephalometric lateral radiographies to 25 non eleft subjects (control group) chosen randomly and matched to sex and age to the cleft group. Student's t test (pSubject(s)
Humans
, Male
, Female
, Child
, Adolescent
, Adult
, Cephalometry/methods
, Face/anatomy & histology
, Cleft Lip
, Cleft Palate
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: este trabalho objetivou comparar o diagnóstico de grandezas cefalométricas angulares e lineares rotineiramente utilizadas na determinação da posição sagital das bases ósseas, comparando-as com o diagnóstico de medidas lineares de tecido tegumentar, verificando a possibilidade ou não de concordância entre elas. METODOLOGIA: analisou-se 30 telerradiografias, obtidas em norma lateral e em posição natural da cabeça (PNC), de jovens do gênero feminino, entre 20 e 26 anos de idade (média de 21,3 anos). Comparou-se os diagnósticos das medidas cefalométricas sagitais (SNA, SNB, profundidade facial, profundidade maxilar, Nperp-A e Nperp-P) entre si e com os das medidas sagitais tegumentares (Snvert-Ls, Snvert-Li e Snvert-Pog'). Resultados e CONCLUSÃO: os resultados permitiram concluir que ocorreu uma fraca concordância entre os diagnósticos sugeridos pelas medidas esqueléticas e tegumentares, bem como aquele sugerido pelas diferentes medidas esqueléticas, quando comparados entre si.
AIM: This study aimed to evaluate skeletal measures used in sagital diagnosis of both jaws in comparison with tegumental measures, verifying the agreement between themselves. METHODS: Cephalometric radiographs in natural head position were obtained from 30 white females, between 20 and 26 years of age, mean 21,3 years. Cephalometric tracings were taken and the following measurements recorded: SNA, SNB, Facial depth, Maxillary depth, Nperp-A, Nperp-Pog, and then compared to the tegumental measurements Snvert-Ls, Snvert-Li Snvert-Pog'. Results and CONCLUSIONS: The results showed low agreement between the diagnosis proposed by different hard tissue and soft tissue analysis, as well as the different hard tissue measures when compared to themselves.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Diagnosis , Orthodontics , Integumentary System/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: o presente estudo teve como objetivo propor um método para classificação, segundo a severidade, dos indivíduos Padrão Face Longa, avaliando sua confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade. METODOLOGIA: foram utilizadas fotografias faciais (frontal, perfil e frontal sorrindo) de 125 crianças Padrão Face Longa (54 do gênero feminino e 71 do gênero masculino), selecionadas apenas considerando-se a morfologia facial, com idades entre 10 anos e 6 meses e 15 anos e 2 meses. As fotografias foram avaliadas, separadamente, por três examinadores, sendo reavaliadas após três semanas, em uma nova disposição aleatória. Os indivíduos foram graduados em três subtipos, de acordo com a severidade: moderado, médio e severo. Para avaliar as concordâncias intra e interexaminadores, foi utilizada a estatística Kappa (k). RESULTADOS: na avaliação intra-examinador, todos os examinadores obtiveram concordâncias substanciais, com o valor de Kappa variando de 0,64 a 0,66, havendo em todos os examinadores 80 por cento ou mais de concordância. Quando comparadas as avaliações interexaminadores, as freqüências de concordância diminuíram, variando de 67,2 por cento a 70,4 por cento. A partir dos valores de Kappa, que variaram de 0,41 a 0,46, a interpretação foi considerada moderada. CONCLUSÕES: com base nesses resultados, o método foi considerado aplicável, com necessidade de complemento de informações provenientes de outros exames rotineiramente aplicados em Ortodontia. A aplicação clínica será demonstrada com intuito de evidenciar os níveis diferentes de severidade das más oclusões do Padrão Face Longa e as características do protocolo de tratamento recomendado.
AIM: The present study aimed to propose a method for classification of long-face patients according to severity, evaluating its reliability and reproducibility. METHODS: The study was conducted on facial photographs (frontal, profile and smiling frontal) of 125 long-face children (54 females and 71 males) aged 10 years and 6 months to 15 years and 2 months, selected only on the basis of facial morphology. The photographs were separately evaluated by three examiners and re-evaluated after three weeks in a different random order. The individuals were divided into three subtypes according to severity as mild, moderate and severe. Intra- and inter-examiner agreement was assessed by Kappa (k) statistics. RESULTS: Intra-examiner evaluation revealed substantial agreement, with Kappa values ranging from 0.64 to 0.66 and 80 percent or more agreement for all examiners. Evaluation of inter-examiner agreement revealed lower values, ranging from 67.2 percent to 70.4 percent, with Kappa values of 0.41 to 0.46, thus indicating moderate agreement. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, the method was regarded as applicable, yet it should be complemented with further information from other examinations routinely applied in Orthodontics. Clinical application will be demonstrated to highlight the different degrees of severity of long face pattern malocclusions and the characteristics of the recommended treatment protocol.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Face/abnormalities , Malocclusion , Photography , Orthodontic Appliances , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to measure and to analyze the Buddha's face of Korea and Japan buddhist paintings. Six paintings of the late Korea dynasty(13-14 Century), and six paintings of Japanese Heian and Kamakura period(12-14 Century) were analyzed. Twenty anthropometric items on each paintings were measured and 17 proportional indices were calculated. Proportions of the Buddha's face was very similar to that of Korea dynasty except three proportion indicies; 1) Eye fissure length/intercanthal width was significantly higher in Japanese Buddha, 2) Eye fissure height / eye width was significantly lower in Japanese Buddha, 3) Eye fissure length / face width was significantly higher in Japanese Buddha. In summary, the Japanese Buddha has long and narrow eye fissure than Korean Buddha. This suggests the preference of long and narrow eye in Japanese people at that period.