Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in internal medicine: insulin protocols, electrolyte balance, and clinical outcomes

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a critical complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by hyper-glycemia, acidosis, and ketosis. It poses a substantial risk of morbidity and mortality, especially in type 1 DM patients. DKA can be triggered by various factors, including insulin deficiency, infections, alcohol abuse, and other medical conditions. Hospital admissions for DKA are increasing, with mortality rates of up to 5-9%, often linked to severe underlying illnesses and complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Effective DKA management involves rehydration, correction of electrolyte imbalances, insulin administration, and addressing precipitating factors. Fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline is vital to restore hydration, and continuous intravenous insulin infusion is the preferred method to control blood glucose and suppress ketone production. Electrolyte imbalances, particularly potassium, sodium, phosphate, and magnesium, require careful monitoring and correction. Clinical outcomes in DKA management include resolving acidosis, normalizing blood glucose, and restoring electrolyte balance, all while achieving and maintaining clinical stability. Complications like cerebral edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome can significantly impact the prognosis. Long-term considerations encompass diabetes management, patient education, and follow-up care.

Summary of optimal evidences for early fluid resuscitation management in patients with acute pancreatitis / 重庆医学

Objective To systematically retrieve,evaluate and integrate the best evidences on the early fluid resuscitation management in the patients with acute pancreatitis(AP)at home and abroad to provide ref-erence for clinical decision.Methods The related evidences on the early fluid resuscitation management in the AP patients were retrieved by computer from the databases of BMJ Best Practice,Up To Date,JBI,National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,Registered Nurses Association of Ontario,Guideline International Network,Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network,International Association of Pancreatology,American Pancreatic Association,American College of Gastroenterology,Yimaitong,Cochrane Library,PubMed,Em-bass,CINAHL,The Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang databases.The retrieval time limit was from the data-base establishment to March 20,2022.The literatures types included thematic evidence summarization,guide-lines,evidence summaries,systematic reviews and expert consensus.The researchers conducted the literature quality evaluation.The literatures meeting the standard conducted the evidence extraction.Results A total of 13 arti-cles were included,including 3 special subject evidence summary,4 guidelines,2 evidence summary,2 systematic evalu-ation and 2 expert consensus.A total of 16 pieces of best evidence were integrated,involving 4 aspects of organization management,evaluation and monitoring,fluid infusion strategy and health education.Conclusion It is recommended to use the target-oriented therapy for early fluid resuscitation management,and perform the fluid resuscitation immediate-ly after diagnosis,according to the patient's underlying disease,disease changes and monitoring indicators,implement precise early fluid resuscitation in order to reverse pancreatic microcirculation disorder,increase tissue perfusion and improve the patient's prognosis.

Advances in Shock Management and Fluid Resuscitation in Children

Shock in children is associated with signifcant mortality and morbidity, particularly in resource-limited settings. The principles of management include early recognition, fuid resuscitation, appropriate inotropes, antibiotic therapy in sepsis, supportive therapy for organ dysfunction, and regular hemodynamic monitoring. During the past decade, each step has undergone several changes and evolved as evidence that has been translated into recommendations and practice. There is a paradigm shift from protocolized-based care to personalized management, from liberal strategies to restrictive strategies in terms of fuids, blood transfusion, ventilation, and antibiotics, and from clinical monitoring to multimodal monitoring using bedside technologies. However, uncertainties are still prevailing in terms of the volume of fuids, use of steroids, and use of extracorporeal and newer therapies while managing shock. These changes have been summarized along with evidence in this article with the aim of adopting an evidence-based approach while managing children with shock.

Effects of Different Fluids on Microcirculation and Inflammatory Factors in Rabbits with Hemorrhagic Shock / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To study the effects of different types of fluid resuscitation on mesenteric microcirculation and inflammatory factors in rabbits with hemorrhagic shock.Methods The model of hemorrhagic shock rabbits was established by reducing the basic mean arterial pressure by 40%through draining the blood from the common carotid artery.Animals were randomly divided into control group,saline group,lactate Ringer group,acetic acid Ringer group,hydroxyethyl starch group and succinyl gelatin group with 8 animals in each group.Mesenteric microcirculation was monitored with microcirculation monitor.Mean arterial pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),microvascular perfusion ratio(PPV)and microvascular blood flow index(MFI)were recorded before bleeding(T0),at hemorrhagic shock(T1),at the beginning of fluid resuscitation(T2),at the completion of fluid resuscitation(T3),and at the end of the experiment(T4).The contents of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1(IL-1)and lactic acid(Lac)were measured at T0,T2 and T4.Results Compared with hydroxyethyl starch group,there were statistically significant differences in T3 MAP(P<0.05),except for succinyl gelatin group,hydroxyethyl starch group had higher MAP at T4 than other groups,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The differences in MAP between experimental control group and other groups were statistically significant at T4(P<0.05).PPV and MFI of hydroxyethyl starch group and succinyl gelatin group were higher than those of normal saline group,lactic acid Ringer group and acetic acid Ringer group at T4(P<0.05),and the lactic acid value of hydroxyethyl starch group at T4 was the lowest,compared with lactic acid Ringer group and normal saline group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).There were statistical significances between all groups and experimental control group at T4(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in TNF-αand IL-1 in T0,T2 and T4 among all groups(P<0.05).Conclusion Hydroxyethyl starch solution and succinyl gelatin solution can improve the microcirculation of rabbits with hemorrhagic shock,but can not improve the level of inflammatory factors.

The formulation of the best evidence for early fluid resuscitation management of severe acute pancreatitis patients / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective:To establish the best evidence-based approach for early fluid resuscitation management in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Methods:A literature search was conducted utilizing evidence-based nursing methods to identify relevant evidence on the management of early fluid resuscitation in patients with SAP. The search followed the hierarchical order of the " 6S" evidence pyramid, including databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biomedical Literature Database (SinoMed), Wanfang Database, UpToDate, NICE, RNAO Guidelines Network, Pancreatology International, WHO Association Website, JBI, Cochrane, PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL. The search was limited to articles published from the establishment of each database to March 2022. The literature quality evaluation tools and an evidence pre-grading system from the JBI Evidence-Based Health Care Center were employed to assess the quality of the literature included in the study. Additionally, the FAME structure was utilized to evaluate the feasibility, appropriateness, clinical significance, and validity of the evidence.Results:Nine articles were finally incorporated into the analysis, including four guidelines, one evidence summary, two systematic reviews, and two expert consensus articles. 21 pieces of evidence pertaining to early fluid resuscitation management in patients with SAP was summarized, encompassing five key aspects: resuscitation timing, type of fluid infusion, total volume and speed of fluid infusion, dynamic monitoring, and fluid resuscitation goals. It was advisable for patients diagnosed with SAP to promptly receive fluid resuscitation, ideally within 72 hours of diagnosis. The initial choice for fluid resuscitation was lactated Ringer′s solution, with the addition of human albumin as a supplementary colloid solution. The quantity of fluid administered within the first 24 hours of rehydration should constitute approximately 33.3% of the total rehydration volume within the 72 hours time-frame. In the case of patients experiencing early shock or dehydration, it was advised that the fluid rate administered should be 5-10 ml·kg -1·h -1 within the first 24 hours of admission. Additionally, an infusion of 20 ml/kg of fluid can be administered within the initial 30-45 minutes. It was recommended to assess the adequacy of early fluid resuscitation every 4-6 hours, ensuring that the resuscitation objective could meet at least two of the following criteria: urine output of 0.5-1 ml·kg -1·h -1, mean arterial pressure of 65-85 mmHg, central venous pressure of 8-12 mmHg, heart rate below 120 beats/min, central venous oxygen saturation of at least 70%, and a decrease in hematocrit levels to 30%-35%. Conclusions:The most compelling evidence supporting the implementation of early fluid resuscitation management in patients with SAP is derived from an evidence-based nursing approach, which could effectively improve patient care outcomes.

Influence of blood hemodynamics on the treatment outcomes of limited fluid resuscitation in emergency patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Objectives Traumatic hemorrhagic shock is a major death-related factor contributing to mortality in emergencies and can be effectively handled by the Limited Fluid Resuscitation (LFR) method. In the current investigation, the authors analyzed the influence of different administrating blood pressure on the treatment outcomes of LFR. Methods 276 participants were enrolled in the current study retrospectively from January 2016 to December 2021 and were divided into three groups based on the administrating blood pressure of LFR. The difference among the three groups regarding serum levels of cytokines as well as blood hemodynamics parameters was analyzed. Results The results showed after the T2 stage treatment, cytokine levels in the three groups were all significantly influenced by different LFR strategies with medium MAP showing the strongest effects on the expression of all cytokine genes. Moreover, the MAP value was in positive correlation with IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels, but showed no clear relation with IL-4 level in all three groups. Regarding the effects on hemodynamics parameters, the levels of CVP, CO, and CI were slightly increased by the different LFR administrating strategies, and the effect of medium and high MAP was statistically stronger than that of low MAP. Conclusion The present results showed that LFR would influence serum inflammatory levels by improving blood hemodynamics parameters. Medium MAP showed the strongest improving effects with the least side effects, which can be employed as the optimal administrating strategy for LFR in the future.

Effect of restrictive fluid resuscitation on the coagulation function and hemodynamic parameters in patients with hemorrhagic traumatic shock

Abstract Objectives To investigate the changes in the coagulation function and hemodynamic parameters in patients with Hemorrhagic Traumatic Shock (HTS) after restrictive fluid resuscitation. Methods A total of 139 patients with HTS admitted to our hospital were enrolled, among which 69 HTS patients were divided into the control group and the remaining 70 HTS patients as the observation group. Patients in the control group underwent regular fluid resuscitation, while those in the observation group underwent restrictive fluid resuscitation. Results During treatment, 70 patients in the observation group had a lower bleeding amount, infusion amount, and blood transfusion volume than those in the control group (p < 0.05). After treatment, patients in the observation group had better hemodynamic parameters and blood coagulation than those in the control group (p < 0.05), and the incidence rate in the observation group was only 12.9%, which was significantly lower than 60.87% in the control group, while the cure rate in the observation group was 100%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Restrictive fluid resuscitation could remarkably increase the cure rate and reduce the bleeding amount during HTS treatment, thereby benefiting the recovery of the patient's blood coagulation.

Choc hémorragique péri-opératoire au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Androva, Mahajanga, Madagascar

Introduction : Le choc hypovolémique est une défaillance circulatoire aiguë et critique, mettant rapidement en jeu le pronostic vital. L'objectif de l'étude était de déterminer les aspects épidémio-cliniques et la prise en charge du choc hémorragique periopéraoire au centre hospitalier de Mahajanga. Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective, descriptive, observationnelle et monocentrique réalisée dans le service de Réanimation Chirurgicale du CHU PZaGa de Mahajanga, sur une période de 52 mois. Les données socio-démographiques, les paramètres cliniques périopératoires, la prise en charge médico-chirurgicale, l'évolution et les retentissements organiques de l'état de choc hémorragique ont été les paramètres étudiés. Résultats : Nous avons collecté 6896 dossiers des patients, dont 70 cas de choc hémorragique ont été recensés (1,02%) pour tout type de chirurgie ; 62 dossiers ont été retenus dans l'étude. La majorité des cas était du genre féminin (87,10%). Les pathologies gynéco-obstétricales étaient la principale source de l'état de choc de (77,4%), dont 59,4% d'hémorragie du post-partum. L'insuffisance rénale aiguë était la principale atteinte viscérale (61%, n=38) suivie de 10% (n=6) des cas des troubles neurologiques. Tous les patients ont bénéficié d'une oxygénothérapie, et d'un remplissage vasculaire par des cristalloïdes et 3,2% ont eu des colloïdes. Les substances vasoactives utilisées étaient l'éphédrine 41,9%, suivie de l'adrénaline 27,4% et de la noradrénaline 17,7%. Vingt-sept virgule quarante pourcent de nos patients étaient décédés, et la cause la plus incriminée était la coagulopathie par défibrination. Conclusion: Les hémorragies obstétricales constituent la première cause de choc hémorragique ; le taux de mortalité reste encore élevé.

Efficacy analysis of inferior vena cava variability combined with difference of central venous-to-arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide on guiding fluid resuscitation in patients with septic shock / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To investigate the effect of inferior vena cava variability (IVCV) combined with difference of central venous-to-arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pcv-aCO 2) on guiding fluid resuscitation in septic shock. Methods:Patients with septic shock admitted to the department of critical care medicine of Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020 were enrolled, and they were divided into control group and observation group according to random number table method. Patients in both groups were given fluid resuscitation according to septic shock fluid resuscitation guidelines. The patients in the control group received fluid resuscitation strictly according to the early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) strategy. Resuscitation target: central venous pressure (CVP) 12-15 cmH 2O (1 cmH 2O≈0.098 kPa), mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 65 mmHg (1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa), mean urine volume (UO) > 0.5 mL·kg -1·h -1, central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO 2) > 0.70. In the observation group, the endpoint of resuscitation was evaluated by IVCV dynamically monitored by bedside ultrasound and Pcv-aCO 2. Resuscitation target: fixed filling of inferior vena cava with diameter > 2 cm, IVCV < 18%, and Pcv-aCO 2 < 6 mmHg. The changes in recovery indexes before and 6 hours and 24 hours of resuscitation of the two groups were recorded, and the 6-hour efficiency of fluid resuscitation, 6-hour lactate clearance rate (LCR) and 6-hour and 24-hour total volume of resuscitation were also recorded; at the same time, the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, 28-day mortality and the incidence of acute renal failure and acute pulmonary edema between the two groups were compared. Results:A total of 80 patients were enrolled in the analysis, with 40 in the control group and 40 in the observation group. The MAP, CVP and ScvO 2 at 6 hours and 24 hours of resuscitation in the two groups were significantly higher than those before resuscitation, while Pcv-aCO 2 and blood lactic acid (Lac) were significantly decreased, and UO was increased gradually with the extension of resuscitation time, indicating that both resuscitation endpoint evaluation schemes could alleviate the shock state of patients. Compared with before resuscitation, IVCV at 6 hours and 24 hours of resuscitation in the observation group were decreased significantly [(17.54±4.52)%, (18.32±3.64)% vs. (27.49±10.56)%, both P < 0.05]. Compared with the control group, MAP and ScvO 2 at 6 hours of resuscitation in the observation group were significantly increased [MAP (mmHg): 69.09±4.64 vs. 66.37±4.32, ScvO 2: 0.666±0.033 vs. 0.645±0.035, both P < 0.05], 24-hour MAP was increased significantly (mmHg: 75.16±3.28 vs. 70.12±2.18, P < 0.05), but CVP was relatively lowered (cmH 2O: 9.25±1.49 vs. 10.25±1.05, P < 0.05), indicating that the fluid resuscitation efficiency was higher in the observation group. Compared with the control group, 6-hour LCR in the observation group was significantly increased [(55.64±6.23)% vs. (52.45±4.52)%, P < 0.05], 6-hour and 24-hour total volume of resuscitation was significantly decreased (mL: 2 860.73±658.32 vs. 3 568.54±856.43, 4 768.65±1 085.65 vs. 5 385.34±1 354.83, both P < 0.05), the duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly shortened (days: 6.78±3.45 vs. 8.45±2.85, P < 0.05), while the incidence of acute pulmonary edema was significantly decreased [2.5% (1/40) vs. 20.0% (8/40), P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in the length of ICU stay, 28-day mortality or incidence of acute renal failure between the two groups. Conclusions:Dynamic monitoring of IVCV and Pcv-aCO 2 can effectively guide the early fluid resuscitation of patients with septic shock, and compared with EGDT, it can significantly shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation, reduce the amount of fluid resuscitation, and reduce the incidence of acute pulmonary edema. Combined with its non-invasive characteristics, it has certain clinical advantages.

The value of dynamic changes in hematocrit for early fluid resuscitation and risk of death in septic shock / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between hematocrit, early fluid therapy, and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock, and to provide evidence for fluid resuscitation therapy and prognosis assessment in these patients.Methods:The clinical information of patients with septic shock who were diagnosed and treated in the Emergency Intensive Care Unit (EICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020 were collected. Taking the survival or death of patients 28 days after admission as the end point of clinical research, the patients were divided into the survival and death groups. After analyzing the basic data of the two groups, the univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses were used to analyze the evaluation value of Δ Hematocrit (HCT) d2-d1 and ΔHCT d3-d1 on the prognosis of patients with septic shock. At the same time, the Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to analyze the overall survival rate of patients with septic shock, and the smooth curve fitting graph was used to verify its relationship with net fluid intake and death. Results:There were 241 cases in the survival group and 67 cases in the death group. Univariate COX analysis showed statistically significant differences between the survival and death groups in acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) ( P=0.0006), red cell volume distribution width (RDW) ( P=0.0043), age ( P=0.0184), ΔHCT d2-d1 ( P=0.0136), ΔHCT d3-d1 ( P=0.0204), and white blood cell (WBC) ( P=0.0444). Multivariate COX analysis showed that ΔHCT d2-d1 ( P=0.0115) and ΔHCT d3-d1 ( P=0.0029) were independent risk factors for death in EICU patients with septic shock. ΔHCT d2-d1 and ΔHCT d3-d1 were divided into three groups according to the three-digit method. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed no significant difference among the three groups in the overall survival rate related to ΔHCT d2-d1 ( P=0.16), but there was a statistically significant difference in the overall survival rate among the three groups related to ΔHCT d3-d1 ( P=0.025). The smooth fitting curve of ΔHCT d3-d1, net fluid intake, and prognosis showed that ΔHCT d3-d1 was negatively correlated with net fluid intake, and the middle ΔHCT d3-d1 group had the best prognosis. Conclusions:The value of ΔHCT d3-d1 is related to the net fluid intake of patients with septic shock. An appropriate decrease in HCT on the third day can improve the prognosis of patients with septic shock. The dynamic changes of hematocrit can provide a certain basis for fluid resuscitation and prognosis evaluation in patients with septic shock.

Clinical effect of fluid resuscitation guided by intra-abdominal pressure and oxygenation index for severe acute pancreatitis patients / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To investigate the effect of the liquid resuscitation therapy strategy using intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2) as the end point in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods:A retrospective study was performed, including 84 patients with SAP in emergency intensive care unit of Qingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University from January 2018 to August 2021. According to the status of fluid balance at admission, all patients were divided into the positive fluid balance group (43 cases) and the negative fluid balance group (41 cases). The clinical data including gender, age, etiology, underlying disease, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) of all patients were collected. Fluid balance, PaO 2/FiO 2, IAP, compliance rate, new mechanical ventilation rate and overall hospital stay of 1 week after admission were recorded and compared between the two groups. Results:After 72 hours of treatment, the cumulative fluid balance was (5 219.5±1 038.4) mL in the positive fluid balance group; IAP was higher than that before treatment [mmHg (1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa): 11.9±2.0 vs. 11.7±2.1], but no significant difference was found ( P > 0.05); PaO 2/FiO 2 was significantly higher than that before treatment (mmHg: 299.8±51.4 vs. 220.5±50.4, P < 0.05). After 72 hours of treatment, the cumulative fluid balance in negative fluid balance group was (-3 542.4±1 310.6) mL; IAP was significantly lower than before treatment (mmHg: 11.4±1.8 vs. 15.2±1.9, P < 0.05); PaO 2/FiO 2 was significantly higher than that before treatment (mmHg: 309.9±50.9 vs. 215.4±49.7, P < 0.05). In the fluid resuscitation goals, after 72 hours of treatment, the compliance rate in the negative fluid balance group was significantly higher than that in the positive fluid balance group [82.93% (34/41) vs. 62.79% (27/43), P < 0.05]; 1 week after admission, the new mechanical ventilation rate in the negative fluid balance group was significantly lower than that in the positive fluid balance group [21.95% (9/41) vs. 41.86% (18/43), P < 0.05]; however, there was no significant difference in overall hospital stay between the two groups (days: 41.2±10.9 vs. 39.1±11.5, P > 0.05). After treatment, 70 patients survived and 14 patients died (including 9 cases in the positive fluid balance group and 5 cases in the negative fluid balance group). Conclusions:Using IAP and PaO 2/FiO 2 to guide liquid therapy could result in effective fluid resuscitation in SAP. The treatment strategy effectively improved prognosis of patients with SAP.

Clinical study of fluid resuscitation guided by peripheral perfusion index in patients with septic shock / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To explore the guiding effect of peripheral perfusion index (PI) on fluid resuscitation in patients with septic shock.Methods:Sixty-five patients with septic shock who were diagnosed according to relevant criteria of septic shock and admitted to the department of critical care medicine of the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University from September 2017 to December 2020 were included. Patients were divided into the conventional treatment group (30 cases) and PI guidance group (35 cases) by random number method. Both groups of patients were treated with the bundle according to clinical guidelines. Sputum, urine and blood were collected for pathogenic microorganism culture before the application of antibiotics, and vasoactive drugs were given. Both groups need to achieve all the following resuscitation goals within 6 hours: urine output > 0.5 mL·kg -1·h -1, mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65 mmHg (1 mmHg ≈ 0.133 kPa), central venous pressure (CVP) was 8-12 mmHg, and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO 2) ≥ 0.70. There was no further resuscitation in the conventional treatment group after the goals were achieved. In addition to these four goals, the PI guidance group was expected to achieve PI≥ 1.4. Heart rate (HR), CVP, MAP, ScvO 2, blood lactic acid (Lac), the time of fluid negative balance, intensive care unit (ICU) mortality and 28-day mortality between the two groups were compared before and after 6 hours of fluid resuscitation. Results:Before fluid resuscitation, there were no statistically significant differences in all indicators between two groups. After 6 hours fluid resuscitation, the four treatment goals in PI guidance group were slightly lower than those of the conventional treatment group [HR (times/min): 96.5±12.1 vs. 97.7±7.9, MAP (mmHg): 83.2±6.2 vs. 82.1±7.5, ScvO 2: 0.661±0.077 vs. 0.649±0.051, CVP (mmHg): 10.8±2.7 vs. 10.4±2.1], there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (all P > 0.05); the Lac level of the PI guidance group after resuscitation was lower than that of the conventional treatment group, and the difference was statistically significant (mmol/L: 4.8±1.3 vs. 5.9±1.4, P < 0.05); the duration of fluid negative balance in the PI guidance group was earlier than that in the conventional treatment group [days: 3.0 (2.0, 3.0) vs. 3.5 (3.0, 4.0), P < 0.05]. The ICU mortality and 28-day mortality in the PI guidance group were lower than those in the conventional treatment group [ICU mortality rate: 37.1% (13/35) vs. 50.0% (15/30), 28-day mortality rate: 57.1% (20/35) vs. 60.0% (18/30)], but the differences were not statistically significant (both P > 0.05). Conclusions:The peripheral PI can be used as an important indicator of fluid resuscitation in patients with septic shock. PI guiding fluid resuscitation in patients with septic shock can reduce Lac levels, shorten the duration of fluid negative balance and reduce the risk of fluid overload.

Effects of different low-dose of insulin glargine on antioxidation of organs in burned rats with delayed resuscitation / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To study the antioxidant protective effects of different low-dose of insulin glargine on organs of burned rats with delayed resuscitation.Methods:Forty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham group, delayed resuscitation control group, and insulin glargine 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 U groups, with 8 rats in each group. The rats were immersed in hot water (95.0±0.5) ℃ for 15 s to establish the third-degree scald model with 30% total body surface area. The rats in the sham group were immersed in a 37 ℃ water bath for 15 s. Insulin glargine (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 U·kg -1·d -1) was injected subcutaneously in corresponding insulin glargine group 2 hours after injury, and the same amount of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally in the delayed resuscitation control group. Intraperitoneal injection of normal saline 40 mL/kg simulated delayed resuscitation 6 hours after injury in all groups. Abdominal aortic blood samples, heart and kidney tissue were collected immediately after simulating burn in the sham group, and 24 hours after burn in other four groups. The blood glucose, myocardial enzymes [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] and renal function indexes [blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr)] were measured by spectrophotometry, and the isoenzyme MB of creatine kinase (CK-MB) level was determined by immunosuppression method to evaluate the effects of different low-dose insulin glargine intervention on blood glucose, cardiac and renal functions in scalded rats with delayed resuscitation. The oxidative and antioxidant indices [xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)] from the heart and kidney tissues of rats were detected by spectrophotometry to analyze the antioxidant effects of different low-dose insulin glargine interventions. Results:Compared with the sham group, the blood glucose of the rats in the delayed resuscitation control group was significantly increased, the heart and kidney functions were significantly reduced, the oxidation capacity was enhanced, and the antioxidant indicators were significantly reduced. After the intervention of insulin glargine, with the increase of insulin glargine dose, the blood glucose, myocardial enzyme and renal function indicators of rats showed a gradual downward trend, the oxidation indicators continued to decrease, and the antioxidant indicators showed a gradual upward trend. When the dose was 2.0 U·kg -1·d -1, the blood glucose, LDH, CK, CK-MB, α-HBDH, AST, BUN, SCr, XOD and MPO were significantly lower than those in the delayed resuscitation control group [blood glucose (mmol/L): 5.91±0.25 vs. 11.76±0.36, LDH (U/L): 3 332.12±51.61 vs. 5 008.94±490.12, CK (kU/L): 0.49±0.03 vs. 0.85±0.04, CK-MB (U/L): 125.40±12.19 vs. 267.52±11.63, α-HBDH (U/L): 122.99±5.37 vs. 240.85±13.99, AST (U/L): 11.95±1.81 vs. 17.87±1.57, BUN (mmol/L): 4.72±0.15 vs. 7.16±0.34, SCr (μmol/L): 87.11±6.51 vs. 137.50±11.36, XOD (U/g): 166.29±3.27 vs. 204.90±4.82 in heart tissue, 63.51±1.46 vs. 79.69±1.75 in kidney tissue, MPO (U/g): 1.05±0.02 vs. 1.55±0.06 in heart tissue, 1.04±0.04 vs. 1.87±0.01 in kidney tissue, all P < 0.05], and CuZn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and T-AOC were significantly higher than those in the delayed resuscitation control group [CuZn-SOD (kU/g): 82.95±2.69 vs. 56.52±2.26 in heart tissue, 94.50±2.73 vs. 62.02±1.66 in kidney tissue, CAT (U/g): 36.07±2.01 vs. 15.15±2.22 in heart tissue, 184.49±4.53 vs. 156.02±3.96 in kidney tissue, GSH-Px (kU/g): 231.93±8.03 vs. 179.48±3.15 in heart tissue, 239.63±7.30 vs. 172.20±2.09 in kidney tissue, T-AOC (kU/g): 4.85±0.23 vs. 2.71±0.11 in heart tissue, 5.51±0.08 vs. 3.50±0.07 in kidney tissue, all P < 0.05]. Conclusion:Different low-dose of insulin glargine (≤2.0 U·kg -1·d -1) could exert antioxidant protection on the heart and kidney of rats with delayed resuscitation after burns, with a dose-dependent manner.

Progress on the effect of high-dose fluid resuscitation on the prognosis of children with septic shock / 中国小儿急救医学

Septic shock refers to sepsis combined with severe circulatory disorders and cell metabolism disorders, with high incidence, high fatality rate, and dangerous condition.It is one of the leading cause of death in children in pediatric intensive care units.Therefore, early diagnosis and effective treatment of septic shock are very important.Among them, fluid resuscitation is an important part of treatment.However, the research in recent years has a lot of controversy about subsequent fluid balance management issues.This review summarized fluid balance therapy, focusing on the large dose of fluid resuscitation on the prognosis of children with septic shock, aiming to provide a reference for the future improvement of fluid therapy for children with sepsis.

Association between early central venous pressure measurement and mortality in patients with sepsis: a data analysis of MIMIC-Ⅲ database / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To investigate the association between early central venous pressure (CVP) measurement and mortality in patients with sepsis.Methods:The adult patients with sepsis were identified from the health data of Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-Ⅲ v1.4 (MIMIC-Ⅲ v1.4). Data of all adult patients with sepsis were collected, including gender, age, comorbidities, length of survival, total length of hospital stay and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, vital signs, laboratory test results on the first day, vasoactive agents usage, fluid input, urine output and fluid balance on the first day, need for renal replacement therapy and mechanical ventilation, diagnosis of sepsis, and the time and value of the first CVP measurement in the ICU. Patients were divided into early measurement and control groups based on whether or not they had a CVP measurement within the first 6 hours of ICU stay. According to the time of the first CVP measurement, the patients were subdivided into four subgroups: ≤ 3 hours, 4-6 hours, 7-12 hours and no measurement within 12 hours. The primary endpoint was 28-day mortality. The relationship between initial CVP and mortality was analyzed by Lowess smoothing method. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Log-Rank test were performed for univariate analysis. Cox regression analysis was performed for multivariate analysis to estimate the relationship between timeliness of CVP measurement and mortality.Results:A total of 4 733 sepsis patients were enrolled, 1 673 of whom had CVP measured within 6 hours of admission to the ICU, and the other 3 060 patients served as the control group. There were no differences in demographic characteristics and underlying diseases between the two groups, except that the early CVP measurement group had less underlying renal failure compared with control group. The early CVP measurement group had higher lactic acid (Lac) levels and SOFA scores, indicating worse severity of disease as compared with control group. The 28-day mortality in the early CVP measurement group was significantly lower than that in the control group (34.2% vs. 40.7%, P < 0.01). The early CVP measurement group had shorter length of total hospitalization and longer length of ICU stay, higher rate of mechanical ventilation and vasoactive agents dependent, and more fluid input and fluid balanced in the first day of ICU stay compared with control group. Lowess smoothing analysis showed that a "U"-shaped relationship between initial CVP and mortality was identified, suggesting that too high or too low initial CVP was associated with worse survival. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that compared with the patients without early CVP measurement within 12 hours, the cumulative survival rate of patients with CVP measured within 3 hours was significantly higher (66.7% vs. 59.1%; Log-Rank test: χ2 = 15.810, adjusted P < 0.001); while no significant difference was found in patients with CVP measured between 4 hours and 6 hours and between 7 hours and 12 hours compared with the patients without early CVP measurement within 12 hours (64.4%, 60.3% vs. 59.1%; Log-Rank test: χ2 values were 5.630 and 0.100, and adjusted P values were 0.053 and > 0.999, respectively). Cox multivariate analysis showed that the Cox proportional risk model was established by taking patients without CVP measurement within 12 hours as reference, timely CVP measurement after ICU admission was associated with reduced 28-day mortality of patients with sepsis [≤3 hours: hazard ratio ( HR) = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.55-0.77, P < 0.001; 4-6 hours: HR = 0.72, 95% CI was 0.60-0.87, P = 0.001; 7-12 hours: HR = 0.80, 95% CI was 0.66-0.98, P = 0.032] after the confounding variables (gender, age, SOFA score, initial Lac, renal failure, maximal blood glucose and white blood cell count, and minimal platelet count within 24 hours) were adjusted. Conclusions:Early CVP measurement is associated with decreased 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis. CVP should be considered as a valuable and easily accessible safety parameter during early fluid resuscitation.

Effect of the completion time of initial 30 mL/kg fluid resuscitation on the prognosis of patients with septic shock / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To investigate the effect of the completion time of initial 30 mL/kg fluid resuscitation on the prognosis of patients with septic shock.Methods:An observational study was conducted. The inpatients with septic shock admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University and Jiangdu People's Hospital from October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2020 were enrolled. The general data including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), patient source, site of infection, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ) score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score and arterial blood lactic acid (Lac) at ICU admission, fluid resuscitation dose, completion time of initial 30 mL/kg fluid resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), length of ICU stay and 28-day mortality. The relationship between the completion time of initial 30 mL/kg fluid resuscitation and ΔSOFA score (the difference between SOFA score 3 hours of fluid resuscitation and initial SOFA score) was analyzed. In addition, according to the completion time (T) of initial 30 mL/kg fluid resuscitation, the patients were divided into T ≤ 1 hour group, 1 hour < T≤2 hours group, 2 hours < T≤3 hours group and T > 3 hours group, and the observation parameters among the groups were compared.Results:① A total of 131 patients were enrolled, including 94 males and 37 females with an average age of (68.3±15.0) years old. The median APACHE Ⅱ score was 27 (21, 34), the median of initial SOFA score was 12 (10, 14), the median of initial Lac was 5.0 (3.4, 7.1) mmol/L, and the most common source of infection was lung, with a total of 87 patients (66.41%). The completion time of initial 30 mL/kg fluid resuscitation and ΔSOFA score fitted the Logistic curve ( Y = -1.062 6 X2+4.407 9 X+0.961 8), which suggested that the early or late completion time of initial fluid resuscitation had adverse effects on the prognosis of patients with septic shock.② There was no significant difference in infection site, initial APACHE Ⅱ score, initial Lac, and initial SOFA score among different completion time of initial 30 mL/kg fluid resuscitation groups. The respiratory support rate, the incidence of AKI and the ratio of CRRT in the T ≤1 hour group were significantly higher than those in the 1 hour < T≤2 hours group, 2 hours < T≤3 hours group and T > 3 hours group (respiratory support rate: 78.57% vs. 75.51%, 42.86%, 75.00%; incidence of AKI: 57.14% vs. 20.41%, 21.43%, 50.00%; ratio of CRRT: 35.71% vs. 0%, 7.14%, 16.67%), the differences among the groups were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The 28-day mortality was the highest in the T ≤ 1 hour group (64.29%), and the lowest in the 1 hour < T ≤2 hours group (22.45%), 35.71% in the 2 hours < T ≤ 3 hours group, 33.33% in the T > 3 hours, and the difference among the groups was statistically significant ( P < 0.01). Conclusions:Completion of initial 30 mL/kg fluid resuscitation in 1-2 hours after septic shock may reduce the 28-day mortality and improve organ dysfunction, and initial fluid resuscitation prematurely or too late may increase 28-day mortality. But further research and verification are needed.

Effects of medium and long-term insulin pretreatment on the activity of main oxidase and antioxidant enzyme in the myocardium of burned rats with delayed fluid resuscitation / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To observe the effects of medium and long-term insulin pretreatment on the activity of main oxidase and antioxidant enzyme in the myocardium of burned rats with delayed fluid resuscitation.Methods:According to random number table method, forty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into pseudo-burn group, burn delayed resuscitation group, insulin glargine pretreatment group and neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin pretreatment group, with 10 rats in each group. 30% total body surface area (TBSA) as Ⅲ degree scald model was prepared by bathing the back of rats in 95 ℃ hot water for 15 s; the rats in the pseudo-burn group were immersed in 37 ℃ warm water for 15 s as control. Insulin glargine pretreatment group, NPH insulin pretreatment group and burn delayed resuscitation group were injected subcutaneously with insulin glargine, NPH insulin, and normal saline 1.0 U·kg -1·d -1 2 hours after injury, and intraperitoneal injection of normal saline 40 mL/kg simulated delay resuscitation 6 hours after injury. The pseudo-burn group didn't receive medicine and delayed resuscitation. Abdominal aortic blood samples and heart tissue were collected immediately after simulating scald in the pseudo-burn group, and 24 hours after scald in three burn groups. Blood glucose, xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of the heart tissue were determined by spectrophotometry. Results:Compared with the pseudo-burn group, the burn delayed resuscitation group have significantly higher blood glucose level and the XOD and MPO in the heart tissue, while significantly lower CuZn-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in the heart tissue. Compared with the burn delayed resuscitation group, insulin glargine pretreatment group and NPH insulin pretreatment group have lower blood glucose level and heart tissue XOD [blood glucose (mmol/L): 6.37±1.22, 6.66±1.45 vs. 9.47±0.80; XOD (U/g): 271.93 (261.59, 275.91), 285.32 (251.96, 297.29) vs. 363.37 (354.12, 377.76), all P < 0.05], while significantly higher heart tissue CuZn-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px [CuZn-SOD (U/g): 0.13±0.01, 0.14±0.01 vs. 0.10±0.01; CAT (U/g): 29.17±7.28, 27.16±7.37 vs. 18.36±4.53; GSH-Px (U/g): 0.33 (0.16, 0.41), 0.30 (0.17, 0.41) vs. 0.07 (0.04, 0.11), all P < 0.05]. MPO activity in insulin glargine pretreatment group was significantly lower than that in burn delayed resuscitation group (U/g: 0.016±0.002 vs. 0.020±0.002, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between insulin pretreatment group and NPH insulin pretreatment group (U/g: 0.019±0.003 vs. 0.020±0.002, P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the blood glucose, and activities of XOD, MPO, CAT, GSH-Px between insulin glargine pretreatment group and NPH insulin pretreatment group, but the activity of CuZn-SOD in NPH insulin pretreatment group was further higher than that in insulin glargine pretreatment group (U/g: 0.14±0.01 vs. 0.13±0.01, P < 0.05). Conclusions:Medium and long-term insulin pretreatment can improve the antioxidant capacity of myocardium in delayed resuscitation rats after burns, inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species and improve the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species. However, only CuZn-SOD activity is different between the two groups, and further study needs to be carried out to determine whether it is related to the type if insulin.

Application progress of point-of-care ultrasound monitoring inferior vena cava in volume management of critically ill patients / 中华危重病急救医学

Determining whether patients have volume-responsiveness is one of the frequently asked questions in the intensive care unit, especially in shock patients. Evaluating the volume status and volume responsiveness can help clinical medical staff accurately grasp the patient's cardiac preload, guide reasonable volume management, and help improve patient prognosis. Therefore, many non-invasive and invasive methods have been proposed to evaluate volume responsiveness. Inferior vena cava ultrasound has been widely used to guide the fluid management of critically ill patients due to its simplicity, non-invasiveness, and good repeatability. This article reviews the clinical applications of inferior vena cava ultrasound in fluid management of critically ill patients, so as to provide a reference for circulatory management of critically ill patients.

Advantage of surgical intensive care unit (SICU) predominant by cardiothoracic surgeons in multiple trauma management in a primary hospital / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#It is a challenge for the primary hospitals to manage multiple trauma patients. In this article, we explored the advantage of establishing a surgical intensive care unit (SICU) predominant by cardiothoracic surgeons in the early management of multiple trauma.@*METHODS@#This was a retrospective study and patients with multiple trauma in our hospital were collected and divided into two groups, based on time period and treat modes: group A (retrospective observation group) where patients were treated with the traditional treatment mode from January 2017 to December 2017 and group B (study group) where patients were treated in the SICU predominant by cardiothoracic surgeons from January 2018 to December 2018. Clinical data including demographics, injury severity score (ISS), causes of injury, time intervals from reception to entering SICU or operating room and mortality three days after injuries were collected. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 software. Categorical variables were presented as number and/or frequency and continuous variables as mean ± SD.@*RESULTS@#Altogether 406 patients were included in this study, including 217 patients in group A and 189 patients in group B. General data between the two groups revealed no significant difference: mean age (years) (35.51 ± 12.97 vs. 33.62 ± 13.61, p = 0.631), gender distribution (mean/female, 130/87 vs. 116/73, p = 0.589) and ISS (15.92 ± 7.95 vs. 16.16 ± 6.89, p = 0.698). Fall from height were the dominant mechanism of injury, with 135 cases in group A (71.4%) and 121 cases in group B (55.8%), followed by traffic accidents. Injury mechanism showed no significant differences between two groups (p = 1.256). Introduction of the SICU significantly improved the care of trauma patients, regarding speed and mortality. Time intervals between reception and entering SICU or operating room was (108.23 ± 6.72) min and (45.67 ± 7.96) min in group A and B, respectively (p = 0.001). Mortality three days after injuries was 13.89% and 5.53% in group A and B, respectively (p = 0.005).@*CONCLUSION@#Establishing a SICU predominant by cardiothoracic surgeons can reduce the early mortality rates in multiple trauma patients.

Intravenous fluids in acute pancreatitis: a prospective study

Background: Fluid therapy is the mainstay of treatment in the management of acute pancreatitis. Most guidelines recommend aggressive fluid therapy in the initial 48-72 hours. We aimed to compare the occurrence, persistence or worsening of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and occurrence organ failure in patients with acute pancreatitis receiving normal and high volume fluid therapy in the first 24 hours.Methods: This was a prospective observational study. Consecutive adult patients admitted with acute pancreatitis were included in the study. SIRS was defined according to the criteria. Organ failure and local complications were defined according to Atlanta classification. Patients were divided into two groups according to the rate of fluid administered in the initial 24 hours: Normal volume group which received fluids at a rate <150 ml/hour and high volume group >150 ml/hour.Results: A total 60 patients were included in the study with 30 each in the two groups. Persistence or worsening of SIRS at 48 hours was more in normal volume fluid group compared to the high volume fluid group (p=0.076). Organ failure at 48 hours was more in normal volume fluid group compared to the high volume fluid group (p=0.074). Incidence of local complications equal in both group.Conclusions: Our study did not show any statistically significant difference in outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis receiving normal or high volume fluids in the initial 24 hours. Further multi-centric randomised control trials are required to analyze the outcomes of high and normal volume fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis.