Research progress on the application of organoids in genetic diseases of childhood / 天津医药

Organoids are in vitro 3D tissue cultures that retain the characteristics of their source tissue and organs,and have been widely used in biomedical fields.Organoids have emerged as effective models for investigating diseases,contribute to further understanding of pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms of diseases,and provide technical support for personalized treatment of genetic diseases.This article specifically explores the application of organoid technology in childhood genetic diseases.It emphasizes the advantages and potential advancements of this technology in disease modeling,correction of genetic defects and personalized treatment,thereby serving as a valuable reference for future research endeavors.

Niemann-Pick disease type B and heterogeneous manifestations of its liver involvement： A case report / 临床肝胆病杂志

This article reports a case with the chief complaint of “hepatosplenomegaly to be investigated” and a confirmed diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type B after various tests， and a literature review was conducted to summarize the heterogeneous manifestations of liver involvement in type B Niemann-Pick disease， in order to improve the clinical management of difficult and rare liver diseases.

Research progress on pathogenesis and new therapies of Alport syndrome / 中华肾脏病杂志

Alport syndrome (AS), also known as "eye-ear-kidney syndrome or hereditary nephritis", is a common hereditary disorder. AS is caused by pathogenic mutations of type Ⅳ collagen genes ( COL4α3, COL4α4 and COL4α5), leading to defects in the basement membrane of glomeruli, cochlea, and ocular lens. Patients present with hematuria, proteinuria, and progressive renal failure. With the redefinition of AS and the clinical application of high-throughput sequencing technology, the prevalence of AS may be much higher than the previously recognized. The specific pathogenic mechanism of AS is unknown. Recent studies have showed that type Ⅳ collagen gene mutation may lead to kidney injury by causing abnormal basement membrane components, lipid deposition, energy metabolism disorders, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and fibrosis. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitor is the main therapy of AS, but the effect is not satisfactory. The new therapeutic strategies mainly include inhibition of abnormal collagen signal transduction, reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in podocytes, regulation of energy metabolism, antioxidant stress, anti-inflammation and fibrosis, gene and stem cell therapy. The paper reviewed the research progress on pathogenesis and new therapies of AS.

Curry-Jones syndrome: the first case reported in China / 中华皮肤科杂志

A 3-year-6-month-old boy presented with multiple asymptomatic banded white macules at birth, which expanded in proportion to his body, and deformity of his right thumb with slight dyskinesia. The patient showed difficulty in communication and concentration compared with children of the same age. The family history was unremarkable. The child had clear consciousness, passable spirits, and poor language ability. Physical examination revealed a special face and slight macrodactyly of the right thumb joints, and the heart, lung, and abdominal examination was otherwise normal. Skin examination showed multiple banded or confluent irregular white macules of varying sizes and slightly elevated plaques distributed along the Blaschko′s lines on the right chest, the flexor aspect of the right upper limb, the median line of the lower abdomen, and the right lower limbs, and banded brown macules on the palmar side of the right hand and radial aspect of the right thumb. Histopathological findings of the while macule on the lower limb were consistent with basaloid follicular hamartoma. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed agenesis of the corpus callosum. Whole-exome sequencing of the lesional tissue showed a mutation c.1234C>T (p.L412F) in the SMO gene, which was not found in his parents. A diagnosis of Curry-Jones syndrome was made based on the skin lesions, and pathological and genetic findings. The mutation c.1234C>T (p.L412F) in the SMO gene may contribute to the disease. The patient continued functional exercises to improve the mobility of his right thumb, and underwent a close follow-up.

Advances in genetics and prevention of monogenic global developmental delay and intellectual disability / 中华围产医学杂志

Global developmental delay/intellectual disability (GDD/ID) is an enormous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with diverse clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The estimated prevalence of GDD/ID was 1%-3%, affecting about 150 million people. GDD/ID is one of the leading causes of disability in children worldwide. The causes of GDD/ID are complex, comprising genetic and environmental factors. It is often co-morbid with a variety of psychiatric behavioral disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Owing to the improvement of genetic technology, monogenic GDD/ID has been one of the hot-spot research in genomic era, and the relevant preventive measures deserve extensive attention. In this review, we summarized the advances in genetics and prevention of monogenic GDD/ID.

Patient care in cystic fibrosis centers: a real-world analysis in Brazil / Assistência ao paciente em centros de fibrose cística: análise do mundo real no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the characteristics of cystic fibrosis (CF) care centers (CFCCs) in Brazil. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to the coordinators of all 51 registered CFCCs between May and September of 2021. Results: The response rate was 100%. Southeastern Brazil is the region where most of the CFCCs in the country are located (21 centers; 41%), followed by the southern and northeastern regions (11 centers each; 21.5%), the central-western region (6; 12%), and the northern region (2; 4%). A total of 4,371 patients with CF were cared for in Brazil during the study period, ranging from 7 to 240 patients per center (mean, 86 patients/center; median, 75 patients/center); 2,197 patients (50%) were cared for in centers in the southeastern region of the country, particularly in the state of São Paulo (33%), the remaining patients being treated in southern Brazil (1,014 patients, 23%), northeastern Brazil (665 patients, 15%), central-western Brazil (354 patients, 8%), and northern Brazil (141 patients, 4%). Overall, 47 centers (92%) reported having an incomplete multidisciplinary team; 4 (8%) lacked essential team members; 6 (12%) lacked a physical therapist; 5 (10%) lacked a dietitian; 17 (33%) lacked outpatient nursing care; 13 (25%) lacked outpatient social work services; 14 (27%) lacked a psychologist; and 32 (63%) lacked a clinical pharmacist. Seven CFCCs (14%) in the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil reported that the quality of newborn screening for CF was poor. All centers reported having difficulties in accessing CF medications. Conclusions: Brazilian CFCCs experience multiple problems, including inadequate staffing, infrastructure, testing, and medication supply. There is an urgent need to regulate the implementation of CF referral centers and an appropriate network structure for the diagnosis and follow-up of CF patients using optimal treatment recommendations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as características dos centros de tratamento de fibrose cística (CTFC) no Brasil. Métodos: Entre maio e setembro de 2021, um questionário foi enviado aos coordenadores de todos os 51 CTFC registrados. Resultados: A taxa de resposta foi de 100%. O Sudeste do Brasil é a região onde está a maioria dos CTFC do país (21 centros; 41%), seguida pelas regiões Sul e Nordeste (11 centros cada; 21,5%), Centro-Oeste (6; 12%) e Norte (2; 4%). No total, 4.371 pacientes com fibrose cística (FC) foram atendidos no Brasil durante o período do estudo, variando de 7 a 240 pacientes por centro (média de 86 pacientes/centro; mediana de 75 pacientes/centro); 2.197 pacientes (50%) foram atendidos em centros da região Sudeste, particularmente no estado de São Paulo (33%), e os demais receberam atendimento nas regiões Sul (1.014 pacientes, 23%), Nordeste (665 pacientes, 15%), Centro-Oeste (354 pacientes, 8%) e Norte (141 pacientes, 4%). Do total de CTFC, 47 (92%) relataram que a equipe multidisciplinar estava incompleta; em 4 centros (8%), as equipes multidisciplinares careciam de membros essenciais; 6 centros (12%) careciam de fisioterapeuta; 5 (10%) careciam de dietista; 17 (33%) careciam de cuidados ambulatoriais de enfermagem; 13 (25%) careciam de serviços ambulatoriais de assistência social; 14 (27%) careciam de psicólogo e 32 (63%) careciam de farmacêutico clínico. Sete CTFC (14%) nas regiões Norte e Nordeste relataram que a qualidade da triagem neonatal de FC era ruim. Todos os centros relataram dificuldades de acesso a medicamentos para FC. Conclusões: Os CTFC brasileiros enfrentam múltiplos problemas: pessoal inadequado, infraestrutura inadequada, testes inadequados e fornecimento inadequado de medicamentos. Há uma necessidade urgente de regulamentar a implantação de centros de referência em FC e de uma rede adequada para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento de pacientes com FC com base nas recomendações para o tratamento ideal da doença.

Nueva mutación en el gen KMT2B como causa de distonía generalizada de inicio temprano: reporte de caso / Early-onset generalized dystonia caused by a new mutation in the KMT2B gene: Case report

La distonía por mutación en el gen KMT2B es un subtipo recientemente descrito del inicio focal de la enfermedad en los miembros inferiores que, posteriormente, evoluciona a una forma generalizada con compromiso cervical y orofaríngeo, disartria, trastorno secundario de la deglución y discapacidad intelectual. Se describe el caso de una escolar de 10 años de edad, sin antecedentes de consanguinidad ni historia familiar de enfermedad neurológica, que presentó alteración de la marcha y distonía de inicio focal, de curso progresivo a una forma generalizada que afectó sus músculos orofaciales y bulbares con alteración significativa del lenguaje y la deglución. Los estudios metabólicos y sistémicos, incluidas las neuroimágenes, no evidenciaron anormalidades. Se hizo una secuenciación genómica completa y se identificó una nueva variante, probablemente patogénica heterocigota, en el gen KMT2B, la c.1205delC, p.(Pro402Hisfs*5), que causa desplazamiento en el marco de lectura. Este hallazgo explica el fenotipo de la paciente y la distonía de inicio temprano autosómica dominante. Se reporta una nueva mutación heterocigota del gen KMT2B como causa de distonía generalizada de inicio temprano, no reportada en la literatura especializada hasta el momento. El diagnóstico de esta afección tiene implicaciones en el tratamiento y el pronóstico de los pacientes, porque las estrategias terapéuticas tempranas pueden prevenir su rápido deterioro y un curso más grave de la enfermedad.

Introduction: KMT2B-related dystonia is a recently described subtype of focal-onset dystonia in the lower limbs, evolving into a generalized form with cervical, oropharyngeal involvement, dysarthria, swallowing disorder and intellectual disability. Clinical case: We describe the case of a 10-year-old female patient, without a history of consanguinity or neurological disease. She manifested abnormal gait and dystonia with focal onset and progressive course with evolution into generalized dystonia, affecting orofacial and bulbar muscles, significant alteration of language and swallowing. Metabolic and systemic studies, including neuroimaging, were found to be normal. A complete genomic sequencing study was performed identifying a new, probably pathogenic, heterozygous variant in the KMT2B gene, c.1205delC, p. (Pro402Hisfs*5), causing displacement in the reading frame, a finding that explains the patient's phenotype and it is associated to autosomal dominant childhood-onset dystonia-28. Conclusion: We report a new heterozygous mutation in the KMT2B gene as a cause of generalized early-onset dystonia not reported in the literature until the date. The diagnosis of this pathology has implications for the treatment and prognosis of patients, given that therapeutic strategies implemented early can prevent the fast deterioration and severe course of this disease.

Síndrome de Marfan. Presentación de un caso / Marfan syndrome. A case report

RESUMEN El síndrome de Marfan es una enfermedad genética autosómica dominante del tejido conectivo, caracterizada por una combinación variable de manifestaciones cardiovasculares, músculo-esqueléticas y oftalmológicas. A pesar del descubrimiento de las mutaciones causales, su diagnóstico resulta complejo, al exhibir una gran diversidad en su presentación clínica y carecer de características patognomónicas. El diagnóstico actual de síndrome de Marfan se basa en una serie de criterios clínicos y genéticos denominados Criterios Gante revisados. Se describe el caso de una paciente de 44 años de edad, con antecedentes de luxación del cristalino, miopía y escoliosis, sin antecedentes patológicos familiares y que cumplió con los criterios diagnósticos actuales. Se sugiere la pesquisa etiológica de afecciones como luxación del cristalino y escoliosis, por parte de las especialidades correspondientes, como traducción orgánica de una enfermedad sistémica como el síndrome de Marfan.

ABSTRACT Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disease of connective tissue, characterized by a variable combination of cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and ophthalmologic manifestations. Despite the discovery of the causal mutations, its diagnosis is complex, as it exhibits great diversity in its clinical presentation and lacks pathognomonic characteristics. The current diagnosis of Marfan syndrome is based on a series of clinical and genetic criteria called the revised Ghent Criteria. The case of a 44-years-old female patient with a history of lens dislocation, myopia and scoliosis, with no family pathological history and who met current diagnostic criteria is described. The etiological investigation of conditions such as lens dislocation and scoliosis is suggested, by the corresponding specialties, as an organic translation of a systemic disease such as Marfan syndrome.

Analysis on clinical and genetic characteristics of children with ATP-sensitive potassium channel congenital hyperinsulinism / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective:To analyze clinical characteristics and genetic characteristics of children with ATP sensitive potassium passage (K ATP-HI). Methods:Forty-five children with genetically confirmed K ATP-HI and their families admitted to Beijing Children′s Hospital of Capital Medical University between February 2002 and December 2018 were selected as the study subjects. A detailed retrospective analysis of the patient's clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment process, disease-causing gene carrying status and later follow-up data was performed. ABCC8/KCNJ11 gene was sequenced by second-generation sequencing technology. Results:Among 45 children with K ATP-HI, 34 cases (75.6%) were neonatal onset, the first symptoms of 21 cases (46.7%) were convulsions. 39 cases had been treated with diazoxide, including 12 cases (30.8%) with good efficacy, 16 cases (41%) with poor efficacy and 11 cases with uncertain efficacy. Octreotide was further applied in 18 patients with uncertain or ineffective efficacy after diazoxide treatment, and 13 cases (72.2%) were effective, 3 cases were ineffective, and 2 cases were uncertain. 10 CHI patients who were ineffective to drug treatment or had clearly focal lesions confirmed by 18F-dopa positron emission by computed tomography ( 18F-DOPA PET) scans had undergone surgical treatment, 8 of which underwent partial pancreatectomy and blood glucose returned to normal after the operation; the other 2 cases underwent subtotal pancreatectomy and both had secondary diabetes after operation. Among 45 children with K ATP-HI, 1 case carried both ABCC8 and KCNJ11 mutations, 10 cases carried ABCC8 compound heterozygous mutations, and the remaining 34 cases carried ABCC8/KCNJ11 single genetic mutation. Among them, 21 cases had paternal inheritance, and 3 cases had maternal inheritance, 6 cases were identified with de novo mutations. Conclusions:Diazoxide treatment was ineffective for most K ATP-HI children, but octreotide had a higher effective rate. Partial pancreatectomy for focal type patients had a higher cure rate, and there was a risk of secondary diabetes after subproximal pancreatectomy, so it was very important to clarify the histological type of children before surgery. ABCC8 gene mutations and KCNJ11 gene mutations were the main pathogenic genes of K ATP-HI. Among patients carrying mutations in single ABCC8 or KCNJ11 gene mutation, K ATP-HI inherited by paternity were the majority. Some K ATP-HI children can relieve the hypoglycemia symptoms by themselves.

Diagnosis and treatment of fever-related recurrent acute liver failure in children / 临床肝胆病杂志

Acute liver failure (ALF) in infants and children is a severe life-threatening disease caused by multiple etiologies. Recurrent acute liver failure (RALF) is defined as the occurrence of acute liver injury two or more times, with at least one episode meeting the diagnostic criteria for ALF. Biochemical parameters usually return to normal between acute liver injury episodes in children with RALF. Clinical etiologies of RALF include infections, immunologic disorders, drug, and toxin, as well as hereditary or metabolic disorders, and some episodes of RALF caused by hereditary liver disorders are always associated with fever. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of fever-related RALF caused by genetic defects of NBAS, SCYL1, and RINT1.

Inherited metabolic diseases causing acute liver failure in children / 临床肝胆病杂志

Acute liver failure (ALF) in children has complex etiologies, among which inherited metabolic diseases account for a high proportion, especially in infants and young children. Inherited metabolic diseases are a group of congenital diseases with destruction of cell physiological function caused by metabolism-related gene mutations, with various types and diverse clinical manifestations. ALF is one of the serious complications caused by such diseases and is easily neglected due to a lack of specific manifestations. ALF caused by such etiologies should be identified as early as possible to reverse the progression of ALF and improve the prognosis of patients. This article summarizes the common inherited metabolic diseases that can cause ALF in children, in order to improve the awareness of such etiology among physicians.

Rational application of gene testing in the diagnosis of myopathy / 中华神经科杂志

With the development and popularity of genetic testing, more and more clinicians are over-relying on genetic testing for the diagnosis of hereditary myopathy, a rare disease, leading to misdiagnosis for patients and causing a huge economic burden to the society and family. It is essential for clinicians to further understand the limitations of gene testing and attach more attention to the clinical characteristics, which might be suggestive for the clinical diagnosis of hereditary myopathy. During the process of accurate diagnosis, gene testing should be selected based on the clinical manifestations, promoting its rational application in the diagnosis of hereditary myopathy.

A journey through the history of Neurogenetics / Uma jornada pela história da Neurogenética

ABSTRACT Since the late 19th century, when several inherited neurological disorders were described, the close relationship between Neurology and heredity were well documented by several authors in a pre-genetic era. The term Neurogenetics came to integrate two large sciences and clinical practices: Neurology and Genetics. Neurogenetics is the emerging field that studies the correlation between genetic code and the development and function of the nervous system, including behavioral traits, personality and neurological diseases. In this historical note, a timeline shows the main events and contributors since the first reports of neurogenetic diseases until the current days. In the recent years, neurologists are experiencing much broader use of new genetic diagnosis techniques in clinical practice. Thus, new challenges are arising in diagnostic approach, ethical considerations, and therapeutic options. This article aims to summarize the main historical hallmarks of Neurogenetics, from the pre-DNA era to the present, and the future directions of the field.

RESUMO Desde o final do século XIX, quando diversas doenças neurológicas hereditárias foram descritas, a associação entre neurologia e hereditariedade foi bem documentada por vários autores na era pré-genética. O termo Neurogenética integra dois campos da ciência e da prática clínica: Neurologia e Genética. A Neurogenética é o campo que estuda a correlação entre o código genético e o desenvolvimento e a função do sistema nervoso, incluindo comportamento, personalidade e doenças neurológicas. Nesta nota histórica, a linha do tempo mostra os principais eventos e pesquisadores desde os primeiros relatos de doenças neurogenéticas até os dias atuais. Recentemente, neurologistas estão se deparando com maior uso de técnicas diagnósticas genéticas na prática clínica; portanto, novos desafios surgem na abordagem diagnóstica, nas considerações éticas e na terapêutica. Este artigo almeja resumir os principais marcos históricos da Neurogenética, desde a era pré-DNA até o presente, e os caminhos futuros desse campo de conhecimento.

Síndrome de Prader-Willi. A propósito de un caso / Prader-Willi Syndrome. About a Case

RESUMEN El síndrome de Prader-Willi es una enfermedad genética rara, caracterizada por anomalías del eje hipotálamo-hipofisario, que cursa con hipotonía grave durante el período neonatal y los dos primeros años de vida, con hiperfagia con alto riesgo de desarrollar obesidad mórbida en la infancia y la edad adulta; así como dificultades de aprendizaje y graves problemas de conducta y/o psiquiátricos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 17 años de edad, de color de piel blanca. La paciente mostró entre sus principales manifestaciones: desviación de la fisura palpebral y alteraciones del diámetro, manos y pies pequeños, obesidad, hipogenitalismo, diabetes mellitus, disfunción muscular, deficiencia mental, estatura baja, entre otras. Los criterios clínicos y resultados de estudios complementarios fueron compatibles con el diagnóstico de síndrome de Prader-Willi. Se presenta este caso por lo necesario que resulta describir las características clínicas y genéticas de pacientes con síndrome de Prader-Willi debido a que es una enfermedad genética rara con compromiso importante para la vida futura de quienes la padecen.

ABSTRACT Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic disease, characterized by hypothalamic-pituitary anomalies, which presents with severe hypotonia during the neonatal period and the first two years of life, with hyperphagia with a high risk of developing morbid obesity in childhood and adulthood; as well as learning difficulties and serious behavioral and / or psychiatric problems. A 17-years-old patient with white skin color is presented. The main manifestations of the patient showed: deviation of the palpebral fissure and alterations in the diameter, small hands and feet, obesity, hypogenitalism, diabetes mellitus, muscular dysfunction, mental deficiency, short stature, among others. The clinical criteria and results of complementary studies were compatible with the diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome. This case is presented because it is necessary to describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, since it is a rare genetic disease with important compromise for the future life of those who suffer from it.

Clinical and cytogenetic characteristics of patients diagnosed with Turner syndrome in a clinical genetics service: cross-sectional retrospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Turner syndrome (TS) is a rare genetic disease. Understanding its clinical findings contributes to better management of clinical conditions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and karyotypic characteristics of patients diagnosed with TS at two reference services for clinical genetics in southern Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in two clinical genetics services in Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. METHODS: The sample consisted of 59 patients with TS diagnosed from 1993 to 2019. A review of their medical records was performed and a standard protocol was filled out. RESULTS: The average age of the patients at diagnosis was 15.9 years, and 40.7% were over 13 years old. The largest proportion of them (42.4%) had been referred from an endocrinology department and their constitution was 45,X (40.7%). The most common clinical findings were short stature (85.7%), hypoplastic/ hyperconvex nails (61.2%), low posterior hairline (52.1%) and cubitus valgus (45.8%). There was no difference regarding the presence of short stature (P = 0.5943), number of dysmorphia (P = 0.143), anatomical regions affected and malformations identified through imaging examinations (P = 1.0000), regarding the presence or absence of 45,X constitution. Only 6% of the patients had used growth hormone and 43%, estrogen. CONCLUSION: We found that, in general, patients with TS were being diagnosed late. This has important implications for their treatment. In addition, only a small proportion of the patients were undergoing further examination or evaluation, which appeared to be leading to underdiagnosis of many abnormalities.

Enfermedades esqueléticas de causa genética: experiencia en un servicio de referencia nacional / Skeletal Diseases of Genetic Cause: Experience in a National Reference Service

RESUMEN Fundamento: las enfermedades esqueléticas de causa genética son un grupo heterogéneo de afecciones del crecimiento y desarrollo del hueso y el cartílago que incluye más de 350 entidades. El incremento de su conocimiento ha conllevado a que su nomenclatura haya sido revisada por expertos en varias ocasiones. Objetivo: analizar aspectos de la clasificación actual de las enfermedades esqueléticas de causa genética, teniendo en cuenta el diagnóstico de los pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de referencia nacional de Genética Clínica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, por medio de revisión documental de los datos inscritos entre septiembre de 1984 y diciembre del 2019 en el Servicio de Genética Clínica del Hospital Pediátrico de Centro Habana. Fueron incluidos 225 casos con evidencias clínicas de enfermedades esqueléticas. Se aplicó el método clínico estandarizado en la red de genética. El diagnóstico se realizó utilizando el método comparativo. Las enfermedades identificadas se contrastaron con las incluidas en la clasificación descrita en el 2010. Resultados: se identificó en 190 pacientes enfermedades esqueléticas específicas, las más frecuentes halladas fueron: el síndrome Ehlers-Danlos (n=19; 10 %), la acondroplasia (n=18; 9,4 %) y el síndrome de Marfán (n=17; 8,9 %). De los 40 grupos incluidos en la clasificación analizada, el de mayor número fue el que se correspondía con el sobrecrecimiento. Se halló un paciente con síndrome Wildervanck y un caso con hipoplasia glútea con sinbraquidactilia ipsilateral de miembro inferior, estas enfermedades no están listadas en la clasificación actual. Conclusión: la clasificación actual de las enfermedades óseas genéticas es producto del conocimiento humano y deberá estar sujeta a cambios.

ABSTRACT Background: skeletal diseases of genetic cause are a heterogeneous group of disorders of the growth, development of bone and cartilage that includes more than 350 entities. The increase in its knowledge has meant that experts have reviewed its nomenclature on several occasions. Objective: to analyze aspects of the current classification the skeletal diseases of genetic cause, taking into account the diagnosis of patients treated in a national reference service of Clinical Genetics. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective study, was carried out by means of a documentary review of the data registered between September 1984 and December 2019 in the Clinical Genetics Service of the Centro Habana Pediatric Hospital. 225 cases with clinical evidence of skeletal diseases were included. The standardized clinical method was applied in the genetics network. The diagnosis was made using the comparative method. The diseases identified were contrasted with those included in the classification described in 2010. Results: specific skeletal diseases were identified in 190 patients, the most frequent found were Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (n = 19; 10 %), achondroplasia (n = 18; 9.4 %) and Marfan syndrome (n = 17; 8.9 %). Of the 40 groups included in the classification analyzed, the one with the highest number was due to overgrowth. We found a patient with Wildervanck syndrome and a case with gluteal hypoplasia with ipsilateral lower limb synbrachydactyly, these diseases are not listed in the current classification. Conclusion: the current classification of genetic bone diseases is the product of human knowledge and should be subject to change.

The phenotypic and genetic spectrum of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor gene-related leukoencephalopathy in China / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To summarize and analyze the clinical data of Chinese patients with colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-related leukoencephalopathy, and clarify the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Chinese patients.Methods:Medical history of patients with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy diagnosed from April 1, 2018 to January 31, 2021 in the department of neurology of 22 hospitals in China was collected, and scores of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), magnetic resonance severity scale were evaluated. Group comparison was performed between male and female patients.Results:A total of 62 patients were included, and the male-female ratio was 1∶1.95. The age of onset was (40.35±8.42) years. Cognitive impairment (82.3%, 51/62) and motor symptoms (77.4%,48/62) were the most common symptoms. The MMSE and MoCA scores were 18.79±7.16 and 13.96±7.23, respectively, and the scores of two scales in male patients (22.06±5.31 and 18.08±5.60) were significantly higher than those in females (15.53±7.41 , t=2.954, P=0.006; 10.15±6.26, t=3.328 , P=0.003). The most common radiographic feature was bilateral asymmetric white matter changes (100.0%), and the magnetic resonance imaging severity scale score was 27.42±11.40, while the white matter lesion score of females (22.94±8.39) was significantly higher than that of males (17.62±8.74 , t=-2.221, P<0.05). A total of 36 CSF1R gene mutations were found in this study, among which c.2381T>C/p.I794T was the hotspot mutation that carried by 17.9% (10/56) of the probands. Conclusions:The core phenotypic characteristics of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy in China are progressive motor and cognitive impairment, with bilateral asymmetrical white matter changes. In addition, there exist gender differences clinically, with severer cognitive impairment and imaging changes in female patients. Thirty-six CSF1R gene mutations were found in this study, and c.2381T>C/p. I794T was the hotspot mutation.

Course for the qualification of nurses in the care of children with genetic diseases: an experience report / Curso de calificación de enfermeras en el cuidado de niños con enfermedades genéticas: informe de experiencia / Curso para qualificação de enfermeiros no cuidado de crianças com doenças genéticas: relato de experiência

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the experience of developing and operating an extension course to qualify nurses in the care of children with genetic diseases. Method An experience report about the conduction of a university extension course with eight participants, developed at a public university in southern Brazil. It was a face-to-face course in November 2019. Results The course covered the following themes: introduction to Genetics in Nursing; rare diseases; inborn errors of metabolism; Neonatal Screening Program; and microcephaly. The content was developed through theoretical aspects, presentation of clinical cases, practical activities, and realistic simulation. Conclusion The extension course provided knowledge to nurses, who develop their functions as team leaders, enabling professional development and the promotion of information on the topic, which corroborates the objectives of the Nursing Now campaign.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la experiencia de desarrollo y operacionalización de un curso de extensión para calificar enfermeras en el cuidado de niños con enfermedades genéticas. Método Informe de experiencia sobre la realización de un curso de extensión universitaria con ocho participantes, desarrollado en una universidad pública en el sur de Brasil. El curso tuvo lugar en persona, en noviembre de 2019. Resultados El curso cubrió los siguientes temas: introducción a la Genética en Enfermería; enfermedades poco comunes; errores innatos del metabolismo; Programa de detección neonatal; y microcefalia. El contenido se desarrolló mediante el desarrollo de aspectos teóricos, la presentación de casos clínicos, actividades prácticas y simulación realista. Conclusión El curso de extensión proporcionó conocimiento a las enfermeras, quienes desarrollan sus roles como líderes de equipo, permitiendo el desarrollo profesional y la difusión de información sobre el tema, lo que corrobora los objetivos de la campaña Nursing Now.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a experiência de desenvolvimento e operacionalização de um curso de extensão para qualificar enfermeiros no cuidado de crianças com doenças genéticas. Método Relato de experiência sobre a realização de um curso de extensão universitária com oito participantes, desenvolvido em uma universidade pública no sul do Brasil. O curso foi realizado na modalidade presencial, em novembro de 2019. Resultados O curso contemplou os seguintes temas: introdução à genética na enfermagem, doenças raras, erros inatos do metabolismo, Programa de Triagem Neonatal e microcefalia. O conteúdo foi desenvolvido por meio do desenvolvimento dos aspectos teóricos, apresentação de casos clínicos, atividades práticas e simulação realística. Conclusão O curso de extensão proporcionou conhecimento aos enfermeiros, que desenvolvem suas funções como líderes de equipe, permitindo o desenvolvimento profissional e a disseminação de informações sobre o tema, o que corrobora os objetivos da campanha Nursing Now.