Estilos de vida adquiridos durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en la infancia: Una revisión sistemática / Lifestyles acquired during confinement by COVID-19 in childhood: a systematic review

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer las evidencias científicas que evidencian cambios en los patrones de estilos de vida durante la infancia y su asociación con el confinamiento causado por la COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis sistemático siguiendo los lineamientos de la guía Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) en las bases de datos de PubMed y Google Académico, las palabras claves utilizadas fueron diabetes mellitus type II o diabetes mellitus tipo II, hypertension o hipertensión, quarantines o cuarentena, covid 19, infants o infantes, child o niños, healthy lifestyle o estilo de vida saludable, sedentary behavior o sedentarismo, feeding behaviors o comportamientos alimentarios. La búsqueda se realizó de abril 2019 a junio 2022. Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó 221 artículos, sólo 5 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, exclusión y criterios de calidad, los cuales muestran que el confinamiento por COVID-19 causó cambios en los estilos de vida que se asociaron principalmente al sedentarismo durante la infancia. Conclusiones: Existe poca información sobre los efectos que ha causado el confinamiento por la COVID-19 en los estilos de vida de los infantes, la existente muestra cambios en los hábitos alimentarios pro-saludables en infantes y disminución de la actividad física; por lo que se recomiendan actividades dirigidas a los tutores o adultos responsables para que supervisen la alimentación y la mejora de la nutrición, así como realizar actividades que fomenten la actividad física.

Abstract Objective: To know the scientific evidence to identify patterns of changes in lifestyles during childhood and their association with various anthropometric parameters in infants caused during confinement by COVID-19. Materials and methods: A systematic analysis was carried out following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guide in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, the keywords used were diabetes mellitus tipo 2 or diabetes mellitus type II, hipertensión or hypertension, cuarentena or quarantine, covid-19, infantes or child, estilos de vida saludables or healthy lifestyles, sedentarismo or sedentarism, comportamientos alimentarios or eating behaviors. The search was carried out from April 2019 to June 2022. Results: The search yielded 221 articles, only 5 articles met the inclusion, exclusion and quality criteria, which show that the COVID-19 confinement caused changes in lifestyles. life that were mainly associated with a sedentary lifestyle during childhood. Conclusions: There is little information on the effects that COVID-19 confinement has caused on the lifestyles of infants, the existing information shows changes in pro-healthy eating habits in infants and decreased physical activity; therefore, activities aimed at guardians or responsible adults are recommended so that they can supervise feeding and improve nutrition, as well as carry out activities that encourage physical activity.

Analysis of cardiovascular disease prevention indicators among residents with intra-urban migration in Central China / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention status among residents with intra-urban migration in Central China, so as to provide insights into targeted prevention and control of CVD.@*Methods@#Basic data of residents aged 35 to 75 years who participated in Early Screening and Comprehensive Intervention Project for CVD high-risk populations in Central China from September 2015 to August 2020 were collected. According to birth place, type of registered residence and current residence, residents were divided into four groups: local residents in old urban area, local residents in new urban area, other urban migrants and other rural migrants. The status of CVD primary and secondary prevention, were analysed by using a robust Poisson regression model.@*Results@#A total of 76 513 residents were recruited, including 29 420 males (38.45%) and 47 093 females (61.55%), and had a mean age of (56.36±9.84) years. There were 45 087 (58.93%) local residents in old urban area, 23 868 (31.19%) local residents in new urban area, 5 668 (7.41%) other urban migrants and 1 890 (2.47%) other rural migrants. After adjusting for variables such as age, gender and educational level, the results of robust Poisson regression analysis showed that compared with local residents in old urban area, local residents in new urban area had lower compliance rates of non- or moderate-drinking (RR=0.987, 95%CI: 0.975-1.000) and healthy diet (RR=0.535, 95%CI: 0.365-0.782), lower proportion of using aspirin as primary prevention in CVD high-risk population (RR=0.616, 95%CI: 0.511-0.741), lower awareness (RR=0.873, 95%CI: 0.782-0.974) and control rates (RR=0.730, 95%CI: 0.627-0.849) of hypertension; other urban migrants had higher compliance rate of non-smoking (RR=1.045, 95%CI: 1.017-1.075); other rural migrants had lower proportion of using aspirin as primary prevention in CVD high-risk population (RR=0.826, 95%CI: 0.707-0.966).@*Conclusion@#The CVD primaryprevention among local residents in new urban area is relatively poor among four groups of residents in Central China, and key interventions are needed.

Construction of residents' healthy lifestyle cognitive index system in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality / 环境与职业医学

Background Healthy lifestyle is one of the important factors affecting individual health. How to promote residents' cognition of healthy lifestyle has become an urgent practical problem for the whole society. However, there is no residents' healthy lifestyle cognitive indexes available with consideration of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Objective To construct a cognitive index system for providing effective assessment on residents' cognition of healthy lifestyle under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Methods Based on the health belief model, a preliminary cognitive index system of residents' healthy lifestyle under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality was proposed after literature study and relevant policy review. Then three rounds of indicator importance evaluation and screening by Delphi method were conducted before the index system was finally constructed. The weights of all levels of indicators were determined using analytic hierarchy process. In addition, a self-assessment questionnaire was developed based on the index system. The questionnaire was utilized to conduct a survey among 200 residents by convenience sampling in Shenyang, Liaoning Province from November to December 2021. The survey was used to examine the reliability and validity of the indicator system. Results The effective recovery rates of the three rounds of Delphi method were all 100%. The authority coefficient was 0.84. The Kendall's W consistency test showed good expert consistency (P<0.001). Finally, a cognitive index system of residents' healthy lifestyle under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality was initially constructed, including 4 first-level indicators, 8 second-level indicators, and 35 third-level indicators. Among them, the weights of the first-level indicators were 0.4541 for practice cognition, 0.2248 for benefit and obstacle cognition, 0.1626 for action clue cognition, and 0.1585 for risk cognition, respectively. The correlation coefficients between each indicator were from 0.586 to 0.977 (P<0.01). The overall Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.95, indicating high reliability. Invited experts agreed that the entries were representative and the content validity of the constructed indicator system was good. The factor analysis also showed that the structure validity was good. Conclusion The proposed index system for residents' cognition of healthy lifestyle show good reliability and validity, which can be used as an effective assessment tool for residents' healthy lifestyle cognition under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. It can provide a scientific and theoretical basis for promoting residents' cognition and practice of healthy lifestyle.

Healthy lifestyle as predictors of common mental disorder during coronavirus disease

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to verify the indication of common mental disorder and changes in healthy lifestyle among individuals affected by coronavirus disease, as well as to evaluate if changes in healthy lifestyle are predictors of common mental disorder. METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional study employed an exploratory approach and quantitative methodology, using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire to assess the indication of common mental disorder and questions regarding healthy lifestyle during the pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 280 individuals affected by coronavirus disease, aged 18 years and above, participated in the study. The average indication for common mental disorder was 5.0±5.34. The average age was characterized by adults (41.24±14.03 years), with the majority being women (57.9%), White (51.4%), and those in stable relationships (55.7%). Worsening sleep quality (β==6.327; p<0.001) was the main predictor of common mental disorder, followed by female gender (β==2.814; p<0.001) and worsening dietary habits (β==2.227; p<0.012). CONCLUSION: These factors should be considered in the assessment of individuals affected by coronavirus disease to provide comprehensive care.

Conocimientos y prácticas en el cuidado domiciliario de pacientes con Covid-19, zona norte de Ecuador / Knowledge and practices in in-home care of patients with COVID-19, northern Ecuador

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el estado de los conocimientos y las prácticas acerca de los cuidados en condiciones de aislamiento domiciliario en pacientes procedentes de cinco provincias ecuatorianas que tuvieron diagnóstico de Covid-19, durante el periodo agosto 2021 - agosto 2022. Se desarrolló una investigación cuantitativa con diseño no experimental y alcance descriptivo, en la que participó la totalidad de la población compuesta por 4668 pacientes. Los resultados mostraron que un 87,3% de los participantes tenían un conocimiento adecuado acerca de la prevención y el cuidado ante la epidemia de Covid-19, siendo los valores obtenidos en la provincia Francisco de Orellana los más favorables (98,9% de individuos con conocimiento adecuado). La categoría siempre fue preponderante en cuanto al cambio oportuno de mascarilla (39%) y la clasificación de los desechos producidos por el cuidado (35%); mientras que, en el rango casi siempre lo hizo: el uso de mascarilla (48%), el lavado de manos (41%) y la delimitación de espacios compartidos (52%). En el contexto de la investigación se observó una mayor frecuencia de las familias conformadas por entre 1 y 4 miembros y aquellas que disponían de viviendas que poseían de 3 a 4 dormitorios. En los participantes preponderaron las siguientes características: el grupo de edades entre 20 y 39 años, el sexo femenino, el nivel escolar de segundaria y la residencia en la provincia de Imbabura.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and practices regarding care under conditions of home isolation in patients from five Ecuadorian provinces who had a diagnosis of COVID-19 during the period August 2021 - August 2022. This research was quantitative, with a non-experimental design and descriptive scope, in which 4668 patients participated. The results showed that 87.3% of the participants had adequate knowledge about prevention and care in the face of the COVID-19 epidemic, with the values obtained in the Francisco de Orellana province being the most favorable (98.9% of individuals had adequate knowledge). The category was always predominant in terms of the timely change of the mask (39%) and the classification of waste produced by care (35%), while in the range, it almost always did: the use of a mask (48%), hand washing (41%) and the delimitation of shared spaces (52%). In the research context, a greater frequency of families comprised of between 1 and 4 members and those with homes with 3 to 4 bedrooms was observed. The following characteristics predominated in the participants: age group between 20 and 39 years, female sex, secondary school level, and residence in the Imbabura Province.

Los hábitos de vida saludables en relación al autoconcepto físico en taekwondokas ecuatorianos en tiempos de la pandemia "COVID 19"

La práctica de taekwondo, en el confinamiento de la pandemia del COVID 19, guarda relación con los hábitos de vida saludables y autoconcepto físico. En tal sentido, se determinó como el objetivo de esta investigación identificar las relaciones que puedan producirse entre las respuestas al CAF (Cuestionario de autoconcepto físico) y hábitos de vida saludables de los practicantes de taekwondo a nivel nacional. Se implementó un diseño ex post facto de carácter retrospectivo y correlacional, donde las variables independientes no son susceptibles de manipulación, se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico discrecional, cuya muestra la componen 423 deportistas de taekwondo entre 12 y 58 años. Los participantes cumplimentaron el Cuestionario de autoconcepto físico (CAF) y el Cuestionario de hábitos de vida saludables. Los resultados, comprueban la importancia de los entrenamientos en confinamiento de taekwondo como aporte de una vida saludable, en relación con su propia percepción del autoconcepto físico de los participantes. Se concluyó que la práctica del taekwondo en época de pandemia aportó significativamente en el cuidado y desarrollo de los hábitos de vida saludables.

A prática do Taekwondo, no confinamento da pandemia da COVID-19, está relacionada a hábitos de vida saudáveis e ao autoconceito físico. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar as relações que podem ocorrer entre as respostas ao CAF (Questionário de Autoconceito Físico) e os hábitos de vida saudável dos praticantes de Taekwondo em nível nacional. Foi implementado um projeto retrospectivo e correlacional ex post facto, em que as variáveis independentes não são suscetíveis de manipulação. Foi utilizada uma amostragem não probabilística discreta, com uma amostra de 423 atletas de taekwondo entre 12 e 58 anos de idade. Os participantes preencheram o Questionário de Autoconceito Físico (CAF) e o Questionário de Hábitos de Estilo de Vida Saudável. Os resultados comprovam a importância do treinamento de confinamento do taekwondo como contribuição para um estilo de vida saudável, em relação à percepção dos próprios participantes sobre seu autoconceito físico. Concluiu-se que a prática do taekwondo em tempos de pandemia contribuiu significativamente para o cuidado e o desenvolvimento de hábitos de vida saudáveis.

The practice of Taekwondo, in the confinement of the COVID19 pandemic, is related to healthy lifestyle habits and physical self-concept. In this sense, the objective of this research was determined to identify the relationships that may occur between the responses to the CAF (Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire) and healthy lifestyle habits of Taekwondo practitioners nationwide. An ex post facto design of a retrospective and correlational nature was implemented, where the independent variables are not susceptible to manipulation, a discretionary non-probabilistic sampling was used, which sample is made up of 423 taekwondo athletes between 12 and 58 years old. The participants completed the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire (CAF) and the Healthy Life Habits questionnaire. The results prove the importance of Taekwondo confinement training as a contribution to a healthy life, in relation to their own perception of the participants' physical self-concept. It was concluded that the practice of taekwondo during the pandemic contributed significantly to the care and development of healthy lifestyle habits.

El envejecimiento poblacional: una mirada desde la práctica de enfermería basada en el modelo de Nola J. Pender

El envejecimiento poblacional no es un fenómeno exclusivo de la sociedad moderna; ha estado presente en todas las etapas del desarrollo social y ha sido siempre de interés para la filosofía, el arte y la medicina. Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica, con el objetivo de valorar la aplicación del modelo de Nola J. Pender en la promoción de salud y su aplicabilidad desde su visión teórica en la práctica de enfermería comunitaria en el envejecimiento poblacional. Se analizan los aspectos teóricos expresados por ella, sus principales supuestos y su relación con el envejecimiento poblacional, además de exponer sus aportes teóricos, la importancia de su aplicación para la familia, la comunidad y su contribución al desarrollo de la enfermería no solo de Cuba sino en el mundo; si partimos de que Cuba está entre los países más envejecidos de Latinoamérica. La promoción de la salud motivada por el deseo de aumentar el bienestar y actualizar el potencial humano, es considerada en la actualidad una poderosa herramienta que permite promover actitudes, motivaciones y acciones a partir del concepto de autoeficacia, del compromiso de los individuos con el cambio de conductas para fomentar salud, no solo sobre el envejecimiento en sí, sino desde el envejecimiento. Los principales supuestos de Nola J. Pender en el modelo de promoción de salud la sitúan como marco de referencia en la investigación, al fortalecer la profesión y fundamentar su quehacer de manera objetiva hacia los intereses de los profesionales y las necesidades de las personas.

Population aging is not an exclusive phenomenon of modern society; it has been present in all social development stages and has always been of interest to philosophy, art and medicine. A bibliographical review is presented for evaluating the Nola J. Pender model application in health promotion, and its applicability from its theoretical vision in the community nursing practice in aging population. The theoretical aspects expressed by her, her main assumptions and her relationship with population aging are analyzed, in addition to exposing her theoretical contributions, the importance of her application for the family, the community and her contribution to the development of nursing not only in Cuba but in the world; if we start from the fact that Cuba is among the oldest countries in Latin America. Health promotion motivated by the desire to increase well-being and update human potential is currently considered a powerful tool that allows promoting attitudes, motivations and actions based on the concept of self-efficacy, the commitment of individuals to change of behaviors to promote health, not only about aging itself, but from aging. The main assumptions of Nola J. Pender in the health promotion model place it as a reference framework in research, by strengthening the profession and basing its work objectively on the interests of professionals and the people needs.

The effect of mentoring on knowledge and implementation of my plate in adults

Background: The prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including hypertension and cancer, in Indonesia had increased, as shown by the result of Riskesdas 2018. To prevent the increase in the prevalence of NCDs, it is recommended to implement a healthy lifestyle in accordance with Indonesia balanced nutrition guidelines, including my plate. This study aimed to see the effect of nutrition education and mentoring on knowledge and implementation of my plate among adults. Methods: This study used non-equivalent quasi experimental design. Respondents were 60 adults who were divided into control and treatment groups with 4 weeks of treatments. Results: The age of respondents were between 22 to 44 years old with most of them were female (66.7%) in the treatment group and male (56.7%) in the control group. After four weeks of treatments, there were significant increases in nutritional knowledge (p=0.001) in both groups, but the results of the independent t-test showed no differences between groups. The study also showed that the number of respondents with daily meals similar to my plate increased from 33.3 to 50% in both groups. However, the average body weight of respondents also increased after treatments, but they were insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusions: Nutrition education and mentoring can increase the nutritional knowledge of adults significantly. However, changing nutrient intake and body weight would take a longer time.

Adecuación de mensajes de las guías alimentarias para personas con discapacidad visual en Lima, Perú: una experiencia de validación / Adaptation of food guideline messages for the visually impaired in Lima, Peru: a validation experience

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es describir el proceso de diseño y validación de los mensajes de las guías alimentarias escritas bajo el sistema de lecto escritura braille dirigido a personas con discapacidad visual. El proceso involucró las siguientes etapas: i) diseño y elaboración del material con el contenido de mensajes de las guías alimentarias, así como, la adecuación del formato; ii) validación técnica con representantes del Consejo Nacional para la Integración de la Persona con Discapacidad (CONADIS); y iii) validación operativa mediante grupos focales con niños, adolescentes y adultos con discapacidad visual que saben leer braille. Los participantes confirmaron la legibilidad, claridad y comprensión de los mensajes y aprobaron el formato del material diseñado. Finalmente, se destaca que la participación de informantes claves y personas con discapacidad visual en todas las etapas resultó relevante para la elaboración de un material informativo con los mensajes de alimentación saludable en braille.

ABSTRACT This article aims to describe the design and validation process of food guideline messages written in the braille reading and writing system for people with visual impairment. The process involved the following stages: i) design and elaboration of the material containing the food guideline messages, as well as its adaptation to the format; ii) technical validation with representatives of the National Council for the Integration of Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS); and iii) operational validation through focus groups with children, adolescents and adults with visual disabilities who can read braille. The participants agreed on the legibility, clarity and comprehension of the messages and approved the format of the material. Finally, it should be noted that the participation of key informants and people with visual impairment in all stages was important for the development of an informative material with healthy eating messages in braille.

Factores de riesgo en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con y sin hipertensión arterial. Lodana, Manabí-Ecuador

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y la hipertensión arterial (HTA) corresponden al grupo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) que se han presentado con mayor frecuencia a nivel mundial. Los pacientes que padecen DM2 con o sin HTA presentan estilos de vida poco saludables, que deben ser estudiados a través de instrumentos estandarizados. Objetivos: evaluar los factores de riesgo en pacientes con DM2 con y sin HTA que acuden al club de diabéticos del centro de salud del cantón Santa Ana en la parroquia de Lodana de la provincia de Manabí, Ecuador, en el período de octubre 2021 a marzo 2022. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal. Se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico consecutivo obteniendo 44 pacientes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. La muestra fue dividida en 2 grupos: 34 pacientes con DM2 y 10 pacientes con DM2 y HTA. A ambos grupos se les aplicó dos cuestionarios: uno sobre las características socio demográficas y el cuestionario IMEVID. Para el procesamiento y análisis de la información se elaboró una hoja de registro en Excel con la información obtenida de los cuestionarios aplicados. Los resultados fueron expresados en frecuencia relativa y porcentajes. Resultados: respecto a las características sociodemográficas se evidenció que en ambos grupos predominó el estado civil casado y la escolaridad primaria. En relación con la ocupación los pacientes del grupo DM2 manifestaron dedicarse a las labores del hogar y los pacientes del grupo DM2 y HTA son activos laboralmente. En cuanto al estilo de vida, se evaluaron las dimensiones correspondientes a nutrición, actividad física, tabaquismo, alcoholismo. Se obtuvieron resultados similares en ambos grupos estudiados. Conclusión: el estilo de vida llevado con mayor frecuencia en ambos grupos de pacientes es aquel relacionado a malos hábitos alimenticios y tendencias sedentarias.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and arterial hypertension (HTA) correspond to the group of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) that have occurred most frequently worldwide. Patients suffering from DM2 with or without AHT have unhealthy lifestyles, which must be studied using standardized instruments. Objective: To evaluate the risk factors in patients with DM2 with and without AHT who attend the diabetic club of the health center of the Santa Ana canton in the parish of Lodana in the province of Manabí, Ecuador, from October 2021 to March. 2022. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional observational study was carried out. Consecutive non-probabilistic sampling was used, obtaining 44 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The sample was divided into 2 groups: 34 patients with DM2 and 10 patients with DM2 and HTA. Two questionnaires were applied to both groups: one on sociodemographic characteristics and the IMEVID questionnaire. For the processing and analysis of the information, a record sheet was prepared in Excel with the information obtained from the applied questionnaires. The results were expressed in relative frequency and percentages. Results: Regarding the sociodemographic characteristics, it was evidenced that in both groups the married marital status and primary schooling predominated. In relation to occupation, the patients of the DM2 group stated that they dedicated themselves to housework and the patients of the DM2 and HTA group were active at work. Regarding lifestyle, the dimensions corresponding to nutrition, physical activity, smoking, and alcoholism were evaluated. Similar results were obtained in both groups studied. Conclusion: The lifestyle followed most frequently in both groups of patients was that related to bad eating habits and sedentary tendencies.

Beneficios del consumo de dieta mediterránea en individuos con elevado riesgo cardiovascular: un patrón que debe convertirse en el común denominador

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares siguen siendo la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. Y aunque existen herramientas terapéuticas y farmacológicas que ayudan a controlar la incidencia de desenlaces cardiovasculares con la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular, las inequidades en el acceso oportuno a servicios de salud y de determinantes sociales de la salud impiden que toda la población con esta necesidad pueda recibir esta ayuda terapéutica. Es así, como se da prioridad a las intervenciones no farmacológicas, dentro de las que se destaca, la dieta, la cual ha demostrado influir significativamente en la salud cardiovascular y en la expectativa de vida del ser humano. Particularmente, la dieta mediterránea, basada esencialmente en el consumo de frutas, vegetales, granos, legumbres, aceite de oliva, especias, seguido de proteína derivada de pescado y comida de mar, ha demostrado proveer cierto grado de protección frente a enfermedades cardiometabólicas. Sin embargo, se desconoce con certeza cuál es el impacto en la población con elevado riesgo cardiovascular y, por ende, enfermedad cardiovascular establecida. Considerando la evolución de la evidencia en los patrones dietarios, así como la necesidad de conocer qué tanto impactan las dietas viables en nuestro medio, sobre todo en aquellos con mayor riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular, el objetivo de esta revisión consiste en exponer evidencia actualizada sobre los beneficios de la dieta mediterránea en individuos con elevado riesgo cardiovascular. Para esto, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct y Scielo.

Cardiovascular diseases continue to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there are therapeutic and pharmacological tools that help control the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes by reducing cardiovascular risk, inequities in timely access to healthcare services and social determinants of health prevent the entire population in need from receiving this therapeutic assistance. Thus, non-pharmacological interventions are prioritized, among which the diet stands out, as it has been shown to significantly influence cardiovascular health and life expectancy. Particularly, the Mediterranean diet, primarily based on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, olive oil, spices, followed by fish and seafood-derived protein, has demonstrated a certain degree of protection against cardiometabolic diseases. However, the impact on a population with high cardiovascular risk and established cardiovascular disease remains uncertain. Considering the evolving evidence on dietary patterns and the need to understand how viable diets in our context affect individuals with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease, the objective of this review is to present updated evidence on the benefits of the Mediterranean diet in individuals with high cardiovascular risk. For this purpose, a literature search was performed in the PubMed, Science Direct, and Scielo databases.

Riesgo cardiovascular y estilo de vida en pacientes adultos de un sanatorio privado de la ciudad de Santa Fe / Cardiovascular risk and lifestyle in adult patients of a private sanatorium in the city of Santa Fe

Resumen Introducción: un estilo de vida saludable evitará la aparición de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), permitiendo mayor longevidad y calidad de vida. Objetivo: determinar el riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) y los componentes de salud cardiovascular en pacientes adultos que concurren a un sanatorio privado de la ciudad de Santa Fe. Materiales y método: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes (40-75 años, ambos sexos) que concurrieron espontáneamente a un sanatorio privado de la ciudad de Santa Fe entre agosto 2021-julio 2022. Se excluyeron pacientes con ECV. Mediante entrevista personal, telefónica y datos de la historia clínica, se calculó el RCV (calculadora OPS/OMS) y se evaluaron componentes de salud cardiovascular según la American Heart Association (AHA): presión arterial (PA) sistólica <130 mmHg y/o diastólica <85 mmHg), colesterol (<200 mg/dL), glucemia (<100 mg/dL), índice de masa corporal (IMC) (<65 años: 18,5-25 kg/m2; >65 años: 22-27 kg/m2), consumo frutas y verduras (≥5 porciones/día), actividad física (nivel moderado/alto), tabaquismo (no fumar/no ex fumador) y sueño, dormir 6-8hs nocturnas. Se evaluó estrés, ansiedad y depresión. Resultados expresados en frecuencias (IC 95%). Se utilizó el programa InfoStat. Resultados: participaron 94 pacientes, 44% sexo femenino (53,4±8,2 años). El 21,3% de los pacientes presentó RCV alto y 5,5% muy alto. Solo 18,9% presentó PA adecuada y 21,4% se clasificó en la categoría normopeso. El 53,6% presentó colesterol deseable y 54,4% glucemia deseable. Entre las conductas de estilo de vida: 84,2% no era fumador. Del total que respondieron las encuestas telefónicas, 13,3% consume ≥5 porciones/día de frutas y verduras, 59,6% presentó nivel moderado/alto de actividad física, 52% durmió las horas recomendadas. El 52,9% presentó bajo nivel de estrés y 53,3% no manifestó síntomas de ansiedad. Conclusión: la mayor parte de los pacientes se clasificaron en las categorías de bajo a moderado RCV con elevada frecuencia de factores de riesgo (PA elevada, exceso de peso, glucemia y colesterol elevados). Es necesario modificar conductas para mejorar el estilo de vida (consumo de frutas y verduras, nivel de actividad física, duración del sueño y los síntomas de estrés y ansiedad) para reducir el RCV.

Abstract Introduction: a healthy lifestyle will prevent the appearance of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), allowing greater longevity and quality of life. Objective: the aim of this study was to determine cardiovascular risk (CVR) and components of cardiovascular health in adult patients attending a private sanatorium in the city of Santa Fe. Materials and method: analytical, cross-sectional study. Patients (40-75 years old, both sexes) who spontaneously attended a private sanatorium in the city of Santa Fe between August 2021 and July 2022 were included. Patients with CVD were excluded. Through personal interviews, telephone interviews and medical records, CVR was calculated (PAHO/WHO calculator) and cardiovascular health components were evaluated according to the American Heart Association (AHA): systolic blood pressure (BP) <130 mmHg and/or diastolic <85 mmHg), cholesterol (<200 mg/dL), blood glucose (<100 mg/dL), body mass index (BMI) ( <65 years: 18.5-25 kg/m2; >65 years: 22-27 kg/m2), consumption of fruits and vegetables (≥5 servings/day), physical activity (moderate/high level), smoking (non-smoking/non-ex-smoker) and sleep, sleeping 6-8 hours at night. Stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed. Results expressed in frequencies (95% CI). The InfoStat program was used. Results: 94 patients participated, 44% female (53.4±8.2 years). 21.3% of patients had high CVR and 5.5% had very high CVR. Only 18.9% had adequate BP and 21.4% were classified in the normal weight category. A total of 53.6% had desirable cholesterol and 54.4% had desirable blood glucose. Among lifestyle behaviors: 84.2% were non-smokers. Of the total who answered the telephone surveys, 13.3% consumed ≥5 servings/day of fruits and vegetables, 59.6% had a moderate/high level of physical activity, and 52% slept the recommended hours. 52.9% had a low level of stress and 53.3% did not show symptoms of anxiety. Conclusion: most of the patients were classified into the categories of low to moderate CVR with a high frequency of risk factors (high BP, excess weight, high blood glucose and high cholesterol). Lifestyle modifications (fruit and vegetable intake, level of physical activity, sleep duration, and symptoms of stress and anxiety) are needed to reduce CVR

Obesity in Adolescents: Prevalence and Association with Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors

Introduction: Overweight and obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and is a growing public health concern. The increase in prevalence and severity of obesity among children and adolescents has been attributed largely to behavioral factors such as changing eating habits and sedentary lifestyles. Objective: To determine prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity among adolescents and its association with sociodemographic factors and lifestyle. Methods: Present cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban field practice area under the Community Medicine Department of LLRM Medical College, Meerut, among 872 adolescents. All localities in the field area were covered and house to house survey was done. Questions were asked about eating patterns, physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. Data was collected and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 17.43, 6.88%, respectively. Obesity was significantly higher among females, those who indulged in unhealthy eating habits were physically inactive, watched television for a longer duration and ate junk while watching television. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that high junk food consumption and a sedentary lifestyle were found to be significantly associated with childhood overweight/obesity. As a result, timely interventions should be taken to improve awareness about healthy lifestyle behavior to prevent obesity and its complications among adolescents.

Main results and public health implications of the National School Health Survey (ENSE), Colombia 2017

Introduction: The school population represents a fundamental group for health promotion actions, given that the foundations of healthy behaviors in adult life are established in children and adolescents, who can be greatly influenced by the school. Objective: To describe the health-related behavioral factors of schoolchildren between 13 and 17 years of age in secondary and middle school in Colombia. Methods: A national cross-sectional study was conducted (i.e., School Health Survey -ENSE-) that recorded information on dietary practices, physical activity, alcohol and drug consumption, injuries and bullying, and oral, visual and hearing health. Sampling was probabilistic, cluster and multistage. Results: Schoolchildren have low consumption of fruits, vegetables (13.1%) and dairy (76.5 %), high consumption of ultra-processed foods (82.4 %), sugary drinks (74.0 %) and fast foods (14.8 %), frequent addition of salt at the table (43.3 %), low compliance with physical activity recommendations (15.0 %) and high sedentary lifestyle (46.3 %), frequent consumption of alcohol (44.7 %) and psychoactive substances (14.7 %), in addition to prevalent situations of bullying (15.4 %), rejection (8.2 %) and verbal aggression (42.7 %). Conclusions: The ENSE shows critical inequalities by gender, ethnicity and social class, throughout the country. The indicators observed in schoolchildren are precursors of various chronic and degenerative diseases and mental illness, which requires the urgent attention of the different social actors in the country.

Introducción: La población escolar es un grupo fundamental para las intervenciones de promoción de la salud, ya que en los niños y adolescentes se sientan las bases de un comportamiento saludable en la vida adulta, que puede ser muy influenciado por la escuela. Objetivo: Describir los factores comportamentales relacionados con la salud de los escolares de 13 a 17 años de edad que cursan educación básica secundaria y media en Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta nacional transversal (Encuesta de Salud en Escolares -ENSE-) con los lineamientos de Global School-based Student Health Survey para recolectar información sobre prácticas alimentarias, actividad física, consumo de alcohol y drogas, lesiones e intimidación, y salud bucal, visual y auditiva. El muestreo fue probabilístico, por conglomerados y polietápico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 79.640 escolares de 298 municipios. Los escolares presentaron bajo consumo de frutas, verduras (13.1%) y productos lácteos (76.5 %), alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (82.4 %), bebidas azucaradas (74.0 %) y comidas rápidas (14.8 %); alto uso de sal añadida en la mesa (43.3 %), actividad física inferior a la recomendada (15.0 %) y sedentarismo (46.3 %). Fue frecuente el consumo de alcohol (44.7 %) y sustancias psicoactivas (14.7 %) y reportaron situaciones de intimidación (15.4 %), rechazo (8.2 %) y agresiones verbales (42.7 %). Conclusiones: La ENSE muestra desigualdades por género, etnia y clase social en todo el país. Los hallazgos observados en los escolares son factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y mentales, y requieren la atención urgente de los actores sociales del país.

Life-style behavior upon admission to higher education in Chilean university students: A longitudinal observational study / Comportamiento de estilo de vida al ingresar a la educación superior en estudiantes universitarios chilenos: Un estudio observacional longitudinal

AIM: The main objective of this study was to analyze the change in physical activity, quality of diet, and weight upon admission to higher education and at one-year follow-up in Chilean university students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 376 Chilean university students were prospectively recruited. All participants were assessed at bas eline and one-year follow-up. Sociodemographics and other co-variables were described. Physical activity, healthy eating behavior, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and quality of diet (with Healthy Eating Index), SECA 213 stadiometer and TANITA HD-351, respectively. RESULTS: At the one-year follow-up, high-intensity METs (Metabolic equivalents) decreased by 147.9 (95% CI: 79.5 to 216; p = 0.000), moderate-intensity METs decreased by 85.0 (95% CI: 52.2 to 117.7; p = 0.000), sedentary behavior increased by 45.0 min/week (95% CI: 54.6 to 35.4; p = 0.000), total METs decreased by 793.6 (95% CI: 613.0 to 974.1; p = 0.000), HEI decreased by 45.4 points (95% CI: 48.5 to 82.1; p = 0.000), weight increased by 5.9 kg (95% CI: 3.5 to 6.3; p = 0.002), and BMI increased by 2.8 kg/m2 (95% CI: 2.7 to 3.2; p = 0.000). The correlation between total METs and the HEI was r = 0.21 (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: There are statistically significant differences at one-year follow-up in Chilean university students in decreased physical activity, impaired healthy eating behavior, and increased weight and BMI.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo principal fue analizar los cambios en la actividad física, calidad de la dieta y el peso al ingreso a la educación superior y al año de seguimiento en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 376 estudiantes universitarios chilenos fueron prospectivamente reclutados. Todos los participantes fueron evaluados al ingreso y al año de seguimiento. Se describieron las variables sociodemográficas y otras co-variables. La actividad física, el comportamiento de alimentación saludable, el peso, talla y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) fueron evaluados con el Cuestionario Global de Actividad Física (CGAF), el Índice de Alimentación Saludable (IAS), estadiómetro SECA 213 y el TANITA HD-351, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Al año de seguimiento, los METs a alta intensidad disminuyeron 147,9 (95% IC: 79,5 a 216; p = 0,000), METs a moderada intensidad disminuyeron 85,0 (95% IC: 52,2 a 117,7; p = 0,000), el comportamiento sedentario incremento 45,0 min/semana (95% IC: 54,6 a 35,4; p = 0,000), los METs totales disminuyeron 793,6 (95% CI: 613,0 a 974,1; p = 0,000), IAS disminuyó 45,4 puntos (95% IC: 48,5 a 82,1; p = 0,000), el peso aumento 5,9 kg (95% IC: 3,5 a 6,3; p = 0,002), y el IMC incrementó 2,8 kg/m2 (95% IC: 2,7 a 3,2; p = 0,000). La relación entre los METs totales y el IAS fue r = 0,21 (p = 0,013). CONCLUSIONES: Al año de seguimiento, hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la disminución de la actividad física, deterioro del comportamiento de alimentación saludable, e incremento del peso e IMC en estudiantes universitarios chilenos.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Valoración de la Capacidad de Autocuidado en adolescentes mexicanos / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Valoración de la Capacidad de Autocuidado en adolescentes mexicanos / Propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Avaliação da Capacidade de Autocuidado em adolescentes mexicanos

Introducción: este trabajo tuvo por objetivo contribuir en el estudio de la validez y confiabilidad de la versión en español de la Escala de Valoración de Capacidad de Autocuidado (ASA) en adolescentes. Materiales y métodos: se construyó un cuestionario con los 24 ítems de la escala ASA, junto con ítems para explorar variables sociodemográficas, conductas y condiciones de salud. Se aplicó el cuestionario a 541 adolescentes mexicanos. Se realizaron como técnicas de análisis: análisis factorial exploratorio (AfE), análisis factorial confirmatorio (AfC), determinación de consistencia interna (coeficientes α y ω) y análisis de relación con otras variables basado en comparación de grupos. Se analizó el desempeño de diferentes estructuras de la escala ASA. Resultados: se lograron obtener dos propuestas basadas en la escala ASA para su uso en adolescentes: una basada en un modelo unidimensional (20 ítems) y otra basada en un modelo de tres factores (14 ítems). Estas propuestas tuvieron buen desempeño en el AfC, así como en consistencia interna. Además, presentaron evidencia de validez basada en la relación con conductas y condiciones relacionadas con la salud. Conclusión: se presentan hallazgos de validez y confiabilidad que sustentan el uso de dos versiones reducidas de la escala ASA en adolescentes.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Appraisal of Self-care Agency Scale (ASA scale) in adolescents. Materials and methods: A questionnaire was created with 24 items of the ASA scale together with items that explored the sociodemographic variables as well as health-related behaviors and conditions. The questionnaire was given to 541 Mexican adolescents. Different analysis techniques were performed, including exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CfA), determination of internal consistency (coefficients α and ω), and other variables relationship based on group comparisons. The performance of the different factorial structures of the ASA scale was analyzed. Results: We obtained two proposals based on the ASA Scale that can be used in adolescents; one was based on a one-dimensional model (20 items) and the other was based on a three-factor model (14 items). These proposals performed well in the CfA as well as in internal consistency analysis techniques. Furthermore, these proposals presented validity evidence based on the relationship with health-related behaviors and conditions. Conclusion: We provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the two reduced versions of the ASA scale that supports its use in adolescents.

Introdução: este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o estudo da validade e confiabilidade da versão em espanhol da Escala de Valoración de Capacidad de Autocuidado (ASA) em adolescentes. Materiais e Métodos: foi construído um questionário com os 24 itens da Escala ASA juntamente com itens para explorar variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentos e condições de saúde. O questionário foi aplicado a 541 adolescentes mexicanos. Foram realizadas como técnicas de análise: análise fatorial exploratória (AfE); análise fatorial confirmatória (AfC); determinação da consistência interna (Coeficientes α e ω); e análise de relação com outras variáveis com base na comparação de grupos. Foi analisado o desempenho de diferentes estruturas da escala ASA. Resultados: foi possível obter duas propostas baseadas na Escala ASA para a sua utilização em adolescentes, uma baseada no modelo unidimensional (20 itens) e outra baseada no modelo de três fatores (14 itens). Essas propostas tiveram um bom desempenho na AfC, bem como na consistência interna. Além disso, apresentaram evidências de validade baseadas na relação com comportamentos e condições relacionadas à saúde. Conclusão: são apresentadas evidências de validade e confiabilidade que suportam o uso de duas versões reduzidas da escala ASA em adolescentes

Descriptive study of physical activity and sitting time among medical students from North India

Background: A physically active lifestyle is the cornerstone of good health. A sedentary lifestyle is emerging as a global threat to public health and physical activity is being recommended as an important intervention for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. Aim and Objectives: The present study aims to assess the level of physical activity and duration of sitting time among medical undergraduates to guide the formulation of strategies for healthy lifestyles. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical undergraduate students of a teaching hospital in North India. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire regarding the demographic profile, anthropometric parameters, physical activity, and sitting time. The level of physical activity and time spent sitting was assessed using International Physical Activity Questionnaire. R software was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 250 medical students were included with a response rate of 83.3%. Overall, 67.6% of students engaged in moderate levels of physical activity, 21.2% engaged in high levels, and 11.2% engaged in low levels of physical activity. The mean time spent sitting was 8.8 hours/day (males: 8.5 and females: 9.1). It showed a significant association between physical activity and body mass index, with the low prevalence of obesity among students engaged in moderate and high levels of physical activity. Conclusion: The study highlights prolonged sitting as an emerging public health problem where three-fourths of students were spending more than 7 hours/day sitting. However, the majority of students were engaged in moderate to high levels of physical activity.

High-intensity functional training with an adequate and carbohydrate restricted hypocaloric diet promotes weight loss and cardiometabolic improvements

INTRODUCTION: Excess body weight and its comorbidities represent a major public health issue. Interventions based on diet and exercise have not only been shown to promote weight loss, but also improve overall health, including cardiovascular health. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week hypocaloric low-carbohydrate (CHO) diet coupled with high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on the cardiometabolic risk of overweight adults. METHODS: This is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 31 overweight adults participated in this study, divided into two groups based on the dietary intervention: reduced-CHO (R-CHO, ≤130 g/day; n=15) and adequate-CHO (A-CHO, >130 g/day; n=16). The cardiometabolic risk was assessed using lipidaemic, insulinemia, and glycaemic parameters. A two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was utilized to evaluate the effects of the intervention. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Participants from both groups displayed decreased low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations, as well as the number of risk factors for the metabolic disease after 12 weeks. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration of both groups increased after 12 weeks, however, the result of the intragroup analysis revealed that a significant increase was only observed in the participants from the A-CHO group. CONCLUSION: Reduced or adequate CHO intake was both found to be effective in reducing cardiometabolic risk. However, improvements in HDL and final cardiometabolic classification risk indicated that CHO adequacy in the diet might be a better strategy associated with caloric restriction and HIFT.

Impact of COVID-19 on lifestyles related etiquette among nursing staff in India: a cross sectional descriptive e-survey / Impacto de COVID-19 en las etiquetas relacionadas con el estilo de vida entre el personal de enfermería en la India: una encuesta electrónica transversal / Impacto do COVID-19 nos rótulos relacionados ao estilo de vida entre a equipe de enfermagem na Índia: uma pesquisa eletrônica transversal

Objective. To analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemics on lifestyle-related etiquettes like eating, physical activity, and sleep behavior among nursing staff in India. Methods.A crosssectional descriptive E-survey was conducted among 942 nursing staff. The validated electronic survey questionnaire was used to assess the changes in lifestyle-related etiquette before and during COVID-19 Pandemic. Results. A total of 942 responses (mean age 29.01±5.7years) were collected, 53% of the respondents were men. A slight decline in healthy meal consumption pattern (p<0.0001) and a restriction of unhealthy food items were observed (p<0.0001), and also reduction in physical activity coupled with decreased participation in leisure-related activities was seen (p<0.0001). The stress and anxiety slightly increase during COVID­19 pandemics (p<0.0001). Additionally, social support extended by family and friends to maintain healthy lifestyle-related behaviors also significantly decreased during COVID-19 PANDEMIC pandemics compared to before (p<0.0001). Although the COVID-19 Pandemic slightly reduced the intake of healthy meals and deterred participants from consuming unhealthy food, this this may have led to individual weight loss. Conclusion. In general, there was a negative impact on, lifestyle like diet, sleep and mental health was observed. A detailed understanding of these factors can help to develop interventions to mitigate the harmful lifestyle-related etiquette that has manifested during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objetivo. Analizar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en las etiquetas relacionadas con el estilo de vida (alimentación, actividad física y comportamiento del sueño) entre enfermeras de la India. Método. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en el que participaron 942 enfermeros de todo el país. Se utilizó un cuestionario electrónico validado para evaluar los cambios en los estilos de vida antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Resultados. La edad media fue de 29.01±5.7años, 53% fueron hombres. En comparación con antes de la pandemia por COVID-19, durante la misma se observó un ligero descenso en el patrón de consumo de comidas saludables (p<0.0001) y se observó una restricción de alimentos poco saludables (p<0.0001, además de una reducción de la actividad física junto con una menor participación en actividades relacionadas con el ocio (p<0.0001). El estrés y la ansiedad aumentaron ligeramente (p<0.0001). Además, el apoyo social prestado por la familia y los amigos para mantener comportamientos saludables relacionados con el estilo de vida también disminuyó significativamente durante la pandemia en comparación a antes (p<0.0001). Aunque la pandemia por COVID-19 redujo ligeramente la ingesta de comidas saludables y disuadió a los participantes de consumir alimentos poco saludables, esto puede haber conducido a una pérdida de peso individual. Conclusión. En general, se observó un impacto negativo en el estilo de vida, como la dieta, el sueño y la salud mental. Una comprensión detallada de estos factores puede ayudar a desarrollar intervenciones para mitigar la etiqueta nociva relacionada con el estilo de vida que se ha manifestado durante la pandemia COVID-19 en los enfermeros en India.

Objetivo. Analisar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nos rótulos do estilo de vida (dieta, atividade física e comportamento do sono) entre enfermeiras na Índia. Método. Foi realizado um estudo transversal do qual participaram 942 enfermeiros de todo o país. Um questionário eletrônico validado foi usado para avaliar as mudanças no estilo de vida antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados.A média de idade foi de 29.01±5.7 anos, 53% eram homens. Comparado com antes da pandemia de COVID-19, observou-se uma leve diminuição no padrão de consumo de refeições saudáveis durante a pandemia (p<0.0001), além de redução da atividade física e menor participação em atividades relacionadas ao lazer (p<0.0001). O estresse e a ansiedade aumentaram ligeiramente (p<0.0001). Além disso, o apoio social fornecido pela família e amigos para manter comportamentos de estilo de vida saudável também diminuiu significativamente durante a pandemia em comparação com antes dela (p<0.0001). Conclusão. Em geral, foi observado um impacto negativo no estilo de vida, como dieta, sono e saúde mental. Uma compreensão detalhada desses fatores pode ajudar a desenvolver intervenções para mitigar a etiqueta prejudicial relacionada ao estilo de vida que se manifestou durante a pandemia de COVID-19 entre enfermeiras na Índia.

Benefits of running on cardiac protection and the culture of exercise health awareness / Benefícios da corrida para a proteção cardíaca e a cultura da consciência sanitária do exercício / Beneficios de la carrera para la protección cardíaca y el cultivo de la conciencia de la salud del ejercicio

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several programs to encourage physical activity has been encouraged to reduce the sedentary lifestyle in China. Running is among them because it has potentially positive effects on cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia, in addition to the intrinsic psychological and social benefits of outdoor sports. Objective: Explore the protective effect of running on the cardiac system by analyzing strategies for cultivating exercise health awareness. Methods: A group of ten healthy volunteers, five women aged 25-35 years, underwent a 45-minute running program, performed four times a week for three weeks. Data collected by spirometry and cardiac monitoring were collected, treated, compared, and discussed. This paper introduced the concept of subjective exercise intensity to find the best analysis and judgment of Cardiac Function. Finally, a quantitative investigation involving the analysis of 315 questionnaires explored the current status of sports health awareness in running fans. Results: Heart rate amplitude during running remained in the range of 120-160, belonging to the normal heart rate range for the surveyed audience. In most cases, women's heart rate was higher than men's (P<0.05). The exercise intensity was fixed at a frequency below the value of 16, which is a slightly strenuous stage, and the relative exercise intensity was controlled between 50% and 71.5%. Conclusion: Running has a good cardiac protective effect, and its followers are highly aware of sports health. Due to the beneficial effect of sports practice, its dissemination is recommended as a form of physical and social therapeutic activity. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Com o intuito de reduzir o índice de sedentarismo na China, diversos programas de incentivo à atividade física foram estimulados. A corrida está dentre eles pois tem potenciais efeitos positivos nas doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus e hipercolesterolemia, além dos benefícios psicológicos e sociais intrínsecos na prática esportiva ao ar livre. Objetivo: Explorar o efeito protetor da corrida no sistema cardíaco analisando as estratégias para a cultura da consciência sanitária do exercício. Métodos: Um grupo de dez voluntários saudáveis, com cinco mulheres e idade entre 25 a 35 anos foram submetidos a um programa de corrida por 45 minutos, realizado quatro vezes por semana, durante três semanas. Dados coletados por espirometria e monitoramento cardíaco foram coletados, tratados, comparados e discutidos. Este artigo introduziu o conceito de intensidade de exercício subjetivo para encontrar a melhor análise e julgamento da Função Cardíaca. Por fim, uma investigação quantitativa envolvendo a análise de 315 questionários explorou a situação atual da conscientização em saúde esportiva em adeptos da corrida. Resultados: A amplitude de frequência cardíaca durante a corrida manteve-se na faixa de 120-160, pertencente à faixa normal de frequência cardíaca ao público pesquisado. A frequência cardíaca das mulheres foi maior do que a dos homens na maioria dos casos (P<0,05). A intensidade do exercício fixou-se numa frequência inferior ao valor de 16, que é um estágio ligeiramente extenuante, e a intensidade relativa do exercício ficou controlada entre 50% e 71,5%. Conclusão: A corrida apresenta um bom efeito protetor cardíaco, seus adeptos possuem elevada conscientização da saúde esportiva. Devido ao efeito salutar da prática esportiva, recomenda-se a sua divulgação como forma de atividade terapêutica física e social. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con el fin de reducir el estilo de vida sedentario en China, se han estimulado varios programas para fomentar la actividad física. La carrera se encuentra entre ellos porque tiene potenciales efectos positivos sobre las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la hipertensión, la diabetes mellitus y la hipercolesterolemia, además de los beneficios psicológicos y sociales intrínsecos del deporte al aire libre. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto protector de correr sobre el sistema cardíaco analizando las estrategias para cultivar la conciencia de la salud del ejercicio. Métodos: Un grupo de diez voluntarios sanos, cinco mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 25 y los 35 años, fueron sometidos a un programa de carrera durante 45 minutos, realizado cuatro veces por semana durante tres semanas. Los datos recogidos por la espirometría y la monitorización cardíaca fueron recogidos, tratados, comparados y discutidos. Este trabajo introdujo el concepto de intensidad subjetiva del ejercicio para encontrar el mejor análisis y juicio de la Función Cardíaca. Por último, una investigación cuantitativa que incluyó el análisis de 315 cuestionarios exploró el estado actual de la conciencia de la salud deportiva en los aficionados a las carreras. Resultados: La amplitud de la frecuencia cardíaca durante la carrera se mantuvo en el rango de 120-160, perteneciendo al rango de frecuencia cardíaca normal para el público encuestado. La frecuencia cardíaca de las mujeres fue mayor que la de los hombres en la mayoría de los casos (P<0,05). La intensidad del ejercicio se fijó en una frecuencia inferior al valor de 16, que es una etapa ligeramente agotadora, y la intensidad relativa del ejercicio se controló entre el 50% y el 71,5%. Conclusión: La acción de correr presenta un buen efecto cardioprotector, sus adeptos poseen alta conciencia de la salud deportiva. Debido al efecto saludable de la práctica deportiva, se recomienda su difusión como forma de actividad terapéutica física y social. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.