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1.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 29(3): 725-735, jul.-set. 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1405025

ABSTRACT

Resumo A entrevista aborda a trajetória de Evelyn Fox Keller, professora emérita de história e filosofia das ciências do Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Keller reflete sobre seu percurso e sobre os desafios que precisou enfrentar para expandir as fronteiras dos estudos de ciências com seu trabalho pioneiro relacionando linguagem, gênero e ciências, que tem sido muito influente em mudar a visão da história das ciências.


Abstract This interview covers the trajectory of Evelyn Fox Keller, emeritus professor of history and philosophy of science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Keller reflects on her career and the challenges she had to overcome to push back the frontiers of science with her pioneering work on language, gender, and science, which has been very influential in changing views in the history of science.


Subject(s)
Science , Feminism , Gender Identity , Language
2.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 28(2): 393-411, abr.-jun. 2021.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1279135

ABSTRACT

Resumo A evolução biológica é frequentemente considerada um eixo central e unificador da biologia. O artigo discute aspectos históricos desse ideal de unificação, bem como os seus sinais de desintegração entre os anos 1960 e 1980. Argumentamos que apesar das novas propostas de síntese do conhecimento biológico, a biologia evolutiva contemporânea é caracterizada por um pluralismo. Os principais pontos a favor do pluralismo evolutivo são discutidos, e algumas consequências dessa perspectiva são apresentadas, particularmente em relação ao ideal de unificação da biologia. Por fim, defendemos um pluralismo evolutivo crítico do ideal de unificação como um objetivo da ciência, mas ainda favorável a integrações locais.


Abstract Biological evolution is often regarded as a central and unifying axis of biology. This article discusses historical aspects of this ideal of unification, as well as signs of its disintegration from the 1960s to 1980s. We argue that despite new proposals for the synthesis of biological knowledge, contemporary evolutionary biology is characterized by pluralism. The main points in favor of evolutionary pluralism are discussed and some consequences of this perspective are presented, particularly in terms of the ideal of a unified biology. Finally, we defend an evolutionary pluralism that critiques the ideal of unification as a scientific objective, but still favors local integrations.


Subject(s)
Biology/history , Consensus , Biological Evolution , History, 20th Century
3.
Semina cienc. biol. saude ; 39(2): 171-180, jul 2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-994905

ABSTRACT

A reprodução sexuada já foi considerada universal, e posteriormente, a forma mais perfeita de reprodução. Todavia, a partir de meados do século XIX, pesquisas no nível celular colocaram em xeque a ideia de que tipos de reprodução assexuadas fossem primitivos ou inferiores. Ao longo do século XX, e adentrando no XXI, hipóteses foram levantadas para explicar as vantagens da reprodução sexuada sobre a assexuada assim como o que permitiria a reprodução sexuada se manter quando seria mais vantajoso se reproduzir de forma assexuada. A mais importante e conhecida é a hipótese da Rainha Vermelha. Paralelamente, vários trabalhos procuraram entrever as pressões ecológicas que permitiram e favoreceram o aparecimento da reprodução sexuada em um cenário situado há cerca de dois bilhões de anos. O objetivo desse trabalho é revisar respostas históricas que marcaram o estudo da origem, da evolução e da manutenção da reprodução sexuada, identificando algumas das principais questões que a comunidade científica elaborou nos últimos duzentos anos.


Sexual reproduction has already been considered universal, and subsequently, the most perfect form of reproduction. However, since the mid-nineteenth century, research at the cellular level has questioned the idea that asexual reproduction types are primitive or inferior. During the twentieth century, and entering the XXI, hypotheses were raised to explain the advantages of sexual reproduction over the asexual as well as what would allow sexual reproduction to be maintained when it would be more advantageous to reproduce asexually. The most important and known is the Red Queen hypothesis. At the same time, several studies have sought to understand the ecological pressures that allowed and favored the appearance of sexual reproduction in a scenario that was around two billion years ago. The aim of this work is to review historical responses that marked the study of the origin, evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction, identifying some of the main questions that the scientific community has elaborated over the last two hundred years.


Subject(s)
Developmental Biology , Meiosis , Reproduction , Sexuality/classification
4.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 19(3)dic. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: biblio-1522299

ABSTRACT

Se realiza un relato histórico sobre los cincuenta años que tiene la carrera de biología en la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina y la gestación, inicio, desarrollo y maduración de la biotecnología en esta universidad. Se describen algunos pormenores de las tres grandes estructuraciones curriculares que finalmente derivan al establecimiento del área de biotecnología en el pregrado y en el doctorado así como a los logros alcanzados. El desarrollo de la biotecnología en la UNALM ha influenciado el desarrollo de esta área en el Perú no solo en las adaptaciones curriculares que se han producido en varias universidades del país sino también en las investigaciones biotecnológicas que se llevan a cabo en universidades e institutos de investigación en las diferentes regiones del país. En este devenir histórico se concluye que el balance es muy positivo y que la mejor corriente epistemológica es la que nos lleva mediante la investigación a encontrar verdades usables en la solución de los problemas del país y, también por qué no, del planeta


In this paper, I make a historical account of the fifty years that have the degree in biology at the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina and gestation, and the beginning, development and maturation of biotechnology in this university. We describe some details of the three most important curricular modifications that led to the establishment of the biotechnology area in the curricula of undergraduate and doctoral programs, as well as their main achievements. The development of biotechnology at the UNALM has influenced the development of this area in Peru not only in the curricular changes that have occurred in several Peruvian universities, but also in the biotechnology research being carried out in many regions of the country. In this historical process, I conclude that the balance is positive and that the best epistemology stream is that which leads through research to find truths usable for solving the problems of Peru and also why not the planet.

5.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 18(4): 1021-1038, out.-dez. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-610830

ABSTRACT

The Brazilian Paulo Vanzolini is one of the leading herpetologists worldwide. Besides his publications as a zoologist and his activities as a former museum curator and policymaker, Vanzolini pursued a long-life career as a musician and contributed to many different fields such as biostatistics, biogeography and the history of science. The paper analyzes his historical contributions to a key chapter of science in Southern America, the legacy of the so-called traveler naturalists. His analyses comprise major scientists such as Marcgrave, Spix, von Martius, Wied-Neuwied, Castelnau, and Agassiz, are informed by re-analyses of original sources and represent an invaluable repository of historical and scientific information.


O brasileiro Paulo Vanzolini é um dos mais importantes herpetologistas do mundo. Além de suas publicações como zoólogo, das atividades de curadoria museológica e de sua atuação na formulação de políticas científicas, Vanzolini tem longa carreira como músico e contribuições a diferentes áreas de conhecimento como bioestatística, biogeografia e história das ciências. O artigo analisa suas contribuições a capítulo fundamental da história das ciências na América do Sul, o legado dos naturalistas viajantes. Suas análises incluem importantes cientistas como Marcgrave, Spix, von Martius, Wied-Neuwied, Castelnau e Agassiz, são feitas a partir da retomada de fontes originais e representam valioso repositório de informações históricas e científicas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Zoology , Biology/history , Expeditions , Brazil , Fauna , Flora , Geography , Geology
6.
Acta biol. colomb ; 14(supl.1): 23-40, Dec. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634960

ABSTRACT

Como ocurría en otros países latinoamericanos, durante el último cuarto del siglo XIX, el darwinismo generó en Colombia intensas discusiones entre sus partidarios y opositores. En el presente trabajo se describe el ambiente social en que se inscribieron las polémicas y se muestra la diferente participación que tuvieron distintos grupos, entre ellos, naturalistas, médicos, intelectuales, abogados, políticos y estudiantes universitarios, quienes vincularon la teoría de la evolución a sus diversas preocupaciones. Se evidencia cómo el debate fue simultáneamente científico y político, y abarcó temas como la reforma educativa y la educación de los jóvenes y de las mujeres, la religión y las relaciones entre la Iglesia y el Estado, y preguntas fundamentales acerca de la nación y la constitución racial de la población. Las polémicas en torno al darwinismo involucraron indistintamente al positivismo de Spencer y sus ideas acerca de la sociedad, la naturaleza humana y los límites del naturalismo científico.


As was the case in other Latin-American countries, during the last quarter of the 19th century in Colombia, Darwinism generated intense discussion between its followers and its opponents. In the present work, I describe the social environment in which these polemics occurred and the participation of different groups, including naturalists, physicians, intellectuals, lawyers, politicians and university students, all of whom linked the theory of evolution to their different concerns. I present evidence about how the debate was simultaneously scientific and political and covered themes such as educational reform and the education of young people and women, religion and the relations between the Church and the State, and fundamental questions about the nation and the racial constitution of the population. The polemics around Darwinism were indistinctly related to the positivism of Spencer and his ideas about society, human nature and the limits of scientific naturalism.

7.
Acta biol. colomb ; 14(supl.1): 41-62, Dec. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634971

ABSTRACT

El fenómeno de la difusión del darwinismo ha sido ampliamente estudiado. No solo existe una "industria de Darwin" que se ha ocupado de investigar cómo se produjo la obra de Darwin, sino que también existe una "industria de la difusión del darwinismo", que investiga los procesos de recepción del darwinismo en diversas partes del mundo. En el artículo se cuestiona la separación entre los estudios que examinan la producción del origen de las especies y los que tratan de su posterior difusión, considerados como procesos completamente independientes. Con base en unos pocos ejemplos, se muestra cómo Darwin fue produciendo y modificando su obra a partir de las contribuciones que fue recogiendo alrededor del mundo y a partir de las respuestas que fue recibiendo a medida que su obra era comentada y discutida. Finalmente se examina cómo, al estudiar la mundialización del darwinismo surge el problema de definir el fenómeno bajo estudio, si con una perspectiva normativa, que imponga un orden en la proliferación de sentidos que surge como consecuencia de la expansión, o con una perspectiva no esencialista que más bien sitúe al darwinismo en relación con sus diferentes usos y apropiaciones locales.


The phenomenon of the diffusion of Darwinism has been extensively studied. Not only is there a "Darwin Industry" concerned with investigating how Darwin’s work was produced, there is also a "Diffusion of Darwinism Industry", that investigates the processes of reception of Darwinism in various parts of the world. In this article, I question the intellectual independence of studies that examine the production of the Origin of Species from those that study its subsequent diffusion. Based on a small number of examples, I show Darwin producing and modifying his work from the contributions he collected from around the world and from the responses he received in commentaries and discussions. Finally I examine how, in the course of studying the ‘mundialización’ (worldness) of Darwinism, the problem arises of defining the phenomenon under study: either from a normative perspective, that seeks to impose an order on the proliferation of versions arising as a result of this global expansion, or from a non-essentialist perspective that seeks to better situate Darwinism in relation to its different uses and local appropriations.

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