Acidosis láctica en un paciente usuario de metformina / Metformin-associated lactic acidosis

Metformin is a hypoglycemic agent used as the first line for the treatment of non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus. While it is a generally safe drug, it has an infrequent adverse reaction called lactic acidosis. We report a 49 year-old patient with non-insulin-requiring type 2diabetes who developed an acute kidney failure injury along with severe metabolic acidosis secondary to pneumonia during treatment.

La metformina es un agente hipoglucemiante que se ocupa de primera línea para el tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus no insulino dependiente. Si bien es un medicamento bien tolerado, tiene una reacción adversa bastante infrecuente que es la acidosis láctica. Reportamos el caso de una paciente de 49 años insulino no dependiente que desarrolló una injuria renal aguda junto con acidosis metabólica severa secundaria a una neumonía en tratamiento.

Interacciones potenciales entre productos herbolarios con fármacos hipoglucemiantes en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus, en una zona rural mexicana / Potenciais interacções entre produtos à base de plantas e medicamentos hipoglicemiantes em adultos mais velhos com diabetes mellitus no Mexico rural / Potential interactions between herbal products with hypoglycemic drugs in older adults with diabetes mellitus in rural Mexico

Introducción: El 50% de la población mundial usa tratamientos alternativos como productos herbarios. El 20% los consume de manera simultánea con algún tratamiento farmacológico para el control la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2; enfermedad prevalente en adultos mayores. Es escasa la información acerca de las interacciones medicamentosas que pudieran producirse, siendo responsables de más de 7,000 muertes al año. Objetivo: Identificar los productos herbarios de mayor consumo del Adulto Mayor con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, en Chapulco, Puebla, México y describir las posibles interacciones medicamentosas entre fármaco hipoglucemiante ­ producto herbario reportados en la literatura científica. Metodología: Estudio observacional, prolectivo, transversal, descriptivo, en una población de 35 adultos mayores diabéticos, con edad promedio de 70±7 años. Para la identificación de los productos herbarios de uso común y sus aplicaciones terapéuticas se aplicó el cuestionario U-PLANMED. Resultados: Se identificaron 50 productos herbarios y 18 combinaciones entre estos a la vez. El 40% de los participantes consumen simultáneamente más de dos productos herbarios con uno o dos fármacos hipoglucemiantes. Entre los productos de mayor consumo se encuentran el nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica L.), la manzanilla (Matricaria chamomilla L.) y el zacate de limón (Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf.). Las interacciones medicamentosas potenciales identificadas, principalmente en estudios experimentales en animales, sugieren que, existe una acción hipoglucemiante del producto herbario al aumentar la capacidad orgánica sobre la secreción/liberación de insulina endógena. Conclusiones: Se ha evidenciado la presencia de interacciones medicamentosas ante el consumo simultaneo de fármacos prescritos para el control de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con productos herbarios. Es necesario que, los profesionales en atención a la salud identifiquen el uso de dichos productos y orienten a los adultos mayores sobre las posibles repercusiones en los niveles de glucosa ante el consumo.

Introduction: 50% of the world's population uses alternative treatments such as herbal products. Twenty percent use them in conjunction with some form of pharmacological treatment to control type 2 diabetes mellitus, a disease prevalent in older adults. There is little information on the drug interactions that may occur, which are responsible for more than 7,000 deaths per year. Objective: To identify the most consumed herbal products among older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chapulco, Puebla, Mexico, and to describe the possible drug-drug interactions between hypoglycemic drugs and herbal products reported in the scientific literature. Methodology: Observational, prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study in a population of 35 diabetic older adults with a mean age of 70±7 years. The U-PLANMED questionnaire was used to identify commonly used herbal products and their therapeutic applications. Results: Fifty herbal products and 18 combinations of them were identified. Forty percent of the participants used more than two herbal products simultaneously with one or two hypoglycemic drugs. The most used products included prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica L.), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf.). Potential drug-drug interactions identified mainly in experimental animal studies suggest that there is a hypoglycemic effect of the herbal product by increasing the organic capacity on endogenous insulin secretion/release. Conclusions: The presence of drug-drug interactions has been demonstrated with the simultaneous consumption of drugs prescribed for the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus with herbal products. It is necessary for health care professionals to recognize the use of such products and to inform older adults about the possible repercussions on glucose levels when consuming them.

Introdução: 50% da população mundial utiliza tratamentos alternativos como os produtos à base de plantas. Vinte por cento utilizam-nos em conjunto com algum tipo de tratamento farmacológico para controlar a diabetes mellitus tipo 2, uma doença prevalente em adultos mais velhos. Há pouca informação sobre as interacções medicamentosas que podem ocorrer e que são responsáveis por mais de 7.000 mortes por ano. Objetivos: Identificar os produtos fitoterápicos mais consumidos entre os idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em Chapulco, Puebla, México, e descrever as possíveis interações medicamentosas entre medicamentos hipoglicemiantes e produtos fitoterápicos relatados na literatura científica. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, prospetivo, transversal e descritivo numa população de 35 idosos diabéticos com uma idade média de 70±7 anos. O questionário U-PLANMED foi utilizado para identificar os produtos fitoterápicos mais utilizados e suas aplicações terapêuticas. Resultados: Foram identificados 50 produtos à base de plantas e 18 combinações dos mesmos. Quarenta por cento dos participantes utilizaram mais de dois produtos à base de plantas em simultâneo com um ou dois medicamentos hipoglicemiantes. Os produtos mais utilizados foram o cato de figo da Índia (Opuntia ficus-indica L.), a camomila (Matricaria chamomilla L.) e o capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf.). As potenciais interacções medicamentosas identificadas principalmente em estudos experimentais em animais sugerem que existe um efeito hipoglicémico do produto à base de plantas através do aumento da capacidade orgânica na secreção/libertação de insulina endógena. Conclusões: A presença de interacções medicamentosas foi demonstrada com o consumo simultâneo de medicamentos prescritos para o controlo da diabetes mellitus tipo 2 com produtos à base de plantas. É necessário que os profissionais de saúde reconheçam o uso de tais produtos e informem os idosos sobre as possíveis repercussões nos níveis de glicose ao consumi-los.

Revisión exploratoria sobre la evidencia de cultivos andinos con efecto hipoglucemiante y de sus componentes bioactivos / Exploratory review on the evidence of Andean crops with hypoglycemic effect and their bioactive components

RESUMEN La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica que afecta a varias personas en todo el mundo. Algunos cultivos domesticados y compartidos en el continente sudamericano se han reportado como una fuente prometedora de componentes bioactivos con posibles efectos hipoglucemiantes. En esta revisión se tuvo como objetivo explorar y sintetizar la evidencia existente en la literatura científica sobre el efecto hipoglucemiante de los cultivos andinos y sus componentes bioactivos. Se incluyó distintos tipos de estudios primarios de tres bases de datos (Scopus, Pubmed y Web of Science) durante junio de 2023, sin restricciones, por medio del lenguaje controlado y no controlado, según la estrategia PICO. Se encontró 30 estudios realizados entre 2005 y 2022 que demostraron tener efecto hipoglucemiante, mediante la inhibición enzimática en estudios in vitro y reducción significativa de la glucosa en estudios preclínicos y ensayos clínicos. Dicho efecto fue atribuido a diferentes componentes bioactivos que se identificaron con mecanismos independientes sobre la reducción de la glucosa e inhibición enzimática. Los cultivos más utilizados fueron Smallanthus sonchifolius (9/30), Lupinus mutabilis (5/30) y Solanum tuberosum (4/30). De los cuales se asignó el efecto hipoglucémico a los componentes bioactivos, como polifenoles, flavonoides, subclases de ácidos fenólicos, fructanos, alcaloides, hidrolizados, antocianinas y fibra dietética. A pesar de los resultados alentadores en distintos tipos de estudio, para que estos sean considerados como tratamientos seguros y efectivos, se requiere investigaciones adicionales que profundicen en los mecanismos de acción, comparen su eficacia con los tratamientos convencionales y evalúen su seguridad a largo plazo.

ABSTRACT Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects several people around the world. Some domesticated crops in South America have been reported to be a promising source of bioactive compounds with possible hypoglycemic effects. In this review we aimed to explore and synthesize the existing evidence in the scientific literature on the hypoglycemic effect of Andean crops and their bioactive components. We included different types of primary studies from three databases (Scopus, Pubmed and Web of Science) during June 2023, without restrictions, by means of controlled and uncontrolled language, according to the PICO strategy. We found 30 studies conducted between 2005 and 2022 that reported a hypoglycemic effect, through enzymatic inhibition in in vitro studies and significant glucose reduction in preclinical studies and clinical trials. This effect was attributed to different bioactive components that were identified with independent mechanisms related to glucose reduction and enzymatic inhibition. The most commonly used cultures were Smallanthus sonchifolius (9/30), Lupinus mutabilis (5/30) and Solanum tuberosum (4/30). The hypoglycemic effect was assigned to bioactive components such as polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acid subclasses, fructans, alkaloids, hydrolysates, anthocyanins and dietary fiber. Despite encouraging results from different types of studies, further research on their mechanisms of action, their efficacy compared to conventional treatments and their long-term safety is required for these to be considered safe and effective treatments.

Evaluation of blood glucose controlling efficacy of various oral hypoglycemic drugs in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A prospective, randomized, and control study

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various oral hypoglycemic agents in the control of plasma blood glucose levels among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Aims and Objectives: This study is aimed to evaluate the blood glucose controlling efficacy of various oral hypoglycemic drugs in T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: This randomized and control study was conducted among the cases attending Department of General Medicine at Research cell of Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, during the period of June 2014 to July 2015. A total of 180 cases were randomly allotted to six groups. Group I was treated with Glibenclamide, Group-II was treated with Glibenclamide + Sitagliptin, Group-III was treated with Glibenclamide + Vildagliptin, Group-IV was treated with Metformin, Group-V was treated with Metformin + Sitagliptin, and Group-VI was treated with Metformin + Vildagliptin. Fasting, postprandial, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were assessed before and at 4, 8, and 12th weeks and the data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: Fasting and postprandial sugars were significantly reduced in Group V and Group VI during 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. However, HbA1c levels were significantly reduced after 12 weeks of treatment in Group III, Group V, and Group VI. Conclusion: We conclude that metformin in combination with either Vildagliptin or Sitagliptin can help to reduce fasting, postprandial, and HbA1c levels (both in short-term and in long-term); however, Glibenclamide along with Vildagliptin could reduce only HbA1c levels (long-term alone).

A prospective, randomised, open label study to compare efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine and teneligliptin in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus refractory to concomitant metformin and glimepiride

Background: Diabetes mellitus is chronic, metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, which over time causes both microvascular and macrovascular complications. If HbA1c target is not achieved with dual therapy then 3rd drug is added. Aims of present study were to compare efficacy and safety of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and Teneligliptin in patients of T2DM who are refractory to concomitant Metformin and Glimepiride. Methods: It was interventional, randomized, prospective, parallel and open-label study. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups either HCQ 400mg OD or Teneligliptin 20mg OD were added to their current treatment using Metformin 1gm BD and Glimepiride 4 mg OD as 3rd drug. Follow up was done every 15 days for 12 weeks and underwent assessment of glycaemic parameters (FBS, PPG, HbA1c), LFT, RFT, CBC, ADRs and VAS in addition to anthropometric parameters. Results: After 12 weeks of treatment, HCQ group showed statistically (p<0.05) better improvement in BMI than Teneligliptin group. Both groups showed comparable improvement (p>0.05) from baseline in FBS, HbA1c, PPG and VAS score. In HCQ group there was significant number (p<0.05) of patients who achieved target glycaemic control (HbA1c ?7.5%) i.e., 56.6%, compared to 37% with Teneligliptin group. Both groups had comparable (p>0.05) safety profile with no serious adverse effects and no significant change (p>0.05) in hepatic, renal and complete blood profiles. Conclusions: On the basis of effects of HCQ on the glycaemic parameters and BMI, HCQ may be preferred over Teneligliptin in patients of T2DM who are refractory to concomitant Metformin and Glimepiride.

Clinical study on dapagliflozin combined with metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of dapagliflozin combined with metformin on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods:A total of 100 patients with T2DM who received treatment in The Second People's Hospital of Hefei from June 2019 to May 2021 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into a control group ( n = 50) and an experimental group ( n = 50). The control group was treated with metformin, and the experimental group was treated with dagglitazin combined with metformin. All patients were treated for 3 months. Blood glucose index, blood lipid level, and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results:After treatment, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour post-prandial blood glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin in the experimental group were (5.56 ± 0.37) mmol/L, (8.32 ± 0.23) mmol/L, and (6.17 ± 0.26)% respectively, which were significantly lower than (6.96 ± 0.48) mmol/L, (9.58 ± 0.39) mmol/L, and (7.27 ± 0.26)% respectively in the control group ( t = 3.59, 6.92, 5.03, all P < 0.05). The total cholesterol and triglyceride in the experimental group were (3.58 ± 0.53) mmol/L and (1.25±0.26) mmol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than (4.94 ± 0.58) mmol/L and (1.93 ± 0.18) mmol/L in the control group ( t = 3.16, 4.25, both P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Dapagliflozin combined with metformin can effectively control blood glucose and blood lipid in T2DM patients without increasing adverse reactions.

Therapeutic effects of insulin degludec/insulin aspart on type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with poor efficacy of oral hypoglycemic drugs / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of insulin degludec/insulin aspart on type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with poor efficacy of oral hypoglycemic drugs.Methods:A total of 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tianfu Hospital of Chongqing Energy Investment Health Industry Company Limited from August 2020 to August 2021 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to receive either insulin degludec/insulin aspart combined with Metformin (observation group, n = 50) or nsulin aspart 30 injection and Metformin (control group, n = 50). All patients were treated for 3 months. Changes in fasting plasma glucose level, 2-hour postprandial glucose level , and HbAlc after treatment relative to those before treatment as well as clinical efficacy were determined in each group. Results:Forty-eight patients in the observation group and forty-six patients in the control group completed the course of treatment. Fasting blood glucose level and 2-hour postprandial glucose level in the observation group were (6.24 ± 1.12) mmol/L and (8.34 ± 2.34) mmol/L, respectively and they were significantly lower than (6.91 ± 1.86) mmol/L and (10.72 ± 2.48) mmol/L, respectively in the control group ( t = 3.28, 4.76, both P < 0.05). The level of HbAlc was not significant between the two groups ( P > 0.05). The hypoglycemia rate in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [2% (1/48) vs. 13% (6/46), χ2 = 4.09, P < 0.05]. The daily dose of insulin in the observation group was less than that in the control group [(13.5 ± 2.8) IU vs. (15.6 ± 3.1) IU, t = 3.28, P < 0.05)]. Conclusion:Compared with insulin insulin aspart 30, the insulin degludec/insulin aspart has a stronger hypoglycemic effect on fasting plasma glucose level and 2-hour postprandial glucose level in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with poor efficacy of oral hypoglycemic drugs, leading to a less daily dose of insulin.

Opportunities and challenges of incretin-based hypoglycemic agents treating type 2 diabetes mellitus from the perspective of physiological disposition

The treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by defective insulin secretion and/or the inability of tissues to respond to insulin, has been studied for decades. Many studies have focused on the use of incretin-based hypoglycemic agents in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These drugs are classified as GLP-1 receptor agonists, which mimic the function of GLP-1, and DPP-4 inhibitors, which avoid GLP-1 degradation. Many incretin-based hypoglycemic agents have been approved and are widely used, and their physiological disposition and structural characteristics are crucial in the discovery of more effective drugs and provide guidance for clinical treatment of T2DM. Here, we summarize the functional mechanisms and other information of the drugs that are currently approved or under research for T2DM treatment. In addition, their physiological disposition, including metabolism, excretion, and potential drug-drug interactions, is thoroughly reviewed. We also discuss similarities and differences in metabolism and excretion between GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors. This review may facilitate clinical decision making based on patients' physical conditions and the avoidance of drug-drug interactions. Moreover, the identification and development of novel drugs with appropriate physiological dispositions might be inspired.

Biochemical evaluation of DPP4 inhibitors on lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A hospital-based prospective study

Background: Lipid lowering action of oral hypoglycemic drugs is still unclear. Hence, this study was conducted to address the same using monotherapy and with combination of oral hypoglycemic in patients suffering with type 2 diabetes. Aims and Objectives: The main aim and objective of the study was to evaluate the DPP4 inhibitors inducted changes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), VLSL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol (TC) in patients suffering with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This randomized control study was done in the Department of General Medicine, Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Irungalur, Tiruchirappalli, between June 2014 and July 2015. Cases with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aged 30–70 years who had been on glibenclamide or metformin for the past 3 months and had uncontrolled blood glucose levels were selected for the study. Total 180 patients are fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into six groups (Each with 30 patients.) At the 0th and 12th weeks, fasting lipid profile was assessed. The data were expressed in number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Results: Oral hypoglycemic drug either as monotherapy or in combination has significant effect on lipid profile among the cases with T2DM. Furthermore, the significant decrease in TC and maximum improvement in HDL was noted with the use of glibenclamide in combination with Sitagliptin and maximum reduction in triglycerides and LDL was noted with the use of Metformin in combination with Sitagliptin. Conclusion: Oral hypoglycemic agents have an additional favorable effect on lipid profile among the cases with T2DM.

Perfiles de hipoglicemiantes e insulinas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y su efecto en control metabólico, hipoglicemia y otros efectos adversos / Profile of glucose lowering drug use in outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: The use of glucose lowering agents with favorable weight profile is a growing practice in Diabetology. AIM: To characterize medication combinations in patients with type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and their effect on metabolic control. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records of 249 outpatients with T2D with a median age of 66 years, cared for at a medical network. Clinical characteristics, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), details of Diabetes treatment (types of drugs or insulin), renal function, lipids and B12 vitamin levels were registered. RESULTS: The median disease duration was 16 years. The most recent HbA1c was 7.4%. No patient was using sulfonylureas, 45 were using Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, 113 were using Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2i) Inhibitors, 21 used Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1ra), 158 used basal insulin and 61 on basal plus bolus insulin. The use of SGLT2i or GLP1ra was associated with a metabolic control similar to those patients not using them, while patients on rapid insulin had a significantly worse metabolic control and a tendency to greater body mass index. The use of basal insulin and rapid insulin was significantly associated with more hypoglycemia events. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SGLT2i and GLP1ra in patients with T2D is associated with better metabolic control than rapid insulin with less risk of hypoglycemia. The use of these therapies should be prioritized in the future.

Prescription of DPP4 inhibitors: Indication and effect on glycosylated hemoglobin in a primary care institution of Colombia / Prescripción de inhibidores de la DPP-4: indicación y efecto sobre la hemoglobina glicosilada en un primer nivel de Colombia

Abstract Introduction and objective: In Colombia, Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors are recommended as second-best choice for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. However, no evaluation of the accomplishment or impact of this recommendation was performed. The objective was to determine the prescription of the DPP4 inhibitor according to the Colombian Clinicial Practice Guide regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment, and its effects on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc). Materials and methods: A descriptive study that included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended a first level between 2016 and 2018, had a prescription for DPP4 inhibitor and at least two control appointments. Variables included were sociodemographic, clinics, treatment and comorbidities. The unadjusted prescription was defined as the lack of accomplishment of Colombian guidelines. Descriptive statistics and X2 test were used for the comparison of categorical variables. A binary logistic regression model was applied. Results: 112 out of 207 patients accomplished inclusion criteria, of which 77 were women (68.8%). Also, 68.8% of the patients had an unadjusted prescription of the iDPP4. There was a 0.21% total reduction in HbA1c levels, with a mean of 198.2 ± 124 days between the first and second control measurement (reduction of 0.55% when the prescription was adjusted to the guidelines and 0.05% if it was unadjusted). Conclusion: There is a limited impact of DPP4 inhibitors regarding the reduction of HbA1c and metabolic control, and there is a slight follow-up to the Colombian guidelines in patients who attend a first level.

Resumen Introducción y Objetivo: En Colombia se recomiendan los inhibidores de la Dipeptidil Peptidasa-IV (iDPP4) como segunda opción para el manejo de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. No se ha evaluado el cumplimiento e impacto de esta recomendación. Como objetivo se buscó determinar la prescripción de los iDPP4 según las recomendaciones de la Guía de Práctica Clínica colombiana, y su efecto sobre la hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo que incluyó pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que consultaron a un primer nivel entre 2016 y 2018, y tenían formulado un iDPP4, con al menos dos consultas de seguimiento. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, tratamiento y comorbilidades. La prescripción no ajustada se definió como la falta de cumplimento de la recomendación de la guía colombiana. Se empleó estadística descriptiva y pruebas X2 para la comparación de variables categóricas. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Hubo 207 pacientes de los cuales 112 cumplieron criterios de inclusión, 77 eran mujeres (68,8%). El 68,8% de los pacientes presentaron una prescripción no ajustada del iDPP4. Hubo una reducción total de 0,21%, con una media de 198,2±124 días entre la primera y segunda medición de HbA1c de control (reducción de 0,55% cuando la prescripción se ajustaba a la guía colombiana y 0,05% cuando no). Conclusión: Hay un limitado impacto de los iDPP4 frente a la reducción de HbA1c y poco seguimiento de la guía colombiana en pacientes de primer nivel de atención.

Factores de riesgo que influyen en el desarrollo de la retinopatía diabética / Factors of risk that bear upon the development of diabetic retinopathy

RESUMEN Introducción: La retinopatía diabética es una microangiopatía retiniana. Provoca cambios anatómicos progresivos en la retina de pacientes diabéticos de larga evolución, es la tercera causa de ceguera a nivel mundial y primera en personas de edad productiva en países en vías de desarrollo, que conlleva a pérdida irreversible de la visión si no se diagnostica y se trata a tiempo. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de los factores de riesgo en los pacientes con retinopatía diabética que asistieron a la consulta de retina. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en 115 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de retina con diagnóstico de retinopatía diabética en el periodo de octubre 2020 a febrero 2021 y cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, se aplicó un formulario para recoger los datos. Los resultados se relacionaron con las variables: tipo de diabetes (tipo I, tipo II), tratamiento actual, control glucémico, factores de riesgo de retinopatía diabética y severidad de esta. Resultados: Fueron más frecuente los pacientes con diabetes tipo II y la retinopatía diabética proliferativa, en pacientes con diabetes tipo I. El tratamiento con hipoglucemiantes orales fue más frecuente seguido de la insulina, la mayor cantidad de pacientes presentaron control glucémico deficiente, el mayor número de pacientes tenían más de 15 años de enfermedad como factor de riesgo, seguida de la hipertensión arterial. Solo la nefropatía no se comportó como factor de riesgo. Conclusiones: La diabetes tipo II fue más prevalente. La retinopatía diabética proliferativa fue más frecuente en pacientes con diabetes tipo I. Los hipoglucemiantes orales constituyen el tratamiento más utilizado. La insulina se utilizó en pacientes con retinopatía diabética no proliferativa severa y retinopatía diabética proliferativa. Predominó el deficiente control glucémico. A mejor control glucémico menos severidad de la retinopatía diabética. Existió asociación estadística entre retinopatía diabética y la mayoría de los factores de riesgo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy is a retinal microangiopathy that provokes anatomical progressive changes in the retina of the patients with diabetes mellitus of long evolution, it is the third worldwide cause of blindness but the first in old fellows productive in developing countries, that it entails an irreversible loss of vision if one does not diagnose and he talks to each other in good timing. Objective: To describe the behavior of the risk factors in the patients with diabetic retinopathy that attended the retinal consultation of the Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech. Methods: A descriptive transverse study, in diabetic patients that attended the retinal consultation with the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy was carried out in the period understood of October from 2020 to February 2021. The population was composed of 115 diabetic patients that attended the consultation, and they fulfilled the criteria of inclusion, they were applied a fill-out form to pick up data. The results related with the following variables: Type of diabetes (type 1, type 2), present-day treatment, glycemic control and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy and severity of the same. Results: It was more frequent the patients with diabetes type 2, and the proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes type 1. The treatment with hypoglycemic pray to them it was more frequent in frequent users of insulin, the most patients presented glycemic deficient control, the bigger number of patients they had more of 15 years of disease as risk factor, followed of high blood pressure. Only nephropathy did not entail itself as risk factor. Conclusions: Diabetes type 2 was more frequent than diabetes type 1. The proliferative diabetic retinopathy was frequent in the patients with diabetes type 1. The treatment more used was the oral hypoglycemic ones. Insulin was the treatment used in patients with diabetic retinopathy not proliferative severe and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The bigger group presented deficient glycemic control. To better glycemic control less severity of her diabetic retinopathies. There was statistical association between diabetic retinopathy and most of the risk factors.

Desabastecimiento de antidiabéticos y antihipertensivos en el contexto de la etapa inicial de la pandemia por la COVID-19 en Perú / Shortage of antidiabetic and antihypertensive in the context of the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Introducción: Un adecuado abastecimiento de medicamentos en los establecimientos de salud aumentará la posibilidad de un adecuado control de la hipertensión y la diabetes. Objetivo: Determinar el desabastecimiento de antidiabéticos y antihipertensivos a nivel nacional en el contexto de la etapa inicial de la pandemia por la COVID-19 en Perú. Material y métodos: Análisis del "Sistema integrado de suministro de medicamentos e insumos médicos quirúrgicos" (SISMED) entre el 13 de junio y 15 de julio del 2020, de acuerdo a la lista del "Petitorio nacional único de medicamentos de medicamentos esenciales" (PNUME) del Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: Entre el 16 % y 24% de las regiones están totalmente desabastecidos en al menos un antidiabético y entre 4 y 96 % en al menos un antihipertensivo. El antidiabético más desabastecido fue la Metformina de 500 mg y los antihipertensivos más desabastecidos fueron Labetalol 5 mg/ml iny, Atenolol 50 mg tab y Carvedilol 6,5 mg tab. El desabastecimiento fue porcentualmente mayor en hospitales y los institutos especializados en comparación con centros y puestos de salud según región geográfica. Conclusiones: Existe un desabastecimiento de antihipertensivos y antidiabéticos en los establecimientos de salud, el cual es heterogéneo en las diferentes regiones del Perú.

Introduction: Adequate drug supply in health facilities will increase the possibility of adequate control of hypertension and diabetes. Objective: To determine the shortage of antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs at the national level in the context of the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Material and methods: Analysis of the "Sistema integrado de suministro de medicamentos e insumos médicos quirúrgicos" (SISMED) between June 13 and July 15, 2020, according to the list of the "Petitorio nacional único de medicamentos de medicamentos esenciales" (PNUME) of the Ministry of Health. Results: Between 16% and 24% of the regions are totally out of stock in at least one antidiabetic and between 4% and 96% in at least one antihypertensive. The most undersupplied antidiabetic was Metformin 500 mg and the most undersupplied antihypertensives were Labetalol 5 mg/ml injection, Atenolol 50 mg tab and Carvedilol 6.5 mg tab. Stock-outs were percentage-wise higher in hospitals and the specialized institutes compared to health centers and health posts according to geographic region. Conclusions: There is a shortage of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs in health facilities, which is heterogeneous in the different regions of Peru.

Desabastecimiento de antidiabéticos y antihipertensivos en el contexto de la crisis por la COVID-19 en Perú

Introducción: Un adecuado abastecimiento de medicamentos en los establecimientos de salud aumentará la posibilidad de un adecuado control de la hipertensión y la diabetes. Objetivo: Determinar el desabastecimiento de antidiabéticos y antihipertensivos a nivel nacional en el contexto de la crisis por COVID-19. Material y métodos: Análisis del "Sistema integrado de suministro de medicamentos e insumos médicos quirúrgicos" (SISMED) entre el 13 de junio y 15 de julio del 2020, de acuerdo a la lista del "Petitorio nacional único de medicamentos de medicamentos esenciales" (PNUME) del Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: Entre el 16 % y 24% de las regiones están totalmente desabastecidos en al menos un antidiabético y 4 % y 96 % en al menos un antihipertensivo. El antidiabético más desabastecido fue la Metformina de 500 mg y los antihipertensivos más desabastecidos fueron Labetalol 5 mg/ml iny, Atenolol 50 mg tab y Carvedilol 6.25 mg tab. El desabastecimiento fue porcentualmente mayor en hospitales y los institutos especializados en comparación con centros y puestos de salud según región geográfica. Conclusiones: Existe un desabastecimiento de antihipertensivos y antidiabéticos en los establecimientos de salud, el cual es heterogéneo en las diferentes regiones del Perú.

Introduction: An adequate supply of medicines in health establishments will increase the possibility of adequate control of hypertension and diabetes. Objective: To determine the supply of antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs at the national level in the context of the crisis by COVID-19. Material y methods: Analysis of the "Sistema Integrado de Suministro de Medicamentos e Insumos Médicos Quirúrgicos" (SISMED) Database, between June 13th and July 15th, 2020, according to the "National list for medicines of essential medicines" (PNUME) of Ministry of health. Results: Between 16% and 24% of the departments have a total shortage of at least one antidiabetic, and 4% and 96% of at least one antihypertensive. The most depleted antidiabetic was Metformin 500 mg, and the most depleted antihypertensive drugs were Labetalol 5 mg / ml iny, Atenolol 50 mg tab and Carvedilol 6.25 mg tab. The percentage of distribution was higher in hospitals and specialized institutes in comparison with primary health facilities. Conclusions: There is a shortage of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs in health centers in Peru.

Insulinoterapia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Una revisión narrativa / Insulin based therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A narrative review / Insulinoterapia em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Uma revisão narrativa

RESUMEN Introducción La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), es una de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles que ha aumentado su incidencia en las últimas décadas en todo el mundo, siendo su tratamiento pautas y esquemas de insulinoterapia. No obstante, la gran disponibilidad comercial y el control glucémico atribuido a la insulinoterapia ha generado múltiples confusiones en los usuarios y el personal de salud. Objetivo Describir las pautas y esquemas en el tratamiento de la DM2. Desarrollo La evolución tecnológica de la insulinoterapia conlleva el uso de múltiples análogos. Dentro de estos destacan los inhalatorios y premezclas por su eficacia en el control glucémico a través del tiempo, considerando las pautas de administración subcutánea en estas premezclas una serie de elementos como la zona de punción, seguridad y uso de pliegues. Dichas pautas han inducido la creación de diversos esquemas de insulinoterapia entre los que se destacan los métodos de acción intensiva y acción móvil, orientados a la simulación de la insulina fisiológica como mecanismo de acción para el control glucémico. La seguridad de estos mecanismos depende del sistema público de salud chileno para la dosificación, administración y control suministrado. Conclusión Las pautas y esquemas de insulinoterapia sugieren el uso de análogos de acción prolongada ante hiperglucemia; su uso requiere conocimiento integral de los pacientes y cuidadores con el fin de evitar efectos adversos. Los hallazgos de esta revisión deben ser considerados con cautela al momento de tomar decisiones clínicas producto de las limitaciones metodológicas propias del diseño utilizado.

ABSTRACT Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the non transmissible chronic illnesses which have increased in prevalence during the last decades worldwide. Among the related treatments is the insulin based therapy. Nevertheless, the multiple and diverse controlled and commercial options of this therapy have generated confusion among both the users and health staff. Objective To describe some insulin-based therapy approaches to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Development The related technological advances have produced new diverse analog forms of insulin-based therapies. Among these, inhaling and blended forms can be highlig- hteddue to their efficacy in glucose control. Among the blended mixture, administration forms are the intensive action and the mobile action ones, which can use a human insulin analog as the key therapy element. The public systems, including the Chilean, have an important security role in the supervision and monitoring of the proper and correct dose administrations. Conclusion The diverse forms of insulin-based therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus include those with prolonged action insulin analogs but their use should be based on integral knowledge in order to avoid adverse effects. The findings of this review should be considered with caution due to the methodological limitations derived from the study design.

RESUMO Introdução O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), é uma das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis que tem aumentado sua incidência nas últimas décadas no mundo todo, sendo suas diretrizes de tratamento e esquemas de insulinoterapia. No entanto, a grande disponibilidade comercial e o controle glicêmico atribuído à insulinoterapia têm gerado múltiplas confusões em usuários e profissionais de saúde. Objetivo Descrever as diretrizes e esquemas no tratamento do DM2. Desenvolvimento A evolução tecnológica da insulinoterapia envolve o uso de múltiplos análogos. Dentre estes, os inalantes e pré-misturas destacam-se por sua eficácia no controle glicêmico ao longo do tempo, considerando as orientações de administração subcutânea nessas pré-misturas uma série de elementos como área de punção, segurança e uso de dobras. Essas diretrizes levaram à criação de diversos esquemas de insulinoterapia, dentre os quais se destacam os métodos de ação intensiva e ação móvel, visando simular a insulina fisiológica como mecanismo de ação para o controle glicêmico. A segurança desses mecanismos depende do sistema de saúde pública chileno para a dosagem, administração e controle fornecidos. Conclusão Diretrizes e esquemas de insulinoterapia sugerem o uso de análogos de longa ação na hiperglicemia; seu uso requer conhecimento abrangente dos pacientes e cuidadores a fim de evitar efeitos adversos. Os achados desta revisão devem ser considerados com cautela ao tomar decisões clínicas devido às limitações metodológicas do desenho utilizado.

Evaluación de la prescripción de hipoglucemiantes orales en población adulta con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 / Evaluation of the prescription of oral hypoglycemic agents in the adult population with type 2 diabetes mellitus

En el nivel primario de atención se detectan errores en la prescripción del tratamiento farmacológico de la diabetes tipo 2. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad de la prescripción de hipoglucemiantes orales en pacientes atendidos en consultorios del médico de la familia del Policlínico Universitario Hermanos Cruz, municipio Pinar del Río, Cuba. Se realizó un estudio de utilización de medicamentos de tipo descriptivo y transversal clasificado dentro de estos como de indicación-prescripción con elementos de esquema terapéutico y de factores que condicionan los hábitos de prescripción. El universo estuvo conformado por 1575 pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tratados con hipoglucemiantes orales que pertenecían a los 20 consultorios médicos de la familia.La muestra de estudio se obtuvo por el método de muestreo no probabilístico (por conveniencia) (n=846). La información se obtuvo de la historia clínica y tarjeta control de los pacientes para adquirir estos medicamentos. Predominó la edad de 40-49 años, el sexo femenino y entre 5-10 años de evolución de la enfermedad. No se usó la primera línea de tratamiento en el 43,6 % de los casos, ningún caso tenía estudios de laboratorio para el uso de la Metformina. La prescripción y dosis fue adecuada no así su uso racional. Las interacciones más frecuentes fueron las farmacocinéticas.El uso racional de hipoglucemiantes orales fue deficiente lo que hace necesario ampliar la divulgación de un protocolo de tratamiento para mejorar el uso de estos fármacos en el nivel primario de atención.

Errors in the prescription of drug treatment for type 2 diabetes are detected at the primary level of care. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of the prescription of oral hypoglycemic agents in patients attended in the family doctor's offices of the Hermanos Cruz University Polyclinic, Pinar del Río distrit, Cuba. A descriptive and cross-sectional study of the use of medications was carried out, classified within these as indication-prescription with elements of the therapeutic scheme and factors that condition prescription habits. The universe was made up of 1575 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with oral hypoglycemic agents who belonged to the 20 family medical offices. The study sample was carried out by the non-probabilistic sampling method (for convenience) (n = 846). The information was obtained from the clinical history and control card of the patients to acquire these medications. The age of 40-49 years, the female sex and between 5-10 years of evolution of the disease predominated. The first line of treatment was not used in 43.6% of the cases; no case had laboratory studies for the use of Metformin. The prescription and dose was adequate, but not its rational use. The most frequent interactions were pharmacokinetic ones.The rational use of oral hypoglycemic agents was deficient, which makes it necessary to expand the dissemination of a treatment protocol to improve the use of these drugs at the primary level of care.

Fármacos para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2: interferência no peso corporal e mecanismos envolvidos / Drugs of the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: interference with body weight and mechanisms involved

A quantidade de pessoas obesas vem crescendo significativamente em todo o mundo.Esse fato representa um risco para o aumento do número de portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. A farmacoterapia do diabetes pode alterar o peso corporal, auxiliando tanto na perda como no ganho ponderal. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi revisar os fármacos utilizados no tratamento da diabetes tipo 2 que podem interferir no peso corporal, a fim de auxiliar os profissionais na orientação de indivíduos portadoresda doença. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa nas bases de dados: SciELO, Scholar Google, PubMed, BVS e Portal de Periódicos Capes, a partir de trabalhos publicados entre 2010 e 2019. Observou-se que as biguanidas, os inibidores da α-glicosidade, os análogos de incretinas, os análogos da amilina e os inibidores do cotransportador de sódio/glicose acarretam perda de peso. Por outro lado, as sulfonilureias, as meglitinidas e as glitazonas conferem ganho de peso ao paciente. Sendo assim, a prescrição desses fármacos deve ser feita de maneira individualizada

Obesity has been growing significantly worldwide, representing a risk for the increase of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pharmacotherapy of diabetes can alter body weight, aiding in weight loss as well as in weight gain. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to review studies on the drugs used in type 2 diabetes that may interfere with body weight, in order to assist professionals in guiding individuals with diabetes. For this, an integrative review was performed in the SciELO, Scholar Google, PubMed, VHL, and Portal of Capes journals databases, considering works published between 2010 and 2019. We observed that biguanides, α-glucosity inhibitors, analogues of incretins, amylin analogues, and sodium / glucose co-transporter inhibitors lead to weight loss. On the other hand, sulphonylureas, meglitinides, and glitazones confer weight gain. Therefore, the prescription of these drugs should be made in an individualized fashion

Effectiveness of triple therapy with dapagliflozin add-on to dual therapy over 52 weeks in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus in a centre of high complexity, Cali-Colombia

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of adding dapagliflozin as an intensification strategy for the treatment of patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods: A historical cohort study was conducted in 123 adult patients over 18 years old who were diagnosed with uncontrolled T2DM, who received dapagliflozin add-on to their dual base treatment: metformin plus glibenclamide (n = 32), metformin plus saxagliptin (n = 29), metformin plus exenatide (n = 28), or metformin plus insulin (n = 34). The endpoints were evaluated using analysis of variance. Results: All the patients completed a 52-week follow-up. Overall, 52.85% of patients were female, the Hispanic population represented the largest proportion of patients in all groups (60.98%), and the mean ± SD patient age and body weight were 55.05 ± 7.58 years and 83.55 ± 9.65 kg, respectively. The mean ± SD duration of T2DM, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were 5.93 ± 2.98 years, 8.1 ± 0.53%, and 166.03 ± 26.80 mg/dL, respectively. The grand mean changes of HbA1c, FPG, body weight and blood pressure showed a decreasing trend during the study period and it was statistically significant in all groups (p-value = <0.001). The proportion of patients achieving HbA1c target (<7%) was highest in the group that used a dapagliflozin add-on to metformin plus saxagliptin. Conclusion: The addition of dapagliflozin as an alternative for intensification of dual therapy consistently improved, not only FPG and HbA1c, but also body weight and blood pressure, with statistically significant results.

Investigation of the possible protective effect of Smilax fluminensis steud. leaf in mice subjected to oxidative stress by paracetamol

Paracetamol (PCM) is a drug widely used by the population as an antipyretic and analgesic. If administered in high doses it can cause liver damage, leading to hepatoxicity. The genus Smilax, found in temperate and tropical regions, is traditionally used by the population through the extract of leaves and roots for several conditions, such as in the treatment of syphilis, diabetes, asthma and as a diuretic action. Through this, Smilax fluminensis leaf extracts were used to evaluate the protective effect against oxidative stress induced by a high dose of PCM in mice that received the drug and after receiving treatment with crude extract and fractions. Plasma analysis was performed using as partate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol, in addition to biochemical techniques such as catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (ASA), substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and carbonylated proteins (CARBONYL) of liver, brain and kidneys. Fraction 1 of the extract was the most promising, decreasing the plasma levels of AST and ALT, the levels of CAT and GST of the liver, together with GSH and in the renal and brain tissue there was a decrease in carbonylated proteins (PCM + F1 versus PCM ). Besides, fraction 1 proved to be hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic. It is concluded that fraction 1 of Smilax fluminensis leaves has good antioxidant activity in the face of the damage caused by the high dose of paracetamol.

Analysis on drug transporters-mediated interaction between drugs and metformin / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the potential drug interactions of outpatient prescriptions containing metformin combined with other drugs from the perspective of drug transporters.Methods:The prescriptions containing metformin that were used in the Outpatient Department of Hainan General Hospital, China between July and December 2019 were collected. The potential interaction between drugs and metformin used in the prescriptions was analyzed according to drug instructions, Drugbank, PubMed databases.Results:A total of 15 568 outpatient prescriptions containing metformin were collected, including 9 146 prescriptions for male patients and 6 422 prescriptions for female patients. A total of 14 902 prescriptions contained combined medication. The drugs used in combination included other hypoglycemic drugs, antiplatelet drugs, antihypertensive drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, and neuroprotective drugs. The drug transporters including aspirin, atorvastatin calcium, repaglinide, bisoprolol, metoprolol and clopidogrel had a potential interaction with metformin. There were 11 614 prescriptions containing drug transporters and metformin, including 5 938 prescriptions inhibiting organic cation transporter 1 and 5676 prescriptions inhibiting organic cation transporter 2.Conclusion:There is no incompatibility between the outpatient prescriptions containing metformin and the commonly used drugs for chronic diseases, but the outpatient doctors do not have enough knowledge about dose adjustment caused by potential interaction.