ABSTRACT
El sangrado uterino anormal tiene una etiología variable, que va desde causas estructurales hasta causas funcionales, que se describen clásicamente en el acrónimo PALM-COEIN. No obstante, hay una pobre sensibilización de este síntoma como un marcador de enfermedades graves. En esta revisión se describe la relación de la hemorragia uterina anormal como síntoma clave o de presentación de malignidad hematológica, así como la posible relación con la hemofilia adquirida secundaria a neoplasia hematológica como causal del evento hemostático. Se realizó búsqueda en la literatura, con la mayoría de los artículos obtenidos de Medline, 24 de los cuales cumplieron con los objetivos para resolver la pregunta de investigación. Se encontraron diferentes malignidades hematológicas asociadas a sangrado uterino anormal, de las cuales la hemofilia adquirida y la trombocitopenia como potenciales causales de esta; la mayor correlación fue con leucemia, seguido de linfomas, y en menor cuantía la asociación con mieloma múltiple.
Abnormal uterine bleeding has a variable etiology, ranging from structural to functional causes, classically described by the acronym PALM-COEIN. However, there is poor awareness of this symptom as a marker of serious disease; in this review, we describe the relationship of abnormal uterine bleeding as a key symptom or debut of hematologic malignancy, as well as its possible relationship to acquired hemophilia secondary to hematologic neoplasia as causative of the hemostatic event. A literature search was performed, with most of the articles obtained from Medline, 24 of which met the objectives to solve the research question. Different hematological malignancies associated with abnormal uterine bleeding were found, of which acquired hemophilia and thrombocytopenia were found as potential causes; the highest correlation was with leukemia, followed by lymphomas, and to a lesser extent the association with multiple myeloma.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Uterine Hemorrhage/etiology , Hematologic Diseases/complications , Leukemia/complications , Hemophilia A/complicationsABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción. La leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) es la neoplasia infantil más frecuente. Existen diversos protocolos de tratamiento, por lo que resulta importarte conocer su impacto en la supervivencia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio comparativo, cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 16 años con diagnóstico de LLA tratados con protocolo ALL IC-BFM 2009 o esquema LLA 2008 durante enero 2020 a noviembre 2023. Se revisaron historias clínicas de los pacientes. Como instrumento se tuvo una ficha de recolección de datos. Se empleó el análisis de supervivencia de Kaplan Meier para determinar la sobrevida global (SG) y supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE). Resultados. Se incluyeron 107 pacientes. El grupo etario de 2-9 años fue el más prevalente en ambos grupos (57.1% y 63.3%). La SG a 32.2 meses fue 73.6% con el protocolo ALL IC BFM 09 y 43.5% con el esquema LLA 2008 (p=0.03). La SLE a 30.8 meses fue 82.3% y 51.8% respectivamente (p=0.04). Discusión. En nuestro estudio, la SG y SLE fue mayor al 70% para el protocolo ALL IC BFM 09, siendo estos hallazgos similares a lo reportado por literatura internacional. La supervivencia con el protocolo ALL IC BFM 2009 fue superior al esquema LLA 2008.
Abstract Introduction. Acute lymphoid leukemia is the most common childhood neoplasm. There are various treatment protocols, so it is important to know their impact on survival. Material and methods. Comparative study, retrospective cohort. Patients under 16 years of age with a diagnosis of ALL treated with the ALL IC-BFM 2009 protocol or the LLA 2008 scheme were included during January 2020 to November 2023. The patients' medical records were reviewed, and a data collection sheet was used as an instrument. Kaplan Meier survival analysis was used to determine overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results. 107 patients were included. The age group of 2-9 years was the most prevalent in both groups (57.1% and 63.3%). OS at 32.2 months was 73.6% with the ALL IC BFM 2009 protocol and 43.5% with the LLA 2008 scheme (p=0.03). The DFS at 30.8 months was 82.3% and 51.8% respectively (p=0.04). Discussion. In our study, OS and DFS were greater than 70% for the ALL IC BFM 2009 protocol, these findings being similar to those reported in international literature. Survival with the ALL IC BFM 2009 protocol was superior to the previous institutional protocol.
ABSTRACT
Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that affects the tissues that support the teeth, while leukemia is a type of malignous cancer that affects the production of blood cells. Recent studies suggest that immune response and microbial disbiosis related to periodontal disease may be associated with an increased risk of developing leukemia and may affect its prognosis, as well as leukemia type and treatment may also have effects on the periodontium, demanding a interdiscipinary approach of these patients. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review to assess the association between periodontal disease and leukemia in adult patients. An electronic database serch using the descriptors was performed. Clinical studies with periodontal examination in adult individuals with leukemia were selected. After literature search, 9 studies were reviewed. Gingival bleeding and periodontal pockets were frequent findings. Periodontitis prevalence varied among studies, ranging from 29% to 82,4% in patients diagnosed with leukemia. The relationship between periodontal disease and leukemia is complex and multifaceted and there are few studies available in adults, with heterogeneous exam protocols. Still, the high prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis found in the studies suggest that periodontal diagnosis and treatment could be a helpful tool to prevent further complications in leukemia treatment.
A doença periodontal é uma doença inflamatória crônica altamente prevalente e que afeta os tecidos que sustentam os dentes, enquanto a leucemia é um tipo de câncer maligno que afeta a produção de células sanguíneas. Estudos recentes sugerem que a resposta imune e a disbiose microbiana relacionada a doença periodontal podem estar associadas a um risco aumentado de desenvolver leucemia e pode afetar o prognóstico da doença, assim como o tipo de leucemia e o tratamento também podem ter efeitos no periodonto, exigindo uma abordagem interdisciplinar desses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura para avaliar a associação entre doença periodontal e leucemia em pacientes adultos. Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica em bancos de dados utilizando os descritores. Foram selecionados estudos clínicos com exame periodontal em indivíduos adultos com leucemia. Após busca na literatura, 9 estudos foram revisados. Sangramento gengival e bolsas periodontais foram achados frequentes. A prevalência da periodontite variou entre os estudos, sendo de 29% a 82,4% em pacientes diagnosticados com leucemia. A relação entre doença periodontal e leucemia é complexa e multifacetada e existem poucos estudos disponíveis em adultos, com protocolos de exames heterogêneos. Ainda assim, a alta prevalência de gengivite e periodontite encontrada nos estudos sugere que o diagnóstico e o tratamento periodontal podem ser uma ferramenta útil para prevenir maiores complicações no tratamento da leucemia.
Subject(s)
Periodontal Diseases , Periodontitis/epidemiology , Leukemia , Adult , Gingivitis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
El priapismo es una erección dolorosa y persistente acompañada o no de estímulo sexual. Una causa poco frecuente de esta anormalidad es la leucemia mieloide crónica. Se han reportado pocos casos de priapismo como manifestación inicial de una leucemia de este tipo en pacientes adolescentes. A continuación, se informa el caso de un paciente de 16 años de edad que presentó priapismo como manifestación inicial de una leucemia mieloide crónica. Durante su evolución, no se realizó aspiración de los cuerpos cavernosos. Se inició tratamiento hematológico específico y, ante la persistencia del priapismo, fue necesario realizar un shunt de cuerpos cavernosos en dos ocasiones, tratamiento a pesar del cual existen altas probabilidades de secuelas.
Priapism is a painful and persistent erection, with or without sexual stimulation. A rare cause of such abnormality is chronic myeloid leukemia. Few cases of priapism as an initial manifestation of this type of leukemia have been reported in adolescent patients. Here we describe the case of a 16-year-old patient who presented with priapism as the initial manifestation of chronic myeloid leukemia. No cavernosal aspiration was performed. A specific hematological treatment was started and, given the persistence of priapism, the patient required 2 corpora cavernosa shunt procedures; despite this treatment, there is a high probability of sequelae.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Priapism/complications , Priapism/etiology , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/complications , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis , Chronic DiseaseABSTRACT
La tuberculosis es una infección de alta incidencia en Latinoamérica. Su presentación como infección activa está determinada por factores de riesgo del hospedero. Comunicamos el caso clínico de una mujer joven que presentó una forma grave de tuberculosis pulmonar. Al explorar sus factores de riesgo se confirmó un estado de inmunosupresión profundo, causado por un linfoma de células T, asociada a una co-infección por virus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1. Se destacan los aspectos microbiológicos y de pronóstico de la co-infección de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y HTLV-1
Tuberculosis is a high-incidence infection in Latin America. Its presentation as an active infection is determined by risk factors in the host. We report the case of a young woman who presented a severe form of pulmonary tuberculosis. When exploring her risk factors, a profound state of immunosuppression was found, caused by T-cell lymphoma, associated with co-infection with human lymphotropic virus. Microbiological and prognostic aspects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HTLV-1 co-infection are highlighted.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications , HTLV-I Infections/complications , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnostic imaging , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , HTLV-I Infections/diagnostic imaging , Leukemia, T-Cell/complications , Immunocompromised Host , Fatal Outcome , Coinfection , Mycobacterium tuberculosisABSTRACT
Los linfomas localizados en la laringe representan un porcentaje muy bajo dentro de los comprendidos en los tumores de cabeza y cuello en la edad pediátrica. El linfoma no Hodgkin es el subtipo más comúnmente reportado en la literatura, el cual dependiendo de su etiología y extensión determinará el pronóstico del paciente. La certeza del diagnóstico, que suele ser muy difícil de alcanzar, se confirma generalmente mediante una biopsia de tejido. En la actualidad, no hay reportes de la literatura acerca de linfomas leucemoides diseminados a laringe. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino adolescente de 17 años con diagnóstico de una leucemia linfoide aguda con recaída extra-nodal en la laringe por falla en el esquema quimioterapéutico instaurado.
Lymphomas located at the level of the larynx represent a very low percentage of head and neck tumors in the pediatric age group. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is the most reported subtype in the literature, which depending on its etiology and extension will determine the patient's prognosis. Diagnostic certainty, which is often very difficult to achieve, is usually confirmed by tissue biopsy. At present, there are no reports in the literature about leukemoid lymphomas disseminated to the larynx. We present the case of a 17-year-old adolescent male patient diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia with extranodal relapse in the larynx due to failure of the chemotherapeutic regimen.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Laryngeal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Laryngeal Neoplasms/surgery , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/surgeryABSTRACT
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7 AML) is a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia in adults, the incidence of which is higher in children aged 1 to 3 years, especially in patients with Down Syndrome; and in the age group between 60 and 70 years old, with an adverse prognosis. We report the case of a 28-year-old male patient, with a history of non-seminoma germ cell tumour of the testis, diagnosed with M7 AML. Nine months after performing an orchiectomy to remove the testicular tumour, the patient developed dyspnea, dry cough and asthenia, associated with the presence of erythematous-purple lesions on the skin, ascites and pleural effusion. The myelogram demonstrated medullary hypocellularity, with the presence of 53% of blastic, pleomorphic and bulky cells, with positivity for the markers CD34, CD31 and CD117 in immature cells in immunohistochemistry. Despite undergoing cycles of chemotherapy with cisplatin and a BEP regimen (Bleomycin, Etoposide and Cisplatin), the patient presented with chest tomography with the presence of pulmonary nodules and magnetic resonance imaging of the skull and neuraxial with infiltration of the bone marrow in the spine and cranial vault, resulting in with neurological impairment and died. In view of the case presented, we observed agreement with previous reports of the adverse prognosis of M7 AML in young adults and we questioned its relationship with germ cell tumour. (AU)
A leucemia megacarioblástica aguda (LMA M7) é um subtipo raro em adultos de leucemia mielóide aguda, cuja incidência é maior em crianças de 1 a 3 anos, especialmente em pacientes portadores de Síndrome de Down; e na faixa etária entre 60 e 70 anos, com um prognóstico adverso. Relatamos o caso de um paciente, do sexo masculino, 28 anos, com histórico de tumor germinativo não seminoma de testículo, diagnosticado com LMA M7. Nove meses após a realização de uma orquiectomia para a retirada do tumor testicular, o paciente apresentou quadro de dispneia, tosse seca e astenia, associado a presença de lesões eritemato-arroxeadas na pele, ascite e derrame pleural. O mielograma demonstrou hipocelularidade medular, com presença de 53% de células blásticas, pleomórficas e volumosas, com a positividade para os marcadores CD34, CD31 e CD117 em células imaturas na imunohistoquímica. Apesar da realização de ciclos de quimioterapia com cisplatina e esquema BEP (Bleomicina, Etoposídeo e Cisplatina), o paciente apresentou Tomografia de tórax com presença de nódulos pulmonares e ressonância magnética de crânio e neuroeixo com infiltração da medula óssea em coluna vertebral e calota craniana, intercorrendo com comprometimento neurológico e foi a óbito. Diante do caso apresentado observamos a concordância com relatos prévios do prognóstico adverso da LMA M7 em jovens adultos e indagamos a sua relação com o tumor de células germinativas. (AU)
ABSTRACT
Introducción: desde 2002, el Grupo Argentino para el Tratamiento de la Leucemia Aguda (GATLA) implementa protocolos del grupo Berlín-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) como tratamiento estándar de las recaídas de la leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA). En 2010, el BFM generó el protocolo IntReALL 10, que en la Argentina se implementó con las limitaciones propias de la región. Población y métodos: 180 pacientes menores de 18 años fueron tratados entre 2010 y 2015 por una LLA recaída de alto riesgo en la Argentina siguiendo un protocolo de recaída del BFM que comparó en forma abierta el tratamiento estándar con una terapéutica innovadora (experimental); esta incluyó el fármaco clofarabina. Se evaluaron 171 pacientes, de los cuales 78 pacientes fueron aleatorizados en forma centralizada (ensayo clínico) y 93 fueron asignados a una de las ramas según el criterio del grupo tratante (cohorte prospectiva). La cohorte donde la asignación del tratamiento no fue aleatorizada fue analizada realizando un ajuste por sexo, edad y por la presencia o no de síndrome de Down, cromosoma Philadelphia e inmunofenotipo T. Resultados: los pacientes que recibieron el tratamiento experimental tuvieron peores resultados (el doble de mortalidad a cinco años) que los que recibieron tratamiento estándar. Esta diferencia alcanzó significancia estadística tanto en el ensayo clínico (p=0,001) como en la cohorte prospectiva (p=0,0009). Conclusiones: nuestros resultados avalan continuar con la rama estándar de los protocolos tipo BFM para el tratamiento de las recaídas de la LLA y fueron concordantes con las conclusiones del grupo ALLIC-REC. (AU)
Introduction: since 2002, the Grupo Argentino para el Tratamiento de la Leucemia Aguda (GATLA) has been implementing protocols from the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) group as the standard treatment for relapses of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In 2010, BFM developed the IntReALL 10 protocol, implemented in Argentina with the inherent limitations of the region. Population and Methods: we treated a total of 180 patients under 18 years of age between 2010 and 2015 for high-risk relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Argentina following a BFM relapse protocol. This protocol openly compared standard treatment with an innovative (experimental) therapeutic approach that included Clofarabine. Out of these, 171 patients were assessable, with 78 patients being centrally randomized in a clinical trial, and 93 were assigned to one of the arms based on the treating group's criteria (prospective cohort). The cohort where the treatment assignment had not been randomized, was analyzed with adjustments for gender, age, and the presence or absence of Down Syndrome, Philadelphia Chromosome, and T-cell immunophenotype. Results: patients who received the experimental treatment had worse outcomes (double the five-year mortality) compared to those who received the standard treatment. This difference reached statistical significance in the clinical trial (p=0.001) and the prospective cohort (p=0.0009). Conclusions: our results support the continuation of the standard arm in BFM-type protocols for relapsed ALL treatment and were consistent with the conclusions of the ALLIC-REC group. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Neoplasm, Residual/drug therapy , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy , Clofarabine/administration & dosage , Argentina/epidemiology , Asparaginase/administration & dosage , Vincristine/administration & dosage , Dexamethasone/administration & dosage , Survival Analysis , Clinical Protocols , Methotrexate/administration & dosage , Treatment Outcome , Neoplasm, Residual/mortality , Neoplasm, Residual/epidemiology , Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage , Cytarabine/administration & dosage , Etoposide/administration & dosage , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/mortality , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Esta pesquisa transversal, descritiva e observacional objetivou avaliar a saúde bucal dos participantes infantojuvenis diagnosticados com leucemia, assistidos pela odontologia. Foram incluídas todas as crianças e adolescentes de 3 a 18 anos matriculadas no centro de referência hematológico e diagnosticados com leucemia, atendidos pela instituição, entre junho/2022 e janeiro/2023. Foram coletados os dados sociodemográfcos, médicos, odontológicos e laboratoriais, seguidos de uma avaliação clínica odontológica e registro fotográfco. Para avaliação da prevalência de cárie utilizou-se o índice de dentes cariados, perdidos, obturados, por dente e o índice de dentes decíduos cariados, indicado a extração e obturado. A avaliação das manifestações orais fo irealizada conforme protocolo da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Compuseram a pesquisa 25 participantes, 14 masculinos e 11 femininos, a média deidade foi de 10,12 anos (d.p. = 4,8).A leucemia linfoide aguda foi a mais prevalente (80%), a maioria dos participantes apresentou índice de cárie zero (60%), as manifestações orais foram diagnosticadas em 60% deles, sendo as mais frequentes: alteração de paladar (24%), mucosite (16%) e xerostomia (12%). Os participantes também apresentaram alta incidência de manifestações orais, condição de higiene bucal insatisfatória, porém baixo índice de cárie. Outrossim, observa-se a importância de os cirurgiões dentistas conhecerem as manifestações orais mais encontradas em crianças com leucemia, a necessidade da higiene bucal de qualidade, bem como a condição de saúde bucal total, buscando garantir que a boca não seja uma fonte de infecção que prejudique a condição de saúde geral e o tratamento oncológico.
This study aimed to evaluate the oral health of child and adolescent participants diagnosed with leukemia, assisted by dentistry. The research was configured a cross-sectional, descriptive and observational. All. All children and adolescents enrolled in the hematological reference center, aged 3 to 18 years, diagnosed with leukemia, treated by the institution, between June 2022 and January 2023 were included. Sociodemographic, medical, dental and laboratory data were collected; followed by a clinical dental evaluation and photographic recording. To assess the prevalence of caries, the index of decayed, missing,filled teeth per tooth and the index of decayed primary teeth, indicated for extraction and filling, were used. The evaluation of oral manifestations was carried out according to the World Health Organization protocol.The research included 25 participants, 14 male and 11 female and the average age was 10.12 years (SD = 4.8). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was the most prevalent (80%). Regarding the caries index, the majority of participants had zero (60%) and oral side effects were diagnosed in 60% of them, the most frequent being:change in taste (24%), mucositis (16%) and xerostomia (12%). Participants also had a high incidence of oral manifestations, unsatisfactory oral hygiene, but a low rate of caries. Furthermore, it is important for dental surgeons to know the ora manifestations most commonly found in children with leukemia, the need for quality oral hygiene, as well as the oral health condition as a whole, seeking to ensure that the mouth is not a source of infection, which harms the general health condition and cancer treatment.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. La leucemia neonatal se presenta durante las cuatro primeras semanas de vida extrauterina, corresponde al 1% de todas las leucemias pediátricas. Se caracteriza por leucemogénesis en útero y está relacionada con la genotoxicidad y el medio ambiente contaminado. La leucemia mieloide aguda representa la gran mayoría de los casos (60%), las alteraciones cromosómicas afectan a la región 11q23. La infiltración cutánea leucémica, la hepatoesplenomegalia y la leucocitosis mayor a 100.000/ul son signos comunes en esta enfermedad. Objetivo. Determinar las características epidemiológicas de la leucemia neonatal en Bolivia. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de leucemias neonatales diagnosticadas entre 2007 y 2023. Se recolectó datos epidemiológicos concernientes a características clínicas, características morfológicas e immunofenotípicas, resultados de laboratorio correspondientes al momento del diagnóstico y seguimiento, así como, la radicatoria de la madre durante la gestación. Resultados. Se evidenció 13 casos, la edad media neonatal fue 20 días y mayor incidencia en neonatos varones (n=9, 69%). La LMA (9 casos, 69 %) fue el tipo de leucemia más frecuente (subtipo preponderante LMA M7), seguida de la LLA-B (n=4). 7 casos fueron procedentes de Santa Cruz (54 %), 3 de Cochabamba (23 %), sucesivamente La Paz, Beni y Chuquisaca con un caso cada uno (23 %). Leucocitosis media 106.000/ul, hemoglobina media 13,2 g/dl y plaquetas 209.000/ul fueron características laboratoriales. Conclusiones. La incidencia de leucemia neonatal en Santa Cruz y Cochabamba constituye un interés de salud pública, lo que demanda escudriñar sobre factores de riesgo relacionados con su etiología y el impacto de la contaminación del medio ambiente en esas regiones.
Introduction. Neonatal leukemia occurs during the first four weeks after birth, corresponding to 1% of all pediatric leukemias. It is characterized byleukemogenesis in the uterus, which is related to genotoxicity and polluted environment. Acute myeloid leukemia representas the vast majority of cases (60%), chromosomal alterations concerning 11q23 region. Common signs involve leukemia cutis, hepatosplenomegaly and leukocytosis higher than 100,000/ul. Objective. To determine the epidemiological characteristics of neonatal leukemia in Bolivia. Material and methods. Retrospective descriptive study of neonatal leukemias diagnosed between 2007 and 2023. Epidemiological data regarding clinical characteristics, morphological and immunophenotypic features, laboratory results at diagnosis and follow-up, as well as, residency of the mother during pregnancy were collected. Results. A total of 13 cases were evidenced, mean neonatal age was 20 days, with a higher incidence in male neonates (n=9, 69%). AML (9 cases, 69%) was the most common type of leukemia (mainly AML M7 subtype), followed by B-ALL (n=4). 7 cases were from Santa Cruz (54%), 3 from Cochabamba (23%), consecutively La Paz, Beni and Chuquisaca with 1 case each (23%). Laboratory characteristics displayed mean leukocytosis of106,000/ul, mean Hb 13,2 g/dl and platelets 209.000/ ul. Conclusions. The incidence of neonatal leukemia in Santa Cruz and Cochabamba stands a public health interest, which requires scrutinizing risk factors related to its etiology and the impact of environmental pollution in those region.
ABSTRACT
Resumo Introdução O câncer tem impacto na vida das crianças e seus familiares. As Histórias em Quadrinhos podem ser uma estratégia de fortalecer o vínculo e a comunicação entre profissional/paciente/família. Objetivo Desenvolver e validar um material instrucional/educativo, no formato de Histórias em Quadrinhos, voltada para crianças hospitalizadas com leucemia linfóide aguda. Metodologia Estudo metodológico desenvolvido em nove etapas: elaboração do projeto de pesquisa; definição e seleção do conteúdo; adaptação da linguagem; inclusão de ilustrações; construção de um material piloto; validação do material; layout; impressão final e disponibilização. A validação ocorreu com 10 especialistas entre março e maio de 2022, utilizando-se o Instrumento de Validação de Conteúdo Educativo em Saúde. Resultados Foram elaboradas 5 Histórias em Quadrinhos, com 6 personagens principais, sendo necessárias 63 horas de trabalho. Elas foram divididas por temáticas (distúrbios gastrointestinais; cistite hemorrágica; problemas relacionados a autoestima e autoimagem; risco de infecção e dor óssea) que obtiveram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo global satisfatório entre 0,78 e 0,87. Conclusões e implicações para a prática As histórias em quadrinhos podem ser utilizadas como fonte atrativa e confiável de informações sobre a doença, servindo como apoio às informações durante a internação hospitalar e o preparo para alta.
Resumen Introducción El cáncer tiene un impacto en la vida de los niños y sus familias. Los cómics pueden ser una estrategia para fortalecer el vínculo y la comunicación entre profesional/paciente/familia. Objetivo Desarrollar y validar un material didáctico/educativo, en formato de Historietas, dirigido a niños hospitalizados con leucemia linfocítica aguda. Metodología Estudio metodológico desarrollado en nueve etapas: elaboración del proyecto de investigación; definición y selección de contenidos; adaptación lingüística; inclusión de ilustraciones; construcción de un material piloto; validación del material; disposición; impresión final y disponibilidad. La validación se realizó con 10 especialistas entre marzo y mayo de 2022, utilizando el Instrumento de Validación de Contenido de Educación en Salud. Resultados Se crearon 5 Comics, con 6 personajes principales, requiriendo 63 horas de trabajo. Fueron divididos por temas (trastornos gastrointestinales; cistitis hemorrágica; problemas relacionados con la autoestima y la autoimagen; riesgo de infección y dolor óseo) que obtuvieron un Índice de Validez de Contenido global satisfactorio entre 0,78 y 0,87. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica Los cómics pueden ser utilizados como una fuente atractiva y confiable de información sobre la enfermedad, apoyando información durante la hospitalización y preparación para el alta.
Abstract Introduction Cancer has an impact on the lives of children and their families. Comics can be a strategy to strengthen the bond and communication between professional/patient/family. Objective To develop and validate an instructional/educational material, in the format of Comics, aimed at children hospitalized with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Methodology Methodological study developed in nine stages: preparation of the research project; content definition and selection; language adaptation; inclusion of illustrations; construction of a pilot material; validation of the material; layout; final printing and availability. Validation took place with 10 specialists between March and May 2022, using the Health Education Content Validation Instrument. Results 5 Comics were created, with 6 main characters, requiring 63 hours of work. They were divided by themes (gastrointestinal disorders; hemorrhagic cystitis; problems related to self-esteem and self-image; risk of infection and bone pain) that obtained a satisfactory global Content Validity Index between 0.78 and 0.87. Conclusions and implications for practice Comics can be used as an attractive and reliable source of information about the disease, supporting information during hospitalization and preparation for discharge.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Middle Aged , Child Health , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma , Graphic Novels as Topic , Play and Playthings , NauseaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify barriers to adherence to home oral maintenance chemotherapy in children with leukemia treated at a specialized cancer center. Methods: We used the Brief Medication Questionnaire (BMQ) as a tool for screening barriers to adherence. The level of adherence was calculated considering at least one positive response in each BMQ domain, defined as Regimen Screen, Belief Screen, and Recall Screen. A positive screening for belief barriers (PSB) indicates that the caregiver reports not understanding the medication's mechanism of action and adverse effects. Results: Three important barriers to adherence were identified: beliefs, number of children of the caregiver, and age of the caregiver. The primary caregivers included 32 mothers (80%), four fathers (10%), three grandmothers (7.5%), and one unrelated caregiver (2.5 %). Most caregivers with a PSB were mothers. A PSB indicates that the caregiver reports not understanding the medication's mechanism of action and adverse effects. Caregivers with two or more children (median, three) had more barriers to adherence. Caregivers with potential non-adherence tended to be older than those with potential adherence, although without statistical significance (p=0.079, Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusions: The main barriers to adherence to home oral maintenance chemotherapy in children with leukemia identified through interviews with their caregivers, most often mothers, were lack of understanding of the treatment regimen, a greater number of children, and older age.
RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar barreiras de adesão ao tratamento de manutenção da quimioterapia via oral domiciliar, em uma amostra de crianças diagnosticadas com leucemia atendidas em um serviço especializado em oncologia. Métodos: O Brief Medication Questionnaire (BMQ) foi utilizado como instrumento de coleta para a identificação de barreiras de adesão. O nível de adesão foi calculado considerando-se pelo menos uma resposta positiva no domínio do BMQ, definido como regime, crença e recordação. Uma crença positiva mostra que o cuidador reporta não entender o mecanismo de ação e os efeitos adversos. Resultados: Três importantes barreiras de adesão foram identificadas, incluindo crença, o número de filhos do casal e a idade dos cuidadores. A mãe como principal responsável pelo tratamento da criança apresentou frequência maior entre as pessoas com rastreamento positivo para barreiras de crenças (BPC). Crença positiva significa que o cuidador relata não entender o mecanismo de ação dos medicamentos e os efeitos adversos. Quanto ao número de filhos, o estudo mostrou que quanto mais filhos (dois filhos ou mais, mediana=três) maior a barreira de adesão. Houve tendência de responsáveis com potencial não adesão serem mais velhos que os responsáveis com potencial adesão, embora sem significância estatística ao nível de significância de 5% (p=0,079, teste U de Mann-Whitney). Conclusões: As principais barreiras de adesão dos cuidadores de crianças com leucemia ao tratamento medicamentoso de manutenção foram dificuldades relatadas pelos cuidadores, na maioria das vezes as mães, que não entenderam como o medicamento funcionava, o número de filhos — quanto mais filhos menor a adesão — e a idade dos cuidadores. Cuidadores mais velhos aderiram menos ao tratamento prescrito.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Nanoparticles are considered viable options in the treatment of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetite folate core shell (MFCS) on leukemic and hepatocarcinoma cell cultures as well as their effect on the animal model of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Through current study nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized by various techniques, and their properties were studied to confirm their nanostructure. Invivo study, nanoparticles were evaluated to inspect their cytotoxic activity against SNU-182 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human leukemia), and THLE2 (human normal epithelial liver) cells via MTT test. Apoptotic signaling proteins Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression were inspected through RT-PCR method. A cytotoxic effect of MNPs and MFCS was detected in previous cell cultures. Moreover, the apoptosis was identified through significant up-regulation of caspase-3, with Bcl-2 down-regulation. Invitro study, AML was induced in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea followed by oral treatment with MNPS and MFCS. Biochemical indices such as aspartate and alanine amino transferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, uric acid, complete blood count, and Beta -2-microglubulin were assessed in serum. Immunophenotyping for CD34 and CD38 detection was performed. Liver, kidney, and bone marrow were microscopically examined. Bcl-2 promoter methylation, and mRNA levels were examined. Although, both MNPs and MFCS depict amelioration in biochemical parameters, MFCS alleviated them toward normal control. Anticancer activity of MNPs and MFCS was approved especially for AML. Whenever, administration of MFCS was more effective than MNPs. The present work is one of few studies used MFCS as anticancer agent.
Resumo Nanopartículas são consideradas opções viáveis no tratamento do câncer. Este estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de nanopartículas de magnetita (MNPs) e núcleo de folato de magnetita (MFCS) em culturas de células leucêmicas e de hepatocarcinoma, bem como seu efeito no modelo animal de leucemia mielocítica aguda (LMA). Através do atual estudo, nanopartículas foram sintetizadas, caracterizadas por várias técnicas, e suas propriedades foram estudadas para confirmar sua nanoestrutura. No estudo in vivo, as nanopartículas foram avaliadas para inspecionar sua atividade citotóxica contra células SNU-182 (carcinoma hepatocelular humano), K562 (leucemia humana) e THLE2 (fígado epitelial humano normal) por meio do teste MTT. A expressão das proteínas sinalizadoras apoptóticas Bcl-2 e Caspase-3 foram inspecionadas através do método RT-PCR. Um efeito citotóxico de MNPs e MFCS foi detectado em culturas de células anteriores. Além disso, a apoptose foi identificada por meio de regulação positiva significativa da Caspase-3, com regulação negativa de Bcl-2. No estudo in vitro, a AML foi induzida em ratos por N-metil-N-nitrosoureia seguida por tratamento oral com MNPS e MFCS. Índices bioquímicos como aspartato e alanina aminotransferases e atividades de lactato desidrogenase, ácido úrico, hemograma completo e Beta-2-microglubulina foram avaliados no soro. A imunofenotipagem para detecção de CD34 e CD38 foi realizada. Fígado, rim e medula óssea foram examinados microscopicamente. A metilação do promotor Bcl-2 e os níveis de mRNA foram examinados. Embora tanto os MNPs quanto os MFCS representem uma melhora nos parâmetros bioquímicos, o MFCS os aliviou em direção ao controle normal. A atividade anticâncer de MNPs e MFCS foi aprovada especialmente para AML. Sempre, a administração de MFCS foi mais eficaz do que MNPs. O presente trabalho é um dos poucos estudos que utilizou o MFCS como agente anticâncer.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Magnetite Nanoparticles , Liver Neoplasms , Ferric Compounds , Folic AcidABSTRACT
Abstract Bulbine natalensis and Chorophytum comosum are potential medicinal source for the treatment of cancers. Chronic myeloid leukaemia is a hematopoietic stem cells disorder treated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors but often cause recurrence of the leukaemia after cessation of therapy, hence require alternative treatment. This study determines the anti-cancer effect of leaf, root and bulb methanolic and aqueous extracts of B. natalensis and C. comosum in chronic human myelogenous leukaemia (K562) cell line by MTT, Hoechst bis-benzimide nuclear and annexin V stain assays. The root methanolic extract of B. natalensis and C. comosum showed a high cytotoxicity of 8.6% and 16.7% respectively on the K562 cell line at 1,000 μg/ml concentration. Morphological loss of cell membrane integrity causing degradation of the cell and fragmentation were observed in the root methanolic extract of both plants. A high apoptosis (p < 0.0001) was induced in the K562 cells by both leaf and root extracts of the C. comosum compared to the B. natalensis. This study shows both plants possess apoptotic effect against in vitro myelogenous leukaemia which contributes to the overall anti-cancer properties of B. natalensis and C. comosum to justify future therapeutic applications against chronic myelogenous leukaemia blood cancer.
Resumo Bulbine natalensis Baker e Chorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques são potenciais fontes medicinais para o tratamento de cânceres. A Leucemia Mieloide Crônica (LMC) é um distúrbio das células-tronco hematopoiéticas que é tratado com inibidores da tirosina quinase, mas frequentemente, causa recorrência da leucemia após a interrupção da terapia, portanto, requer um tratamento alternativo. Este estudo determinou o efeito anticancerígeno de extratos metanólicos e aquosos de folha, raiz e bulbo de B. natalensis e C. comosum na linhagem celular de leucemia mieloide humana crônica (K562) por ensaios de MTT, Hoechst bis-benzimida nuclear e anexina V. O extrato metanólico da raiz de B. natalensis e C. comosum apresentou alta citotoxidade de 8,6% e 16,7% respectivamente, na linhagem celular K562 com a concentração de 1,000 μg / ml. Perda morfológica da integridade da membrana celular causando degradação dos núcleos, citoplasma e encolhimento celular foi observada no extrato metanólico da raiz de ambas as plantas. Uma alta apoptose (p <0,0001) foi induzida nas células K562 por extratos de folhas e raízes de C. comosum em comparação com B. natalensis. Este estudo mostrou que ambas as plantas possuem efeito apoptótico contra leucemia mieloide in vitro que contribui para as propriedades anticâncer gerais de B. natalensis e C. comosum para justificar futuras aplicações terapêuticas contra câncer de sangue de LMC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy , Asphodelaceae , Apoptosis , K562 CellsABSTRACT
Abstract Bulbine natalensis and Chorophytum comosum are potential medicinal source for the treatment of cancers. Chronic myeloid leukaemia is a hematopoietic stem cells disorder treated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors but often cause recurrence of the leukaemia after cessation of therapy, hence require alternative treatment. This study determines the anti-cancer effect of leaf, root and bulb methanolic and aqueous extracts of B. natalensis and C. comosum in chronic human myelogenous leukaemia (K562) cell line by MTT, Hoechst bis-benzimide nuclear and annexin V stain assays. The root methanolic extract of B. natalensis and C. comosum showed a high cytotoxicity of 8.6% and 16.7% respectively on the K562 cell line at 1,000 g/ml concentration. Morphological loss of cell membrane integrity causing degradation of the cell and fragmentation were observed in the root methanolic extract of both plants. A high apoptosis (p 0.0001) was induced in the K562 cells by both leaf and root extracts of the C. comosum compared to the B. natalensis. This study shows both plants possess apoptotic effect against in vitro myelogenous leukaemia which contributes to the overall anti-cancer properties of B. natalensis and C. comosum to justify future therapeutic applications against chronic myelogenous leukaemia blood cancer.
Resumo Bulbine natalensis Baker e Chorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques são potenciais fontes medicinais para o tratamento de cânceres. A Leucemia Mieloide Crônica (LMC) é um distúrbio das células-tronco hematopoiéticas que é tratado com inibidores da tirosina quinase, mas frequentemente, causa recorrência da leucemia após a interrupção da terapia, portanto, requer um tratamento alternativo. Este estudo determinou o efeito anticancerígeno de extratos metanólicos e aquosos de folha, raiz e bulbo de B. natalensis e C. comosum na linhagem celular de leucemia mieloide humana crônica (K562) por ensaios de MTT, Hoechst bis-benzimida nuclear e anexina V. O extrato metanólico da raiz de B. natalensis e C. comosum apresentou alta citotoxidade de 8,6% e 16,7% respectivamente, na linhagem celular K562 com a concentração de 1,000 g / ml. Perda morfológica da integridade da membrana celular causando degradação dos núcleos, citoplasma e encolhimento celular foi observada no extrato metanólico da raiz de ambas as plantas. Uma alta apoptose (p 0,0001) foi induzida nas células K562 por extratos de folhas e raízes de C. comosum em comparação com B. natalensis. Este estudo mostrou que ambas as plantas possuem efeito apoptótico contra leucemia mieloide in vitro que contribui para as propriedades anticâncer gerais de B. natalensis e C. comosum para justificar futuras aplicações terapêuticas contra câncer de sangue de LMC.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Nanoparticles are considered viable options in the treatment of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetite folate core shell (MFCS) on leukemic and hepatocarcinoma cell cultures as well as their effect on the animal model of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Through current study nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized by various techniques, and their properties were studied to confirm their nanostructure. Invivo study, nanoparticles were evaluated to inspect their cytotoxic activity against SNU-182 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human leukemia), and THLE2 (human normal epithelial liver) cells via MTT test. Apoptotic signaling proteins Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression were inspected through RT-PCR method. A cytotoxic effect of MNPs and MFCS was detected in previous cell cultures. Moreover, the apoptosis was identified through significant up-regulation of caspase-3, with Bcl-2 down-regulation. Invitro study, AML was induced in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea followed by oral treatment with MNPS and MFCS. Biochemical indices such as aspartate and alanine amino transferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, uric acid, complete blood count, and Beta -2-microglubulin were assessed in serum. Immunophenotyping for CD34 and CD38 detection was performed. Liver, kidney, and bone marrow were microscopically examined. Bcl-2 promoter methylation, and mRNA levels were examined. Although, both MNPs and MFCS depict amelioration in biochemical parameters, MFCS alleviated them toward normal control. Anticancer activity of MNPs and MFCS was approved especially for AML. Whenever, administration of MFCS was more effective than MNPs. The present work is one of few studies used MFCS as anticancer agent.
Resumo Nanopartículas são consideradas opções viáveis no tratamento do câncer. Este estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de nanopartículas de magnetita (MNPs) e núcleo de folato de magnetita (MFCS) em culturas de células leucêmicas e de hepatocarcinoma, bem como seu efeito no modelo animal de leucemia mielocítica aguda (LMA). Através do atual estudo, nanopartículas foram sintetizadas, caracterizadas por várias técnicas, e suas propriedades foram estudadas para confirmar sua nanoestrutura. No estudo in vivo, as nanopartículas foram avaliadas para inspecionar sua atividade citotóxica contra células SNU-182 (carcinoma hepatocelular humano), K562 (leucemia humana) e THLE2 (fígado epitelial humano normal) por meio do teste MTT. A expressão das proteínas sinalizadoras apoptóticas Bcl-2 e Caspase-3 foram inspecionadas através do método RT-PCR. Um efeito citotóxico de MNPs e MFCS foi detectado em culturas de células anteriores. Além disso, a apoptose foi identificada por meio de regulação positiva significativa da Caspase-3, com regulação negativa de Bcl-2. No estudo in vitro, a AML foi induzida em ratos por N-metil-N-nitrosoureia seguida por tratamento oral com MNPS e MFCS. Índices bioquímicos como aspartato e alanina aminotransferases e atividades de lactato desidrogenase, ácido úrico, hemograma completo e Beta-2-microglubulina foram avaliados no soro. A imunofenotipagem para detecção de CD34 e CD38 foi realizada. Fígado, rim e medula óssea foram examinados microscopicamente. A metilação do promotor Bcl-2 e os níveis de mRNA foram examinados. Embora tanto os MNPs quanto os MFCS representem uma melhora nos parâmetros bioquímicos, o MFCS os aliviou em direção ao controle normal. A atividade anticâncer de MNPs e MFCS foi aprovada especialmente para AML. Sempre, a administração de MFCS foi mais eficaz do que MNPs. O presente trabalho é um dos poucos estudos que utilizou o MFCS como agente anticâncer.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: la inmunosenescencia está asociada con un mayor riesgo de desarrollo de cáncer. Dentro de las hemopatías malignas que afectan a este grupo de edad, está la leucemia linfoide crónica (LLC), caracterizada por trastornos en la inmunidad adaptativa que incluye las subpoblaciones de linfocitos T. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de las subpoblaciones de linfocitos T en los pacientes adultos mayores con leucemia linfoide crónica evaluados en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 30 adultos mayores con leucemia linfoide crónica. Se cuantificaron los linfocitos TCD3+CD4+ y TCD3+CD8+ en sangre periférica por citometría de flujo. Para la lectura y el análisis de los datos se empleó un citómetro de flujo Beckman Coulter Gallios. Se utilizaron los valores porcentuales, la media y la desviación estándar. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo si p≤0.05. Resultados: Hubo un predominio de hombres que representaron el 56,7 por ciento y del grupo de 70-79 años de edad. No se reportó ningún adulto mayor con LLC con valores altos ni normales de linfocitos TCD3+CD4+. Predominaron los hombres con valores bajos porcentuales de linfocitos TCD3+CD4+, TCD3+CD8+ e inversión del índice CD4/CD8 en relación con las mujeres. Conclusiones: Los adultos mayores con LLC presentan alteraciones en el número de las subpoblaciones de linfocitos T. La acción de estas células en relación al crecimiento de células B malignas aún es desconocido y resulta importante determinar si esto puede reflejar un intento de evasión de las células tumorales al control inmunológico(AU)
Introduction: Immunosenescence is associated with an increased risk of cancer development. Among the malignant hemopathies that affect this age group, it is chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL), characterized by disorders in adaptive immunity, which include subpopulations of T lymphocytes. Objective: To determine frequency of T lymphocyte subpopulations in older adult patients with chronic lymphoid leukemia evaluated at the Institute of Hematology and Immunology of Cuba. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 older adults with chronic lymphoid leukemia. TCD3+CD4+ and TCD3+CD8+ lymphocytes were quantified in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. A Beckman Coulter Gallios flow cytometer was used to read and analyze the data. The percentage values, the mean and the standard deviation were used. It was considered statistically significant if p≤0.05. Results: There was a predominance of men who represented 56.7 percent and the age group of 70-79 years. No older adults with CLL with high or normal values of TCD3+CD4+ lymphocytes were reported. Men predominated with low percentage values of TCD3+CD4+, TCD3+CD8+ lymphocytes and inversion of the CD4/CD8 ratio in relation to women. Conclusions: Older adult with CLL present alterations in the number of T lymphocyte subpopulations. The role of these cells in relation to the growth of malignant B cells it is unknown and it turns out important to determine if this may reflect an attempt to evade tumor cells from immune control(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Leukemia, Lymphoid/complications , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunologyABSTRACT
La tuberculosis es una infección de distribución mundial con una alta morbimortalidad en países subdesarrollados. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 55 años con cuadro de dos meses de adenomegalias cervicales, pérdida de peso y fiebre con posterior disnea de esfuerzo progresiva. Ingresó por urgencias en falla ventilatoria y hallazgos radiológicos compatibles con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) requiriendo ventilación mecánica invasiva. Se demostró infección por M. tuberculosis por PCR en tiempo real GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra y en cultivo de medio líquido de esputo, con crecimiento en tiempo menor a tres días. La biopsia de las adenomegalias confirmó linfoma de células T periférico asociado a infección por virus linfotrópico T humano tipo I-II, presentando una evolución tórpida a pesar del esquema quimioterapéutico.
Tuberculosis is a globally distributed infection with high morbidity and mortality in underdeveloped countries. We present the case of a 55-year-old woman with a 2-month history of cervical lymph nodes, weight loss, and fever with subsequent progressive exertional dyspnea. She was admitted to the emergency department with ventilatory failure and radiological findings compatible with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. M. tuberculosis infection was proved by a real-time PCR GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra and in culture of sputum liquid medium, with growth in less than 3 days. The biopsy of the lymph nodes revealed peripheral T-cell lymphoma associated with infection by human T-lymphotropic virus type I-II, presenting a torpid evolution despite the chemotherapy regimen.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Leukemia is a type of blood cancer characterized by the accumulation of mature or immature cells in the bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and lymphoid tissues. These cells can cause extranodal infiltration in tissues such as skin (leukemia cutis [LC]) and mucous membranes, being these locations rare. Case presentation: The patient was referred to a university hospital, where BM and computed tomography tests were performed, showing peripheral lymphatic involvement and maxillary paranasal sinus (PNS) opacity. Subsequently, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) of the PNS was performed and biopsies were taken from the skin lesion and PNS mucosa. Based on the results of the BM tests, the patient was diagnosed with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, so chemotherapy (CT) was initiated. The biopsy report described infiltration of leukemoid neoplastic cells in both locations (skin lesion and PNS mucosa), confirmed by immunohistochemistry. During CT, the patient developed bone marrow aplasia, tumor lysis syndrome and septic and hypovolemic shock, which eventually led to his death. Conclusion: LC is a rare condition associated with poor prognosis, so once detected it is necessary to initiate systemic treatment and look for possible extramedullary metastases. PNS opacity in patients with oncologic immunosuppression is usually considered as nasosinusal infection; however, it may also be secondary to an unusual infiltrative involvement of leukemia.
Resumen Introducción. La leucemia es un cáncer hematológico caracterizado por la acumulación de células maduras o inmaduras en la médula ósea (MO), la sangre periférica, los ganglios linfáticos y los tejidos linfoides. Estas células pueden causar infiltración extranodal en tejidos como la piel (leucemia cutis [LC]) y en las mucosas, siendo estas localizaciones infrecuentes. Presentación del caso. Hombre de 24 años con masa submaxilar dolorosa, obstrucción nasal y lesiones cutáneas quien asistió al servicio de urgencias de un hospital de segundo nivel en Bogotá D.C., Colombia, donde se reportó reacción leucocitaria en hemograma y de blastos en frotis de sangre periférica, por lo que fue remitido a un hospital universitario, donde se realizaron pruebas de MO y tomografía computarizada, en la cual se observó compromiso linfático periférico y opacificación de senos paranasales (SPN) maxilares. Posteriormente, se realizó cirugía endoscópica funcional de SPN y se tomaron biopsias de la lesión cutánea y de la mucosa de los SPN. Con base en los resultados de las pruebas de MO, el paciente fue diagnosticado con leucemia linfoblástica aguda de células B, por lo que se le inició quimioterapia (QT). El reporte de biopsia describió infiltración de células neoplásicas leucemoides en ambas localizaciones (lesión cutánea y mucosa de SPN), confirmada mediante inmunohistoquímica. Durante la QT, el paciente desarrolló aplasia medular, síndrome de lisis tumoral y choque séptico e hipovolémico, lo que eventualmente llevó a su deceso. Conclusión. La LC es una condición poco frecuente asociada a un pobre pronóstico, por lo que una vez detectada es necesario iniciar tratamiento sistémico y buscar posibles metástasis extramedulares. La opacificación de los SPN en pacientes con inmunosupresión oncológica suele considerarse como infección nasosinusal; sin embargo, también puede ser secundaria a un compromiso infiltrativo inusual de la leucemia.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: históricamente, antes de la aprobación de venetoclax, los pacientes con leucemia mieloide aguda no aptos para los esquemas de quimioterapia intensiva eran tratados con agentes hipometilantes (AHM), dosis bajas de citarabina (DBC) o el mejor tratamiento de soporte (BSC). Material y métodos: para describir los patrones de tratamiento y los resultados clínicos en el mundo real, realizamos un subanálisis con 77 pacientes de Argentina que participaron en el estudio global CURRENT y comenzaron el tratamiento entre 2015 y 2018 (antes de la aprobación de venetoclax; fecha de cierre de datos: 31/3/2020). Resultados: la mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue de 75 años. La proporción de pacientes que recibieron BSC solo fue más alta en comparación con los datos globales. La proporción relativa de pacientes con citogenética de alto riesgo fue similar entre aquéllos que recibían terapias de primera línea o BSC solo; se identificaron mutaciones en el 9,4 % de los pacientes que recibían terapias de primera línea. La mediana de la sobrevida global fue de 7,36 meses para el subgrupo argentino vs. 6,2 meses para la cohorte global. La mediana de la sobrevida libre de progresión fue de 6,31 (cohorte total), 8,05 (AHM) y 1,02 (BSC solo) meses. Conclusión: los resultados de los pacientes no aptos continúan siendo desfavorables, lo que reafirma la necesidad insatisfecha de nuevas terapias y esquemas combinados.
Abstract Introduction: patients with acute myeloid leukemia unfit for intensive chemotherapy were historically treated with hypomethylating agents (HMA), low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) or best supportive care (BSC) before venetoclax approval. Materials and methods: to describe real-world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes, we performed a subanalysis of 77 patients from Argentina who participated in the worldwide CURRENT study, initiating treatment between 2015 and 2018 (before venetoclax approval; cutoff: 3/31/2020). Results: median age at diagnosis was 75 years. Proportion of BSC-only patients was higher, compared with global data. Relative proportion of patients with high-risk cytogenetics was similar in those receiving first-line therapies or BSC-only; mutations were found in 9.4% of those patients receiving first-line therapies. Median overall survival was 7.36 months for the Argentinean subset vs. 6.2 months for the global cohort. Median progression-free survival was 6.31 (total cohort), 8.05 (HMA), and 1.02 (BSC-only) months. Conclusion: outcomes for unfit patients remain poor, highlighting the unmet need for new therapies and combined regimens.