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ABSTRACT Background: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the common carcinomas with a rising incidence of metastasis due to its advanced stage of presentation. The existing biomarkers such as CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) etc., for prognosis, have low sensitivity and specificity. Hence a need for a newer definitive biomarker. Obesity is the leading cause of CRC. Leptin and adiponectin secreted by adipose tissue have been studied as potential biomarkers in the field of CRC. The present study helps to understand the association of leptin and adiponectin receptors with clinicopathological parameters. Objective: To correlate the various clinicopathological parameters with the tissue expression of leptin and adiponectin receptors in CRC. Methods: It is a cross-sectional prospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Formalin fixed paraffin blocks of all radical resection CRC cases were collected and immunohistochemistry (IHC)was carried out on tumor tissue for leptin and adiponectin receptor. Tumor characteristics and clinical parameters were collected from the hospital medical records. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used. Results: Immunohistochemistry was performed on 60 cases of CRC. Significant positive correlation of leptin was observed with size, lymph node metastasis, advanced stage, and grade of tumor (P<0.05). A significant correlation between adiponectin receptor and CRC was observed concerning age, stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and grade of tumor. Conclusion: Positive expression of leptin and negative expression of adiponectin receptors in CRC helps to predict the risk of metastasis.
RESUMO Contexto: O carcinoma colorretal (CCR) é um dos carcinomas comuns com incidência crescente de metástases devido ao seu estágio avançado de apresentação. Os biomarcadores existentes como CEA (antígeno carcinoembrionário) etc., para prognóstico, apresentam baixa sensibilidade e especificidade. Daí a necessidade de um biomarcador definitivo mais recente. A obesidade é a principal causa do CCR. A leptina e a adiponectina secretadas pelo tecido adiposo têm sido estudadas como potenciais biomarcadores na área do CCR. O presente estudo ajuda a compreender a associação dos receptores de leptina e adiponectina com parâmetros clinicopatológicos. Objetivo: Correlacionar os diversos parâmetros clinicopatológicos com a expressão tecidual dos receptores de leptina e adiponectina no CCR. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, prospectivo, realizado em um hospital terciário. Blocos de parafina fixados em formalina de todos os casos de CCR de ressecção radical foram coletados e a imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) foi realizada no tecido tumoral para receptor de leptina e adiponectina. As características do tumor e os parâmetros clínicos foram coletados dos prontuários médicos do hospital. Foi utilizado o teste do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: A imunohistoquímica foi realizada em 60 casos de CCR. Correlação positiva significativa da leptina foi observada com tamanho e metástase linfonodal, estágio avançado e grau do tumor (P<0,01). Foi observada uma correlação significativa entre o receptor de adiponectina e o CCR em relação à idade, estágio, metástase linfonodal, metástase à distância e grau do tumor. Conclusão: A expressão positiva de leptina e a expressão negativa de receptores de adiponectina no CCR ajudam a prever o risco de metástase.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: la obesidad es un estado patológico caracterizado por una acumulación excesiva de tejido adiposo, la misma secreta adipocinas entre las cuales se encuentra la Leptina que está implicada en importantes funciones metabólicas como el control de apetito y peso corporal. Objetivos: se realizo este estudio de la correlación entre la concentración de Leptina sérica con indicadores antropométricos y parámetros bioquímicos en pacientes entre 5 a 15 años de edad, con sobrepeso u obesidad. Métodos: se efectuó e estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, con 148 pacientes entre 5 y 15 años de edad, se realizaron exámenes bioquímicos para evaluar la concentración de Leptina, Glucosa, Insulina, perfil lipídico e indicadores antropométricos. IMC, %GC y RCE. Resultados Se determinó correlaciones positivas entre las concentraciones de Leptina sérica con el IMC (75,4; p< 0,000), el (% GC) Porcentaje de grasa corporal (70,7: p< 0,000) y el (RCE) Razón Cintura estatura (75,4; p< 0,000), encontramos que no existe correlación entre la concentración de Leptina y Colesterol Total, por otra parte encontramos correlación negativa inversa con la concentración de Colesterol HDL en el sexo masculino, mientras que los Triglicéridos presentaron una correlación estadísticamente significativa. Por otra parte, no encontramos correlación significativa entre la determinación de la Leptina y la glicemia, por el contrario, la insulina presento una correlación alta estadísticamente significativa (p<0,000). Conclusiones: este estudio muestra la existencia de correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la Leptina sérica con indicadores antropométricos y parámetros bioquímicos en pacientes entre 5 a 15 años de edad, que tienen sobrepeso u obesidad.
Introduction: Obesity is a pathological state characterized by an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, which secretes adipokines where there is Leptin, that is involved in important metabolic functions such as appetite control and body weight. Objectives: a study was carried out on the correlation between the serum Leptin concentration with anthropometric indicators and biochemical parameters in patients between 5 and 15 years old, overweight and obesity. Methods: the cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out, with 148 patients between 5 and 15 years of age, biochemical tests were performed to evaluate the concentration of Leptin Glucose, insulin, lipid profile and anthropometric indicators BMI, % BF y WHR. Results: positive correlations were found between serum Leptin concentrations with BMI (75.4; p <0.000), the (% BF) Body fat percentage (70.7: p <0.000) and the (WHR) Waist Ratio height (75,4 p <0.000). A low correlation was observed between the Leptin concentration and Total Cholesterol, with the concentration of HDL Cholesterol an inverse correlation was found in male sex, while Triglycerides presented higher levels in the adolescent group, there was no statistically significant. Also, we did not find a significant between the determination of Leptin and glycemia, on the contrary, insulin presented a statistically significant higher correlation (p <0.000). Conclusion: this study shows the existence of a statistically significant correlation between serum Leptin with anthropometric indicators and biochemical parameters in patients between 5 and 15 years of age, who are overweight or obese.
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Introducción: El ácido valproico es un fármaco que se utiliza en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades, entre ellas la epilepsia. Aunque se lo considera un fármaco seguro presenta distintos efectos adversos entre ellos el más común es el aumento considerable de peso corporal. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el uso de ácido valproico en pacientes con tratamiento antiepiléptico y la ganancia de peso. Método: Revisión sistemática realizada en la Universidad Abierta Interamericana, en la que se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de estudios en la base de datos PubMed con términos MesH sobre Valproic acid AND weight gain. Una vez seleccionados los artículos tras la aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión quedaron 17, los que fueron útiles para llevar a cabo esta investigación. Resultados: La información de los artículos hallados revela que los mecanismos a través del cual el ácido valproico puede generar este incremento de peso corporal aún no están del todo esclarecidos. Se han propuesto varias hipótesis; las más frecuentes en la literatura son: la hiperinsulinemia y resistencia a la insulina, así como también la hiperleptinemia y la resistencia a la leptina, entre otros. Los pacientes que presentan ganancia de peso tienen importantes consecuencias para la salud, en particular, el desarrollo de obesidad y la asociación con dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y aterosclerosis. Además, al generar cambios en la imagen corporal puede traer aparejada depresión, disminución de la autoestima y confianza en sí mismo, lo que provoca el incumplimiento y abandono del tratamiento. Conclusiones: Se observa la relación de causalidad del ácido valproico sobre la ganancia de peso en pacientes que padecen epilepsia.
Introduction: Valproic acid is a drug used in the treatment of various diseases, including epilepsy. Although it is considered a safe drug, it presents different adverse effects, among them the most common is the considerable increase in body weight. Objective: To identify the relationship between the use of valproic acid in patients with antiepileptic treatment and weight gain. Method: Systematic review carried out at the Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Argentina, in which an exhaustive search of studies was carried out in the PubMed database with MeSH terms on Valproic acid AND weight gain. Once the articles were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 remained, which were useful to carry out this research. Results: The information from the articles found reveals that the mechanisms through which valproic acid can generate this increase in body weight are still not fully clarified. Several hypotheses have been proposed; the most frequent in the literature are: hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, as well as hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance, among others. Patients who present weight gain have important health consequences, particularly the development of obesity and the association with dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. In addition, by generating changes in body image, it can bring depression, decreased self-esteem and self-confidence, which causes non-compliance and abandonment of treatment. Conclusions: The causal relationship of valproic acid on weight gain in patients with epilepsy is observed.
Introdução: O ácido valpróico é um fármaco utilizado no tratamento de diversas doenças, entre elas a epilepsia. Apesar de ser considerado um medicamento seguro, apresenta diversos efeitos adversos, dentre eles o mais comum é o aumento considerável do peso corporal. Objetivo: Identificar a relação entre o uso de ácido valpróico em pacientes em tratamento antiepiléptico e o ganho de peso. Método: Revisão sistemática realizada na Universidad Abierta Interamericana, na qual foi realizada uma busca exaustiva de estudos na base de dados PubMed com termos MeSH sobre ácido valpróico AND ganho de peso. Uma vez selecionados os artigos após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, restaram 17, que foram úteis para a realização desta pesquisa. Resultados: As informações dos artigos encontrados revelam que os mecanismos pelos quais o ácido valpróico pode gerar esse aumento de peso corporal ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Várias hipóteses foram propostas; os mais frequentes na literatura são: hiperinsulinemia e resistência à insulina, assim como hiperleptinemia e resistência à leptina, entre outros. Pacientes que apresentam ganho de peso trazem importantes consequências para a saúde, principalmente o desenvolvimento de obesidade e associação com dislipidemia, hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e aterosclerose. Além disso, por gerar alterações na imagem corporal, pode trazer depressão, diminuição da autoestima e da autoconfiança, o que ocasiona a não adesão e abandono do tratamento. Conclusões: Observa-se a relação causal do ácido valpróico com o ganho de peso em pacientes com epilepsia.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: la obesidad está asociada con el síndrome metabólico, la hipertensión, la aterosclerosis y las enfermedades del corazón. El tejido adiposo funciona como un órgano endocrino al secretar múltiples proteínas inmunomoduladoras conocidas como adipocinas, que pueden actuar en forma directa sobre órganos cercanos o remotos. Objetivos: la búsqueda de las funciones de las diferentes adipocinas ha permitido establecer la relación entre obesidad y enfermedades cardiovasculares. La primera conduce a mayor expresión de algunas adipocinas proinîamatorias y disminución de otras antiinîamatorias, dando como resultado el desarrollo de un estado inîamatorio crónico de bajo grado. Discusión: algunas adipocinas disminuyen su expresión en sujetos obesos. Sin embargo, la leptina la aumenta en obesidad y promueve complicaciones relacionadas con esta. Conclusiones: estudios clínicos y experimentales indican que la leptina contribuye al desarrollo de cardiopatía isquémica y ejerce acciones perniciosas en las enfermedades cardiovasculares relacionadas con la obesidad.
Introduction: obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension, atherosclerosis and heart disease. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ by secreting multiple immune-modulatory proteins known as adipokines, that can directly act on nearby or remote organs. Objetive: research on the various functions of adipokines has shed light on the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity leads to increased expression of some pro-inîammatory adipokines and diminished expression of other anti-inîammatory adipokines, resulting in the development of a chronic low-grade inîammatory state. Some adipokines decrease their expression in obese individuals. However, obese subjects have elevated leptin levels which promote obesity-related complications. Conclusions: clinical and experimental studies indicate that leptin contributes to the development of ischemic heart disease and exerts pernicious actions on obesity-linked cardiovascular diseases.
Subject(s)
HumansABSTRACT
A obesidade é definida pelo excesso de gordura corporal acumulada no tecido adiposo quando o indivíduo atinge valores de IMC igual ou superior a 30 Kg/m2. Constitui um dos principais fatores de risco para várias doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) como por exemplo, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, acidente vascular cerebral e até mesmo o câncer. Embora a obesidade esteja diretamente relacionada com o consumo calórico excessivo em relação ao gasto energético diário, sua etiologia pode estar associada aos baixos níveis de atividade física, às alterações neuroendócrinas e aos fatores genéticos. Considerando o componente genético, esta pode ser classificada como sindrômicas e estar associada às alterações cromossômicas estruturais ou numéricas, ou como não sindrômica, quando relacionada, principalmente, com os polimorfismos de nucleotídeos simples (SNPs) em alelos que atuam como herança monogênica, ou ainda com a interação vários genes (poligênica multifatorial). Apesar de existirem muitas etiologias diferentes, normalmente a obesidade é tratada a partir da mesma abordagem, desconsiderando a fisiologia que a desencadeou. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi abordar a obesidade genética não sindrômica por meio a) da descrição breve de perspectiva histórica sobre seu entendimento; b) da exposição dos principais mecanismos moleculares envolvidos com o controle de peso; c) da compilação dos principais genes e SNPs relacionados; d) da definição dos principais genes; e e) da abordagem das principais perspectivas de intervenção.
Obesity is defined as excess body fat accumulated in the adipose tissue when the individual reaches BMI values equal to or greater than 30 kg/m2. It is one of the main risk factors for several non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D), cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, stroke and even cancer. Although obesity is directly related to excessive calorie intake in relation to daily energy expenditure, its etiology may be associated with low levels of physical activity, neuroendocrine changes, and genetic factors. Considering the genetic component, it can be classified as syndromic and be associated with chromosomal or numerical changes, or as non-syndromic and being related mainly to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in alleles that act as monogenic inheritance, or with an interaction of several genes (multifactorial polygenic). Although there are many different etiologies, obesity is usually treated using the same approach, disregarding the physiology that triggered it. Thus, the aim of this study was to address non-syndromic genetic obesity through a) a brief description of a historical perspective on its understanding; b) the exposure of the main molecular mechanisms involved in weight control, c) the compilation of the key genes and related SNPs, d) the definition of the key genes and e) the approach of the main intervention representations.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Body Weight/genetics , Epigenomics , Genes/genetics , Obesity/genetics , Body Mass Index , Gene Expression/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics , Melanocortins/genetics , Receptors, Leptin/genetics , Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/genetics , Hypothalamus/physiopathology , Obesity/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Introducción: La lipodistrofia congénita de Berardinelli-Seip es un síndrome genético autosómico recesivo, caracterizado por la ausencia generalizada del tejido adiposo, el déficit de leptina y las alteraciones metabólicas incluidas la resistencia a la insulina, la esteatohepatitis y la hipertrigliceridemia. Objetivo: Definir los diferentes espectros clínicos y fisiopatológicos del síndrome y su relación con el fenotipo definiendo las estrategias terapéuticas actuales. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica no sistemática en las bases de datos Science Direct, EMBASE, LILACS, Redalyc, SciELO y PubMed. Los criterios de inclusión fueron publicaciones en inglés, portugués o español, en las que el título y las palabras clave, abordaban el tema planteado con una vigencia de 10 años. Se obtuvieron 50 artículos relacionados con el síndrome, de los cuales 30 fueron seleccionados para su revisión. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de la enfermedad es principalmente clínico. Se establece en presencia de tres criterios mayores o la combinación de dos mayores con dos menores y/o por la identificación de variantes patogénicas por medio del estudio genético y molecular. La dieta y el ejercicio conjuntamente con la administración de la metreleptina son pilares fundamentales en el manejo de estos pacientes. El reconocimiento temprano del síndrome es esencial para prevenir las complicaciones, y brindar asesoría genética y reproductiva a los pacientes y familiares(AU)
Introduction: Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy is an autosomal recessive genetic syndrome, characterized by the general absence of adipose tissue, leptin deficiency and metabolic alterations including insulin resistance, steatohepatitis and hypertriglyceridemia. Objective: To present the different clinical and pathophysiological spectra of the syndrome, its relationship with the phenotype, defining the current therapeutic strategies. Methods: A non-systematic bibliographic search was carried out in Science Direct, EMBASE, LILACS, Redalyc, SciELO and PubMed databases. The inclusion criteria were publications in English, Portuguese and Spanish, in which the title and keywords included information pertinent to the stated objective with a periodicity of 10 years, 50 articles were retrieved, and 30 of them were selected. Conclusions: The diagnosis of the disease is mainly clinical. It is established in the presence of three major criteria or the combination of two major and two minor criteria and/or by the identification of pathogenic variants through genetic and molecular studies. Diet and exercise together with the administration of metreleptin are fundamental pillars in the management of these patients. Early recognition of the syndrome is essential to prevent complications, allowing genetic and reproductive counseling to be provided to patients and their families(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Lipodystrophy, Congenital Generalized/physiopathology , Insulin Resistance , Review Literature as Topic , Databases, Bibliographic , Health StrategiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Appetite regulation is integral to food intake and is modulated by complex interactions between internal and external stimuli. Hormonal mechanisms which stimulate or inhibit intake have been characterized, but the physiologic effects of serum levels of such hormones in short-term appetite regulation have received little attention. AIM: To evaluate whether fasting levels of orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones were associated with energy intake at breakfast, served soon after drawing a fasting blood sample, in a group of adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Anthropometry, body composition and fasting blood levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and orexin-A were measured in 655 Chilean adolescents aged 16.8 ± 0.3 years (52% males). Energy intake was measured at a semi-standardized breakfast. Associations between hormone levels and energy intake were studied using multivariate linear models. RESULTS: Thirty nine percent of participants were overweight/ obese. After an overnight fast, median values for leptin, insulin, ghrelin and orexin-A were 7.3 ng/mL, 6.7 IU/dL, 200.8 pg/mL, and 16.1 pg/mL, respectively. Participants ate on average 637 ± 239 calories at breakfast. In multivariable models, insulin levels were inversely and independently associated with caloric intake at breakfast (β = −18.65; p < 0.05), whereas leptin, ghrelin and orexin-A levels were positively and independently associated with intake: β= 5.56, β = 0.34 and β = 8.40, respectively, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Fasting leptin, ghrelin and orexin-A were positively associated with energy intake during breakfast provided soon after the blood draw. Insulin was negatively associated with energy intake. Modifiable factors influencing levels of appetite regulating hormones could be a potential target for influencing food intake.
ANTECEDENTES: La regulación del apetito es parte integral de la ingesta alimentaria y es modulada por complejas interacciones entre estímulos internos y externos. Se han caracterizado los mecanismos hormonales que estimulan o inhiben la ingesta, pero los efectos fisiológicos de los niveles séricos de tales hormonas en la regulación del apetito a corto plazo han recibido poca atención. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si los niveles en ayunas de hormonas orexigénicas/ anorexigénicas se asocian con la ingesta energética en el desayuno, entregado inmediatamente después de una muestra de sangre en ayunas, en un grupo de adolescentes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se efectuaron mediciones antropométricas, composición corporal y medición de niveles en ayunas de leptina, insulina, grelina y orexina-A en 655 adolescentes de 16,8 ± 0,26 años. La ingesta energética se midió en un desayuno semiestandarizado. Se estudiaron las asociaciones entre los niveles hormonales y la ingesta energética mediante modelos lineales multivariados. RESULTADOS: Los valores de leptina, insulina, grelina y orexina-A fueron 7,3 ng/mL, 6,7 UI/dL, 200,8 pg/mL y 16,1 pg/mL respectivamente. Los participantes comieron un promedio de 637 ± 239 calorías en el desayuno. Los niveles de insulina se asociaron inversa e independientemente con la ingesta del desayuno (β = −18,65; p < 0,05), mientras que los niveles de leptina, grelina y orexina-A se asociaron positiva e independientemente con la ingesta: β = 5,65; β = 0,34; β = 8,40, (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La leptina, grelina y orexina-A en ayunas se asociaron positivamente con la ingesta de energía durante el desayuno proporcionado poco después de la muestra de sangre. La insulina se asoció negativamente con la ingesta de energía. Los factores modificables que influyen en las hormonas reguladoras del apetito podrían ser un objetivo potencial para influir en la ingesta de alimentos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Appetite/physiology , Breakfast , Energy Intake/physiology , Chile , Fasting , Leptin , Ghrelin , Orexins , InsulinABSTRACT
Resumen OBJETIVOS: Evaluar las concentraciones séricas maternas de las adipocinas: adiponectina, adipsina, leptina, lipocalina-2, proteína quimioatrayente de monocitos-1, factor de crecimiento nervioso, resistina y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa y su relación con el índice de masa corporal previo al embarazo y la ganancia de peso gestacional en mujeres con preeclampsia comparadas con mujeres sanas, y hacer un análisis de la clasificación de preeclampsia en temprana y tardía. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, comparativo, retrolectivo, con muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia efectuado en pacientes atendidas en el Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 3, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). En el preoperatorio se tomó una muestra de sangre para determinar las concentraciones séricas de las adipocinas mediante ensayos multianalito. RESULTADOS: Se estudió una muestra de 75 mujeres con embarazo sano y 44 con preeclampsia (temprana n = 20, tardía n = 24). Solo las concentraciones de adipsina, leptina y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa fueron mayores en preeclampsia que en el embarazo sano [mediana (rango intercuartílico): 3.9 µg/mL (2.9-5.4) vs 2.5 µg/mL (1.9-3.1), 10.6 ng/mL (6.0-19.1) en comparación con 7.1 ng/mL (3.8-12.4), 3.6 pg/mL (2.7-5.8) vs 2.9 (2.3-3.5), respectivamente]. Las concentraciones de las adipocinas no se correlacionaron con el índice de masa corporal previo al embarazo ni con la ganancia de peso gestacional. No hubo diferencias significativas en las concentraciones entre los subtipos de preeclampsia. CONCLUSIÓN: En el tercer trimestre del embarazo la preeclampsia se asocia con un perfil sérico de adipocinas alterado, caracterizado por concentraciones elevadas de adipsina, leptina y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa, que no se relaciona con el índice de masa corporal previo al embarazo, la ganancia de peso gestacional y el subtipo de preeclampsia.
Abstract OBJECTIVES: To evaluate maternal serum concentrations of adipokines: adiponectin, adipsin, leptin, lipocalin-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, nerve growth factor, resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and their relationship with pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain in women with preeclampsia compared with healthy women, and to perform an analysis classifying preeclampsia as early and late. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, comparative, retrolective, non-probabilistic convenience sampling study carried out in patients attended at the Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 3, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Preoperatively, a blood sample was taken to determine serum adipokine concentrations by multianalyte assays. RESULTS: A sample of 75 women with healthy pregnancy and 44 with preeclampsia (early n = 20, late n = 24) was studied. Only adipsin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were higher in preeclampsia than in healthy pregnancy [median (interquartile range): 3. 9 µg/mL (2.9-5.4) vs. 2.5 µg/mL (1.9-3.1), 10.6 ng/mL (6.0-19.1) compared to 7.1 ng/mL (3.8-12.4), 3.6 pg/mL (2.7-5.8) vs. 2.9 (2.3-3.5), respectively]. Adipokine concentrations did not correlate with pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain. There were no significant differences in concentrations between preeclampsia subtypes. CONCLUSION: In the third trimester of pregnancy, preeclampsia is associated with an altered serum adipokine profile, characterized by elevated concentrations of adipsin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which is not related to prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and preeclampsia subtype.
ABSTRACT
Resumen: Introducción: Las alteraciones en las concentraciones plasmáticas de leptina y adiponectina son la causa de las alteraciones metabólicas en la infancia como, por ejemplo, resistencia a la insulina, glicemias elevadas y perfil lipídico alterado. El desequilibrio de estas adipoquinas es la consecuencia metabólica del exceso de tejido adiposo en el individuo. La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública en el mundo, al ser una condición predisponente para el desarrollo de exceso de peso en la adultez y, consecuentemente, de padecimientos crónicos como enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes, síndrome metabólico, entre otras. De ahí la importancia de su detección en etapas tempranas de la vida para su prevención o tratamiento. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el perfil lipídico y biomarcadores de adiposidad, con el fin de establecer la prevalencia de dislipidemias y riesgo de aterogenicidad en niños escolares del distrito de Tres Ríos, cantón de La Unión, provincia de Cartago. Metodología: Se determinó la concentración plasmática de leptina, adiponectina, insulina y lípidos de un grupo de 108 escolares del cantón de La Unión, Cartago, Costa Rica, con edades entre 6 y 10 años, a los cuales se les realizó la evaluación antropométrica y la determinación por duplicado de los biomarcadores. Resultados: Las concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol total y triglicéridos se encontraban fuera del rango de normalidad en la población en estudio. El exceso de peso evidencia una relación significativa y positiva con las concentraciones plasmáticas de leptina e insulina. Condiciones como la edad y el sexo no afectaron el comportamiento de los indicadores estudiados. Conclusiones: El colesterol total, los triglicéridos, la leptina e insulina podrían constituirse en indicadores metabólicos para el monitoreo del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas en poblaciones pediátricas.
Summary: Introduction: Childhood obesity is a public health problem in the world, being a predisposing condition for the development of excess weight in adulthood and consequently of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, among others, hence the importance of its detection in early stages of life for prevention and / or treatment. Alterations in plasma concentrations of leptin and adiponectin in childhood are the reason for the metabolic alterations that may occur in this population such as insulin resistance, high blood sugar levels and altered lipid profile. The imbalance of these adipokines is the metabolic consequence of excess adipose tissue in the individual. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to analyze the lipid profile and biomarkers of adiposity, in order to establish the prevalence of dyslipidemias and risk of atherogenicity in school children in the Tres Ríos district, La Unión canton, Cartago province. Methodology: The serum concentration of leptin, adiponectin, insulin and lipids was determined from a group of 108 schoolchildren from the canton of La Unión, Cartago, Costa Rica, aged between 6 and 10 years, to whom the anthropometric evaluation and duplicate determination of biomarkers. Results: Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides were outside the normal range in the study population. Excess weight shows a significant and positive relationship with plasma concentrations of leptin and insulin. Conditions such as age and sex did not affect the behavior of the indicators studied. Conclusions: Total cholesterol, triglycerides, leptin, and insulin could be metabolic indicators for monitoring the risk of chronic diseases in pediatric populations.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adiposity , Pediatric Obesity , Lipids , StudentsABSTRACT
Resumen Antecedentes: la obesidad es un factor de riesgo para las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: explorar la relación entre indicadores antropométricos y niveles de leptina en un grupo de madres y en sus hijos. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal en 74 binomios madre-hijo de Cali, Colombia. Se realizó caracterización sociodemográfica, evaluaciones antropométricas y leptina sérica en 56 madres y 26 niños. Se usaron coeficientes de correlación entre los indicadores antropométricos y la leptina. Resultados: las madres presentaron 35,5 % de exceso de peso, elevada grasa corporal en un 80 % y niveles de leptina de 20,5 ng/mL. Los niños tenían 20,7±2,4 meses de edad; 8,2 % de exceso de peso; 4,1 % desnutrición aguda y niveles de leptina de 1,85 ng/mL. En madres e hijos las correlaciones entre indicadores antropométricos fueron significativas y positivas, lo mismo con leptina en las madres, pero en los niños solo correlacionó débilmente con peso/talla e IMC-edad. La leptina en las madres se correlacionó débilmente con indicadores antropométricos de los niños, pero no al contrario. Conclusión: la prevalencia de exceso de peso es alta en las madres y menor en los niños. La leptina en las madres se correlaciona débilmente con indicadores antropométricos de los niños, pero no al contrario.
Abstract Background: Obesity is a risk factor for non-communicable chronic diseases. Objective: Explore the relationship between anthropometric indicators and leptin levels in a group of mothers and their children. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 74 mother-child pairs from Cali, Colombia. Sociodemographic characterization, anthropo-metric evaluations, and serum leptin measurements were performed in 56 mothers and 26 children. Correlation coefficients were used between anthropometric indicators and leptin. Results: 35.5% of mothers had excess weight, 80% had high body fat, and leptin levels of 20.5 ng/dL. The children were 20.7 ± 2.4 months old; 8.2% presented with excess weight; 4.1% had acute malnutrition, and leptin levels of 1.85 ng/dL. In mothers and children, the correlations between anthropometric indicators were significant and positive, the same with leptin in mothers, but in children leptin only correlated weakly with weight / height and BMI-age. Leptin in mothers was weakly correlated with anthropometric indicators in children, but not vice versa. Conclusion: The prevalence of excess weight was high in mothers and less so in their children. Leptin in mothers weakly correlated with anthropometric indicators in their children, but not vice versa.
Subject(s)
Leptin , ObesityABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La etapa prepuberal es un periodo crítico del desarrollo de la grasa corporal, en el cual la leptina y la resistencia a la insulina han sido asociados, sin embargo, hay pocos estudios en prepúberes normo- peso. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación de leptina con composición corporal y resistencia a la insulina en un grupo de prepúberes normopeso. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal analítico en 128 pre púberes saludables, normopeso, entre 6 y 10 años. Se midieron, talla, peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), perímetro abdominal (PA) y perímetro de cadera (PC). Se determinó leptina (ng/ml) e Insulina (μU/L) en plasma por inmunoensayo y glicemia (mmol/L) por método enzimático. Se calculó HOMA-IR. Se hizo análisis de comparación y de correlación por sexo. RESULTADOS: Se confirmó en niñas un mayor nivel de leptina (6,8 ± 5 vs 3,3 ± 3,7; p = 0,000), insulina (7,1 ± 4,5 vs 5,2 ± 2,5; p = 0,016), PGC (22,4 ± 4,3 vs 18,6 ± 3,9; p = 0,000) y PC (67 ± 5,7 vs 65,0 ± 4,5; p = 0,019), y un menor índice cintura/cadera (0,84 ± 0,04 vs 0,88 ± 0,04; p = 0,000) comparado con varones. Las correlaciones de leptina con variables antropométricas fueron signifi cantes en ambos sexos, con mayor asociación en sexo femenino. La asociación del HOMA-IR con la leptina fue similar en ambos sexos. CONCLUSIONES: En prepúberes normopeso de 6 a 10 años, hay diferencias por sexo en adiposidad y en niveles de leptina, no asociadas con diferencias en el IMC ni en la resistencia a la insulina. La mayor asociación de leptina con adiposidad en las niñas podría estar relacionada con una elevada tasa de adipogénesis inducida por esta hormona.
INTRODUCTION: The prepubertal stage is a critical period of body fat development, in which leptin and insulin re sistance has been associated, however, there are few studies in normal-weight prepubescents. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between leptin and body composition and insulin resistance in a group of normal-weight prepubescents. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Analytical cross-sectional study with 128 healthy prepubescents of normal weight, aged between 6 and 10 years. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were measured. Plasma leptin (ng/mL) and insulin (mU/L) were evaluated by immunoassay and glycemia (mmol/L) by enzymatic method. HOMA-IR was calculated. A comparison study and correlation analysis by sex were performed. RESULTS: Females presented higher values than males of leptin (6.8 ± 5 vs 3.3 ± 3.7; p = 0.000), insulin (7.1 ± 4.5 vs 5.2 ± 2.5; p = 0.016), BFP (22.4 ± 4.3 vs 18.6 ± 3.9; p = 0.000), and HC (67 ± 5.7 vs 65.0 ± 4.5; p = 0.019), and a lower waist/hip ratio (0.84 ± 0.04 vs 0.88 ± 0.04; p = 0.000). Leptin correlations with anthropometric variables were significant in both sexes, with greater association in females. The association of HOMA-IR with leptin was similar in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: in normal-weight prepubescents aged between 6-10 years, there are sex differences in adiposity and leptin levels not associated with differences in BMI or insulin resistance. The greater association of leptin with adiposity in girls could be related to a high rate of adipogenesis induced by this hormone.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Body Composition/physiology , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Sex Characteristics , Leptin/blood , Blood Glucose/physiology , Body Height , Body Weight/physiology , Body Mass Index , Sex Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Adiposity/physiology , Ideal Body Weight , Insulin/bloodABSTRACT
Assess the nutritional and biochemical state of patients with Alzheimer Disease (AD) compared to a control group. This is an observational, case-control and descriptive type study, based on the recruiting of 22 elderly individuals with a clinical diagnosis of AD considered as the case group, and 22 other elderly individuals considered as the control group. Evaluations were made using the results from the following scales Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), anthropometric measurements for obtaining the body mass index (BMI) and biochemical analyses. The analyses were performed on the program SPSS version 20.0, using absolute and relative measures, T test for independent samples for measurement comparisons and the Spearman correlation test. In the cognitive evaluation MMSE, those participants with AD present higher risk of cognitive decline (81.8%), greater risk of malnutrition according to MNA (45.5%) and altered levels of leptin (90.9%). Upon performing the comparison analysis between the group with AD and the control group, there existed noteworthy differences between the means for the variables MNA (4.40; BMI95% 2.75 6.06), MMSE (10.54; BMI95% 7.09 13.99) and doses of HDL (High Density Lipoproteins) (14.53; BMI95% 6.18 22.88). As well as differences in the p-value < 0.09 in the leptin doses (11.54; BMI95% (-24.98 1.89) and transferrin dose (-72.31; BMI95% -159.48 14.84). The Spearman correlation demonstrated that the cognitive decline in the group of senior citizens with AD was strongly associated with nutritional conditions MNA (R 0.484) and the leptin dose (R 0.590). Senior citizens with AD present worse nutritional conditions, cognitive decline and biochemical alterations when compared to senior citizens in the control group. As such, the study demonstrated the need for an integrated healthcare assistance concerning senior citizens with AD.
Avaliar o estado nutricional e bioquímico de pacientes com Doença de Alzheimer (DA) comparando com um grupo controle. Materiais e métodos: trata-se de um tipo observacional, caso-controle e descritivo a partir do recrutamento de 22 idosos diagnosticados clinicamente com DA considerados grupo caso e outros 22 idosos considerados controle, foi utilizado a escala Mini Avaliação nutricional (MNA), Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE), medidas antropométricas para obtenção do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e análises bioquímicas. As análises foram realizadas no programa SPSS versão 20.0, utilizou-se de medidas absolutas e relativas, teste T para amostras independentes para comparação de médias e o teste de correlação de Spearman. Na avaliação cognitiva MMSE os participantes com DA apresentaram maior prevalência de declínio cognitivo (81,8%), maior prevalência de risco para desnutrição segundo MNA (45,5%) e níveis alterados de leptina (90,9%). Ao se realizar a análise de comparação o grupo com DA e o controle observou-se diferenças significativas entre as médias das variáveis MNA (4,40; IC95% 2,75 6,06), MMSE (10,54; IC95% 7,09 13,99) e dosagens de HDL (14,53; IC95% 6,18 22,88). E diferenças com o p-valor < 0,09 nas dosagens de leptina (11,54; IC95% (-24,98 1,89) e dosagem de transferrina (-72,31; IC95% -159,48 14,84). A correlação de Spearman demonstrou que o declínio cognitivo no grupo de idosos com DA, esteve associado significativamente às condições nutricionais MNA (R 0,484) e dosagem de leptina (R 0,590). Idosos com DA apresentaram piores condições nutricionais, declínio cognitivo e alterações bioquímicas, ao compara-los com idosos controles. Desta forma, o estudo demonstra a necessidade de uma assistência integral a esses idosos.
Subject(s)
Aged , Biomarkers , Nutrition Assessment , Leptin , Alzheimer DiseaseABSTRACT
Resumo Fundamento A obesidade é um fator de risco para complicações médicas, incluindo o sistema cardiovascular. Há informações limitadas sobre o colágeno no coração obeso. Nosso estudo anterior demonstrou uma redução dos níveis proteicos de colágeno miocárdico tipo I em ratos obesos alimentados com uma dieta com alto teor de gordura durante 34 semanas. No entanto, os mecanismos responsáveis pelos níveis baixos não estão completamente elucidados. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a hipótese de que a redução do colágeno tipo I está associada ao aumento da atividade da metaloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a qual está ligada à elevação de leptina no miocárdio de ratos obesos. Métodos Ratos Wistar machos com 30 dias de idade foram randomizados em dois grupos: controle (dieta padrão) e obeso (dieta com alto teor de gordura), e alimentados durante 34 semanas. Foram avaliados as características gerais dos animais e os perfis metabólicos e endócrinos. Foram avaliados as expressões proteicas miocárdicas de colágeno tipo I, leptina e inibidores teciduais de metaloproteinases (TIMP), bem como a atividade da MMP-2. O teste de correlação de Pearson foi aplicado para determinar as associações entre variáveis. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados Os animais obesos apresentaram índice de adiposidade mais elevado em comparação ao controle. Foram observadas comorbidades como intolerância à glicose, hiperinsulinemia, resistência à insulina, hiperleptinemia e hipertensão nos ratos obesos. A obesidade reduziu o colágeno tipo I, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2, e aumentou a leptina e a MMP-2 no miocárdio. Houve uma correlação negativa entre o colágeno tipo I e a MMP-2 e uma correlação positiva entre a leptina e a MMP-2. Conclusão Foi confirmada a hipótese de que a redução do colágeno tipo I está associada ao aumento da atividade da MMP-2 e da expressão de leptina no miocárdio de ratos obesos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):61-70)
Abstract Background Obesity is a risk factor for medical complications, including the cardiovascular system. There is limited information on collagen in the heart in obesity. Our previous study showed decreased protein levels of myocardial collagen type I in obese rats fed a high-fat diet for 34 weeks. However, the mechanisms responsible for low levels are not fully elucidated. Objective The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the reduction in collagen type I is associated with increased metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity, which is linked to elevated leptin in the myocardium of obese rats. Methods Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups, control (standard diet) and obese (high-fat diet), and fed for 34 weeks. The general animal characteristics and metabolic and endocrine profiles were evaluated. Myocardial protein expressions of collagen I, leptin, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP), and MMP-2 activity were assessed. Pearson correlation was employed to determine the associations between variables. The level of significance was 5%. Results The obese animals had increased adiposity index compared to control. Comorbidities such as glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, and hypertension were observed in obese rats. Obesity reduced collagen I, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, and it increased leptin and MMP-2 in the myocardium. There was a negative correlation between collagen I and MMP-2 and a positive correlation between leptin and MMP-2. Conclusion The hypothesis was confirmed; the reduction in collagen type I is associated with increased MMP-2 activity and leptin expression in the myocardium of obese rats. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):61-70)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Leptin , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 , Rats, Wistar , Collagen Type I , Myocardium , Obesity/complicationsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction Obesity is one of the major diseases of modern times. However, the explanation for its pathophysiology is recent and has not yet been fully elucidated. White adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes adipokines that affect several pathologies related to obesity. Excessive growth of this tissue results in increased levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines and a consequent decrease in anti-inflammatory adipokines. Nevertheless, most studies use moderate intensity training, limiting the understanding of high intensity interval training in these proteins. Objective To verify the latest information on the effects of HIIT in improving the profile of circulating adipokines. Methods A search was performed on the databases PUBMED, Lilacs, HighWire, BVS and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, with the following keywords: HIIT adipokines, HIIT leptin, HIIT adiponectin. Eleven studies were selected, published in English and Portuguese between 2013 and 2017. Results HIIT proved to be effective in increasing adiponectin in the adolescent population and in Olympic athletes, but this depended on a good prescription parameter and exercise intensity. However, maximum or supramaximal intensities were superior to low and moderate intensities. In turn, leptin presented a significant decrease in response to HIIT due to the reduction of adipose tissue, demonstrating a directly proportional relation. Other adipokines, such as omentin-1 and interleukin-10, also responded positively to HIIT, resulting in improved anti-inflammatory status. Conclusion HIIT proved to be an efficient method to reduce inflammation due to obesity, as well as inducing an improvement in sports performance. However, the effects depend on training volume, intensity and prescription method. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic study-Investigating the results of treatment.
RESUMO Introdução A obesidade é uma das principais doenças dos tempos modernos. Entretanto, a explicação da sua fisiopatologia é recente e ainda não foi totalmente esclarecida. O tecido adiposo branco sintetiza e secreta adipocinas que acometem diversas patologias relacionadas à obesidade. O aumento excessivo desse tecido resulta no aumento dos níveis de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias e na consequente diminuição de adipocinas anti-inflamatórias. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos utiliza o treinamento de intensidade moderada, limitando o entendimento do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade nessas proteínas. Objetivo Verificar as mais recentes informações sobre os efeitos do HIIT na melhoria do perfil das adipocinas circulantes. Métodos Foi realizada uma pesquisa nos bancos de dados PUBMED, Scielo, Lilacs, HighWire, BVS e Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews com as seguintes palavras chaves: HIIT adipokines, HIIT leptin, HIIT adiponectin. Onze estudos foram selecionados, publicados em inglês e em português, entre os anos de 2013 e 2017. Resultados O HIIT mostrou-se eficiente para aumentar a adiponectina na população adolescente e em atletas olímpicos, mas isso depende de um bom parâmetro de prescrição e da intensidade do exercício. Entretanto, as intensidades máximas ou supramáximas se mostraram superiores às intensidades baixas e moderadas. Por sua vez, a leptina apresentou significativa diminuição em resposta ao HIIT devido à redução do tecido adiposo, demonstrando uma relação diretamente proporcional. Outras adipocinas, como a omentina-1 e a Iiterleucina-10, também responderam de forma positiva ao HIIT, resultando em um melhor estado anti-inflamatório. Conclusão O HIIT demonstrou ser um método eficiente para diminuir a inflamação decorrente da obesidade, assim como induzir uma melhora no rendimento esportivo. Entretanto, os efeitos dependem do volume de treino, intensidade e método de prescrição. Nível de evidência I; Estudo terapêutico-Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción La obesidad es una de las principales enfermedades de los tiempos modernos. Entretanto, la explicación de su fisiopatología es reciente y aún no se ha dilucidado completamente. El tejido adiposo blanco sintetiza y secreta adipocinas que afectan diversas patologías relacionadas a la obesidad. El aumento excesivo de este tejido resulta en el aumento de los niveles de adipocinas proinflamatorias y la consiguiente disminución de las adipocinas antiinflamatorias. Entretanto, la mayoría de los estudios usa el entrenamiento de intensidad moderada, limitando el entendimiento del entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad en estas proteínas. Objetivo Verificar las más recientes informaciones sobre los efectos de HIIT en la mejora del perfil de las adipocinas circulantes. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda en los bancos de datos PUBMED, Lilacs, HighWire, BVS y Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews con las siguientes palabras llave: HIIT adipokines, HIIT leptin, HIIT adiponectin. Se seleccionaron 11 estudios, publicados en inglés y portugués entre 2013 y 2017. Resultados El HIIT se mostró eficiente para aumentar la adiponectina en la población adolescente y en atletas olímpicos, pero eso depende de un buen parámetro de prescripción e intensidad del ejercicio. Entretanto, las intensidades máximas o supramáximas se mostraron superiores a las intensidades bajas y moderadas. A su vez, la leptina present ó disminución significativa en respuesta al HIIT debido a la reducción del tejido adiposo, demostrando una relación directamente proporcional. Otras adipocinas, como omentina-1 e interleucina-10, también respondieron positivamente al HIIT, resultando en un mejor estado antiinflamatorio. Conclusión El HIIT demostró ser un método eficiente para disminuir la inflamación proveniente de la obesidad, así como inducir una mejora en el rendimiento deportivo. Entretanto, los efectos dependen del volumen de entrenamiento, la intensidad y el método de prescripción. Nivel de evidencia I, Estudio terapéutico - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
ABSTRACT
Chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity is characterized by an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to insulin resistance. For this study body composition, markers of inflammation and of insulin resistance in dogs before and after weight loss were compared to those of lean dogs. Eleven client-owned obese adult dogs underwent a weight loss program with commercial dry food for weight loss and reached an ideal body condition score (BCS) six months after the beginning of the weight loss program. A Control Group of nine dogs with ideal BCS were selected for the comparison. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test for normality, Mann Whitney were used for non-normally distributes data, and Student t-test was used for normally distributed parameters. In the Obese Group body fat decreased from 41.6% (30.7-58.6) to 29.1% (18.6-46.3) (P<0.01) and dogs maintained lean body mass throughout the weight loss program (P>0.05). Obese dogs presented higher concentration of fructosamine, triglycerides, insulin, IGF-1 and leptin than the Control Group before weight reduction (P<0.05). Serum concentrations of triglycerides, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, insulin, leptin and IGF-1 decreased after weight loss (P<0.01), and these concentrations were similar to the Control Group (P>0.05), except for leptin (P<0.001). No alteration on peptide YY was found. Leptin (r=0.60, P=0.01), fructosamine (r=0.44, P=0.02) and triglycerides (r=0.40, P=0.04) concentrations correlated with the reduction of body fat. Weight loss reduced the concentrations of inflammatory and insulin resistance markers and most parameters became similar to dogs that have always been lean, reinforcing the importance of weight loss in small animal practice.(AU)
A inflamação crônica de baixo grau na obesidade é caracterizada pela produção aumentada de citocinas pró-inflamatórias que contribuem para a resistência à insulina. Para este estudo a composição corporal e os marcadores de inflamação e de resistência à insulina em cães antes e após a perda de peso foram comparados aos de cães magros. Onze cães adultos obesos pertencentes a tutores foram incluídos em um programa de perda de peso com ração comercial hipocalórica e alcançaram escore de condição corporal (ECC) ideal seis meses após o início do regime. Um Grupo Controle de nove cães com ECC ideal foi selecionado para a comparação. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para testar a normalidade, Mann Whitney foi usado para análise dos dados que não atenderam distribuição normal e o teste t de Student foi usado para parâmetros que atenderam a normalidade. No Grupo Obesidade, a gordura corporal diminuiu de 41,6% (30,7-58,6) para 29,1% (18,6-46,3) (P<0,01) e os cães mantiveram massa magra ao longo do programa de perda de peso (P>0,05). Cães obesos apresentaram maior concentração de frutosamina, triglicérides, insulina, IGF-1 e leptina do que o Grupo Controle antes da redução de peso (P<0,05). As concentrações séricas de triglicerídeos, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, insulina, leptina e IGF-1 diminuíram após a perda de peso (P<0,01) e, essas concentrações foram semelhantes ao Grupo Controle (P>0,05), com exceção da leptina (P<0,001). Nenhuma alteração no peptídeo YY foi encontrada. As concentrações de leptina (r=0,60; P=0,01), frutosamina (r=0,44; P=0,02) e triglicerídeos (r=0,40; P=0,04) correlacionaram-se com a redução da gordura corporal. A perda de peso reduziu as concentrações de marcadores inflamatórios e de resistência à insulina e a maioria dos parâmetros tornaram-se semelhante aos dos cães que sempre foram magros, reforçando a importância da perda de peso na prática clínica de pequenos animais.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Insulin Resistance , Weight Loss , Diet, Reducing/veterinary , Inflammation/veterinary , Obesity/veterinary , Cytokines , AdipokinesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: Several studies have documented the statistical association between leptin and osteoarthritis (OA) especially in joints that support weight, such as hips and knees, demonstrating high concentrations of plasma leptin and synovial fluid. Few studies address the possible relationship between leptin and obesity/overweight with OA hand. Objectives: To determine the relationship between serum leptin levels and the severity of OA in hands. Establish the association between obesity/overweight with the severity of OA, using radiographic scales. Methods: Measurement of leptin levels by ELISA technique to 44 patients with primary OA of hand and 30 healthy controls. Analysis of hand radiographs using the classification system of Kellgren and Lawrence, and anthropometric measurements for the calculation of body mass index. Results: Serum leptin levels in the group of patients with primary hand OA were higher compared to healthy controls (P = 0.046). No significant associations were found between the different degrees of severity of the disease measured by radiological scale of de Kellgren and Lawrence with the average leptin levels (P = 0.94) as well as the obesity/overweight categorization according to the body mass index (P = 0.88). Conclusions: Serum leptin levels in the group of patients with primary hand OA in this study were higher compared to healthy controls, with a significant statistical difference. This difference was not maintained in relation to gender, as well as in the subgroup of patients with obesity or overweight.
RESUMEN Introducción: Varios estudios han documentado la asociación estadística entre leptina y osteoartritis (OA), en especial en las articulaciones que soportan peso, como caderas y rodillas, y han demostrado concentraciones elevadas de leptina en plasma y líquido sinovial. Pocos estudios abordan la posible relación entre leptina y obesidad/sobrepeso con la OA de mano. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre el nivel sérico de leptina y la severidad de la OA en manos. Establecer la asociación entre obesidad/sobrepeso con la severidad de OA mediante escalas radiográficas. Métodos: Medición del nivel de leptina por técnica de ELISA en 44 pacientes con OA primaria de mano y 30 controles sanos. Análisis de radiografías de manos mediante el sistema de clasificación de Kellgren y Lawrence y toma de medidas antropométricas para el cálculo del índice de masa corporal. Resultados: El nivel sérico de leptina en el grupo de pacientes con OA primaria de manos fue mayor que el de los controles sanos (p = 0,046). No se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre los diferentes grados de severidad de la enfermedad medidos por escala radiológica de Kellgren y Lawrence y los niveles medios de leptina (p = 0,94), ni tampoco con la categorización de obesidad/sobrepeso de acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal (p = 0,88). Conclusiones: El nivel sérico de leptina en el grupo de pacientes con OA de manos primaria de este estudio fue mayor que el de los controles sanos, con una diferencia estadística significativa. Esta diferencia no se mantuvo con relación al género, como tampoco en el subgrupo de pacientes con obesidad o sobrepeso.
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Osteoarthritis , Leptin , Radiography , Body Mass Index , ObesityABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción. La leptina es una hormona secretada por los adipocitos que se ha relacionado con el proceso de la transición de epitelio a mesénquima (Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition, EMT). Promueve la migración e invasión de las células del epitelio mamario mediante la activación de las cinasas FAK y Src, un complejo regulador de vías de señalización que favorecen la expresión de las proteínas relacionadas con la formación de estructuras proteolíticas implicadas en la invasión y progresión del cáncer. Recientemente, se ha descrito que la sobreexpresión y activación de la proteína Hic-5 durante el mencionado proceso de transición, favorece la formación de los puntos de actina (indicativa de la formación y funcionalidad de los invadopodios), lo cual promueve la degradación local de los componentes de la matriz extracelular y la metástasis del cáncer. Objetivos. Evaluar el papel de las cinasas FAK y Src sobre la expresión y localización subcelular de Hic-5 y la formación de puntos de actina inducida por la leptina en la línea celular MCF10A de epitelio mamario no tumoral. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron los inhibidores específicos de la FAK (PF-573228) y la Src (PP2) para evaluar el papel de ambas cinasas en los niveles de expresión y localización subcelular de la proteína Hic-5 mediante Western blot e inmunofluorescencia, así como la formación de puntos de actina mediante la tinción con faloidina-TRITC en células MCF10A estimuladas con leptina. Resultados. La leptina indujo el incremento en la expresión de Hic-5 y la formación de puntos de actina. El tratamiento previo con los inhibidores de las cinasas FAK (PF-573228) y Src (PP2), promovió la disminución en la expresión de Hic-5 y de los puntos de actina en la línea celular MCF10A de epitelio mamario no tumoral. Conclusión. La leptina indujo la expresión y la localización perinuclear de Hic-5 y la formación de puntos de actina mediante un mecanismo dependiente de la actividad de las cinasas FAK y Src en las células MCF10A.
Abstract Introduction: Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that has been associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, leptin promotes the migration and invasion of mammary epithelial cells through the activation of FAK and Src kinases, which are part of a regulatory complex of signaling pathways that promotes the expression of proteins related to the formation of proteolytic structures involved in the invasion and progression of cancer. Recently, overexpression and activation of Hic-5 during the EMT have been shown to induce the formation of actin puncta; these structures are indicative of the formation and functionality of invadopodia, which promote the local degradation of extracellular matrix components and cancer metastasis. Objective: To evaluate the role of FAK and Src kinases in the expression of Hic-5 during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by leptin in MCF10A cells. Materials and methods: We used specific inhibitors of FAK (PF-573228) and Src (PP2) to evaluate Hic-5 expression and subcellular localization by Western blot and immunofluorescence assays and to investigate the formation of actin puncta by epifluorescence in MCF10A cells stimulated with leptin. Results: Leptin induced an increase in Hic-5 expression and the formation of actin puncta. Pretreatment with inhibitors of FAK (PF-573228) and Src (PP2) promoted a decrease in Hic-5 expression and actin puncta formation in the non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A. Conclusion: In MCF10A cells, leptin-induced Hic-5 expression and perinuclear localization, as well as the formation of actin puncta through a mechanism dependent on the kinase activity of FAK and Src.
Subject(s)
Humans , src-Family Kinases/physiology , Leptin/pharmacology , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C Protein/physiology , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects , LIM Domain Proteins/metabolism , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Sulfones/pharmacology , Signal Transduction , Cell Line , Actins , Quinolones/pharmacology , src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/physiology , Neoplasm InvasivenessABSTRACT
Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for the development and progression of kidney disease. Obesity may harm kidneys in individuals without hypertension, diabetes, or pre-existing renal disease. Ginger, Zingiber officinale, has many beneficial pharmaceutical benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the Zingiber officinale protective effect against obesity complications which induced by high fat diet and caused renal dysfunctions. The study period was two months, and the experimental animals' groups were four, 80 Wistar rats were appropriated similarly 20 animals/group: control group; ginger extract group (GE); high-fat diet (HFD); and GE+HFD group. Body and fat weight, creatinine, leptin, TNF-α, total antioxidants, renal histopathological and ultrastructure were investigated. Rats in group of HFD showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the body and fat weights, creatinine, leptin and TNF-α, and significant decrease (P<0.05) in total antioxidants (TAS). Ginger administration significantly showed the protective restoring the altered parameters. Furthermore, rats co-treated with ginger extract improved the histopathological and ultrastructural renal injury induced by obesity. The study concluded that the ginger extract used could suppress and decrease the renal damage induced by high-fat diet as it possesses potential medicinal values.
La obesidad es un factor de riesgo modificable para el desarrollo y la progresión de la enfermedad renal. La obesidad puede dañar los riñones en personas sin hipertensión, diabetes o enfermedad renal preexistente. El jengibre, Zingiber officinale, tiene muchos beneficios farmacéuticos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto protector de Zingiber officinale en las complicaciones de la obesidad inducida por una dieta alta en grasas y las enfermedad renal. El período de estudio fue de dos meses, y los grupos de animales experimentales fueron cuatro, se asignaron 80 ratas Wistar de manera similar, 20 animales por grupo: grupo de control; grupo de extracto de jengibre (GE); dieta alta en grasas (DAG); y el grupo GE + DAG. Se evaluó el peso corporal y la grasa, creatinina, leptina, TNF-α, antioxidantes totales, histopatología renal y ultraestructura. Las ratas en el grupo de DAG mostraron un aumento significativo (P<0,05) en el peso corporal y de grasa, creatinina, leptina y TNF-a, y una disminución significativa (P<0,05) en los antioxidantes totales. La administración de jengibre mostró una protección significativa restaurando los parámetros alterados. Además, las ratas tratadas conjuntamente con extracto de jengibre mejoraron la lesión renal histopatológica y ultraestructural inducida por la obesidad. El estudio concluyó que el extracto de jengibre podría suprimir y disminuir el daño renal inducido por la dieta alta en grasas, ya que posee potenciales valores medicinales.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Zingiber officinale/chemistry , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Kidney Diseases/drug therapy , Obesity/complications , Body Weight , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Creatinine/analysis , Leptin/analysis , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Kidney/pathology , Kidney Diseases/pathologyABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Obesity and colorectal cancer could be linked by adipocytokines, which are proteins associated with cell proliferation. High levels of the adipocytokine leptin promote the development of colorectal cancer through its receptor. Objective: To determine the association between c.326A>G and c.668A>G LEPR gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer. Materials and methods: DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 147 patients with sporadic colorectal cancer and 134 healthy people. Genotypes were obtained by PCR- RFLP and the association was determined by the odds ratio (OR) test using the SPSS™, version 10.0, program. Haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium were estimated by the Arlequin, version 3.5, software. Results: Both polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Only the c.326A>G heterozygous genotype revealed an increased risk for colorectal cancer development (OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.04-3.16, p=0.04). The AG haplotype showed a significant association with colorectal cancer (OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.35-0.96, p<0.03). Linkage disequilibrium between the variants was only evident for the patients group (r2=0.36). Conclusion: Our results suggest that AG individuals heterozygous for the c.326A>G LEPR variant have a higher risk of colorectal cancer development whereas the AG haplotype (c.326A/c.668G) has a protective effect in the Mexican population.
Resumen Introducción. La relación entre la obesidad y el cáncer colorrectal podría estar dada por las adipocitocinas, proteínas asociadas con la proliferación celular. Los niveles elevados de la adipocitocina leptina promueven el desarrollo del cáncer colorrectal a través de su receptor. Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de los polimorfismos c.326A>G y c.668A>G del gen LEPR con el cáncer colorrectal. Materiales y métodos. A partir de sangre periférica, se extrajo el ADN de 147 pacientes con cáncer colorrectal esporádico y de 134 personas sanas. La genotipificación se hizo mediante PCR-RFLP y la asociación se determinó por la odds ratio (OR) en el programa SPSS™, versión 10.0. Las frecuencias haplotípicas y el desequilibrio de ligamiento se estimaron utilizando el programa Arlequin, versión 3.5. Resultados. Ambos polimorfismos estaban en equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Solo el genotipo heterocigoto c.326A>G reveló un mayor riesgo de desarrollar cáncer colorrectal (OR=1,81; IC95% 1,04-3,16; p=0,04). El haplotipo AG mostró una asociación significativa con este cáncer (OR=0,58; IC95% 0,35-0,96; p≤0,03) y el desequilibrio de ligamiento entre las variantes fue evidente únicamente en el grupo de pacientes (r2=0,36). Conclusión. Los resultados sugieren que los individuos heterocigotos con el haplotipo AG para la variante c.326A>G en el gen LEPR tenían un mayor riesgo de desarrollar cáncer colorrectal, en tanto que el haplotipo AG (c.326A/c.668G) tenía un efecto protector en la población mexicana.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Haplotypes , Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Receptors, Leptin/genetics , MexicoABSTRACT
Introducción. Poco se ha estudiado en adolescentes gestantes la fisiología del embarazo con respecto al comportamiento de las adipocitocinas y según el modelo homeostático HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) para evaluar la resistencia a la insulina y su relación con el peso del recién nacido. Objetivo. Determinar posibles correlaciones entre las adipocitocinas leptina y adiponectina, y el HOMA-IR en adolescentes gestantes de 14 a 17 años, el índice de masa corporal en el primer trimestre de gestación y el peso del recién nacido. Materiales y métodos. En las semanas 11 a 14 de gestación, se midieron las variables bioquímicas de la leptina y la adiponectina, así como de la glucemia y la insulina, y se calculó el puntaje del HOMA-IR. Se obtuvieron los datos sobre las variables antropométricas de las madres y los recién nacidos. En el análisis estadístico se calcularon la correlación de Pearson y el valor de p. Resultados. Se evidenció una correlación positiva entre los niveles séricos de la leptina y el HOMA-IR en el primer trimestre de gestación (r=0,5; p≤0,000) y una negativa entre la adiponectina y el HOMAIR (r=-0,4; p=0,017), además de correlaciones positivas del índice de masa corporal con la leptina, la insulina y el HOMA-IR (r=0,83 y p<0,000; r=0,56 y p=<0.000, y r=0,54 y p≤0,000, respectivamente). En madres adolescentes sin obesidad ni antecedentes de dislipidemia, se registró una correlación positiva entre la evaluación HOMA-IR y el peso neonatal (r=0,43; p=0,012). Conclusiones. La leptina y el HOMA-IR presentaron una correlación positiva, y la adiponectina y el HOMA-IR, una negativa. La leptina y el HOMA-IR se correlacionaron de manera positiva con el IMC. El HOMA-IR se correlacionó con el peso de los recién nacidos de adolescentes sin obesidad ni dislipidemia.
Introduction: The approach to the physiology of pregnancy based on adipokine behavior and the homeostasis-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) model, along with their relationship to neonatal weight, has been poorly studied in adolescent pregnant women. Objective: To determine possible correlations between adipokines leptin and adiponectin and HOMA-IR in pregnant women aged 14 to 17 years, and first-trimester body mass index (BMI) and neonatal weight. Materials and methods: In the weeks 11 to 14 of gestation, the biochemical variables leptin, adiponectin, glycemia and insulin were measured and HOMA-IR was calculated. Maternal and neonatal anthropometric variables were obtained. Statistical analysis was performed with Pearson correlation and the p value. Results: We noticed a positive correlation of serum leptin levels with HOMA-IR in the first trimester of gestation (r=0.5, p≤0.000) and a negative correlation between adiponectin and HOMA-IR (r=-0.4; p=0.017), along with positive correlations between BMI and leptin, insulin and HOMA-IR (r=0.83 and p <0.000, r=0.56 and p≤0.000; r=0.54 and p≤0.000, respectively). In adolescent non-obese mothers with no history of dyslipidemia, there was a positive correlation between HOMA-IR and neonatal weight (r=0.43, p=0.012). Conclusions: Leptin and HOMA-IR showed a positive correlation, while adiponectin and HOMA-IR showed a negative correlation. Leptin and HOMA-IR were positively correlated with BMI. HOMA-IR correlated with the weight of neonates of non-obese adolescents without dyslipidemia.