Tratamiento con sostén extracorpóreo en malaria grave / Extracorporeal support treatment in severe malaria

Resumen La malaria es una enfermedad con amplia distribu ción en áreas tropicales. En su forma grave se caracteriza por afección orgánica y/o hiperparasitemia. Se definen los criterios para el monitoreo temprano en las salas de terapia intensiva, debido a que sin tratamiento oportu no y precoz la malaria grave tiene una mortalidad de 100%. Si bien no es amplia la literatura en este aspecto la terapia extracorpórea en forma secuencial para de toxificación hepática y renal es una herramienta útil y segura que puede ser utilizada en terapia intensiva. Se describe un caso de un varón de 36 años con diagnóstico de malaria grave según criterio de la Organización Mun dial de la Salud (OMS) que comenzó con tratamiento con artesunato endovenoso y por evolución tórpida, ascenso brusco de bilirrubinemia con encefalopatía, parámetros de lesión renal aguda y edema agudo de pulmón, realiza tratamiento extracorpóreo secuencial, plasma filtración acoplada a adsorción, plasmaféresis de alto intercambio y hemodiafiltración continua con evolución favorable. En conclusión, el caso presentado nos demuestra que el rol del sostén extracorpóreo en manos entrenadas y en forma oportuna es crucial cuando el fallo de órganos evoluciona rápidamente para lograr dar estabilidad y otorgar el tiempo necesario para la acción del tratamien to definitivo en este caso, los antimaláricos de acción rápida hasta negativización de la parasitemia.

Abstract Malaria is a wide-spread disease in tropical areas. The severe form is characterized by organic involve ment and/or hyperparasitaemia. Criteria for early monitoring in intensive care rooms are defined; with out a timely and early treatment, severe malaria has a 100% mortality. Although the literature in these cases is not extensive, extracorporeal therapy used sequentially for hepatic and renal detoxification is a useful and safe tool that can be used in intensive care. We describe the case of a 36-year-old man with a diag nosis of severe malaria according to WHO criteria. He began treatment with intravenous artesunate and due to a torpid evolution, a sudden increase in bilirubine mia with encephalopathy, parameters of acute kidney injury and acute pulmonary edema, undergoes extra corporeal sequential treatment, coupled with plasma filtration adsorption, high-exchange plasmapheresis, and continuous hemodiafiltration with favorable evo lution. This case shows that extracorporeal support in trained hands and in a timely manner is effective when organ failure evolves rapidly to achieve stability and provide necessary time for definitive treatment, in this case rapid action antimalarials until parasitemia becomes negative.

Manejo clínico-terapéutico de la malaria grave

La malaria representa un grave problema de salud pública en el país, por su morbilidad y mortalidad. Es importante conocer la patogenia y las manifestaciones clínicas de la malaria grave, en especial revisar el ciclo biológico del parásito, ya que la enfermedad comienza con la ruptura del esquizonte maduro, siendo las primeras manifestaciones clínicas: fiebre y anemia. La infección por Plasmodium falciparum es más severa y es mediada por el fenómeno de secuestro en la microvasculatura venosa profunda, mientras que Plasmodium vivax causa una enfermedad debilitante, rara vez mortal, pero en oportunidades se presentan manifestaciones graves que causan la muerte del paciente. Malaria grave se define por la presencia de signos clínicos y de laboratorio de disfunción de órganos vitales como sistema nervioso central, riñón, gastrointestinal, vías respiratorias y alteraciones hemodinámicas; la cual requiere el rápido reconocimiento de la enfermedad y del grado de severidad. Se debe hacer un manejo de índole general y prestar especial atención a la terapia antimalárica oportuna con Artesunato, primera línea en malaria grave, o Arthemeter o Quinina con Clindamicina según los protocolos nacionales e internacionales, para lograr una evolución satisfactoria. En consecuencia, es un reto enfrentar esta entidad y obliga a la constante actualización en las diferentes opciones cónsonas con las diferentes especies de Plasmodium patógeno.

Malaria represents a serious public health problem in the country, due to its morbidity and mortality. It is of most importance to know the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of severe malaria, particularly to review the biological cycle of the parasite. The disease begins with the rupture of the mature schizont, with the first clinical manifestations being fever and anemia. Plasmodium falciparum infection is more severe and is mediated by the phenomenon of sequestration in the deep venous microvasculature, while Plasmodium vivax causes a debilitating disease, rarely fatal, but sometimes serious manifestations occur that cause the death of the patient. Severe malaria is defined by the presence of clinical and laboratory signs of dysfunction of vital organs such as the central nervous system, kidney, gastrointestinal, respiratory tract, and pathological hemodynamic changes that requires rapid disease recognition and degree of severity. General management and timely antimalarial therapy with Artesunate, first line in severe malaria, or Arthemeter, or Quinine with Clindamycin following national and international protocols, achieve a favorable outcome. Consequently, it is a challenge to face this entity and requires constant updating in the different options consistent with the different species of pathogenic Plasmodium.

Malária grave em Palmas, Estado do Tocantins: relato de caso / Severe malaria in Palmas, State of Tocantins: case report

Plasmodium falciparum causa a forma clínica mais grave da malária. Neste estudo, relatamos um caso de malária grave, através do acompanhamento do paciente e das anotações em prontuários médicos encontrados no Hospital Geral de Palmas. Discutimos o desfecho do caso e as complicações provocadas pela infecção, reconhecendo o risco potencial de ocorrência de malária grave em zona não endêmica, em consequência do retardo do tratamento e, a importância de intensificar medidas de vigilância que envolve todos os servidores das unidades de saúde, com ênfase para as áreas receptivas de migrantes oriundos de regiões endêmicas.

Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe clinical form of malaria. In this study, we report a severe case of malaria, through following up the patient and from notes in the medical files at the Palmas General Hospital. We discuss the outcome of this case and the complications caused by this infection, recognizing the potential risk of occurrences of severe malaria in not-endemic areas because of the delay in treatment, and the importance of intensifying surveillance measures involving all health unit employees, with emphasis on the reception areas for migrants from endemic regions.

Malária grave importada: relato de caso / Severe imported malaria: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A malária ainda representa um problema de saúde global. A forma grave da doença é causada principalmente por P. falciparum e pode cursar com complicações cerebrais, renais, pulmonares, hematológicas, circulatórias e hepáticas. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de paciente portador de malária grave importada. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 30 anos, pardo, filipino, marinheiro, proveniente de embarcação vinda da Nigéria, com história de dor abdominal no hipocôndrio direito, icterícia, febre e rebaixamento do nível de consciência. Os exames laboratoriais de admissão mostraram hiperbilirrubinemia de 50 mg/dL, acidose metabólica grave, trombocitopenia, creatinina de 5,6 mg/dL, leucocitose com desvio até metamielócitos. O escore APACHE II foi de 37, com risco de óbito de 88 por cento. Durante a internação foi diagnosticada malária por P. falciparum pelo teste de gota espessa. Mesmo com tratamento antimalárico adequado, o paciente evoluiu com insuficiência renal aguda necessitando de hemodiálise e síndrome de angústia respiratória aguda (SARA), necessitando de ventilação mecânica (VM), choque refratário tratado com aminas vasoativas, além de quadro hematológico, configurando um caso grave de disfunção de múltiplos de órgãos. Ainda apresentou pneumonia associada à VM e sepse relacionada ao uso de cateteres. Após a alta hospitalar, o paciente não apresentou seqüelas cerebral, pulmonar ou renal. CONCLUSÕES: Dos critérios definidores de malária grave descritos na literatura, o paciente preenchia: insuficiência renal aguda, síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda (SARA), acidose metabólica, alteração do nível de consciência, hemoglobinúria macroscópica, hiperparasitemia e hiperbilirrubinemia, que se relaciona a uma mortalidade maior que 10 por cento, na dependência do tratamento precoce e dos recursos disponíveis. A malária grave exige diagnóstico e tratamento intensivo rápidos, pois o atraso aumenta...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Malaria is still considered a major global health problem. The severity form of the disease is caused, mainly by P. falciparum and may occur together with cerebral, kidney, pulmonary, hematologic, circulatory and hepatic complications. This report is about a patient with a case of severe imported malaria. CASE REPORT: A 30-years-old man, mulatto, Philippine, sailor, coming from a ship arriving from Nigeria, with a history of abdominal pain on the right hypochondrium, jaundice, fever, decreased in the consciousness. Lab tests made upon his admission showed hyperbilirubinemia at a level of 50 mg/dL, severe metabolic acidosis, thrombocytopenia, creatinine levels of 5.6 mg/dL and leukocytosis with deviation through metamyelocytes. The APACHE II score was 37, with death estimated risk of 88 percent. During his stay at the hospital, P. Falciparum Malaria was diagnosed through the thick drop test. And, even with the adequate anti-malaria therapy, the patientÆs condition evolved to an acute renal failure requiring hemodialis; acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); septic shock, and hematological disorders, forming a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). After being discharged from the hospital, the patient did not present any cerebral, pulmonary or kidney sequel. CONCLUSIONS: From the criteria described in medical literature to define critical malaria, the patient fulfilled the following: acute renal failure, ARDS, metabolic acidosis, altered level of consciousness, macroscopic hemoglobinuria, hyperparasitism and hyperbilirubinemia, related to a lethality rate of over 10 percent, depending on early treatment and available resources. Severe malaria requires fast diagnosis allied to a quick access to an intensive care treatment, since any delay increases the morbid-mortality of the disease.

Clínica de la malaria complicada debida a Plasmodiun falciparum: Estudio de casos y controles en Tumaco y Turbo (Colombia) / Clinical presentation of severe malaria due Plasmodiun falciparum: Case control study in Tumaco and Turbo (Colombia)

ANTECEDENTES Y PROBLEMA : son muy pocos los estudios latinoamericanos sobre malaria por Plasmodium falciparum (P falciparum) complicada y se requiere estudiarla para identificar un patrón propio. OBJETIVOS : Identificar las complicaciones presentes en pacientes de Tumaco (Nariño) y Turbo (Antioquia) en Colombia, con malaria por P falciparum. MÉTODOS : Diseño de casos y controles. Se aplicaron los criterios diagnósticos de complicación OMS-2000 (Organización Mundial de la Salud). RESULTADOS : Se captaron 64 casos (con malaria por P. falciparum complicada) y 135 controles (con malaria por P. falciparum no complicada). El tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad (promedio 5,6 días en los casos y 5,9 en los controles) y la frecuencia de síntomas fueron similares en ambos grupos (p>0,05), pero la dificultad respiratoria y la ictericia fueron más frecuentes en los casos que en los controles (p<0,05). Los valores promedio de glicemia y creatinina fueron similares en ambos grupos, pero los casos tuvieron hemoglobina y recuento de plaquetas menores que los controles (p<0,05) y mayores niveles de nitrógeno ureico, aspartatoaminotransferasa y bilirrubinas total y directa (p<0,05). Las complicaciones encontradas fueron hiperparasitemia en 48%, disfunción hepática en 44%, síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda en 9%, falla renal en 6%, trombocitopenia grave en 5%, anemia grave en 3%, malaria cerebral en 3% e hipoglicemia grave en 2%. Los criterios de complicación malárica de OMS se comparan con otros y se discuten las implicaciones.

BACKGROUND : Latin American studies on severe falciparum malaria are scarce, therefore, the pattern of complications of the region is uknown. OBJECTIVES : To identify characterize severe malaria in patients from Tumaco (Nariño) and Turbo (Antioquia) in Colombia . METHODS : The 2000 World Health Organization criteria for complicated malaria were applied in a cases and controls study. RESULTS : 64 cases ( P falciparum complicated malaria) and 135 controls ( P falciparum uncomplicated malaria) were included. The time of evolution of the disease (mean 5.6 days in cases and 5.9 in the controls) and the frequency of most symptoms were similar in both groups (p>0.05). However, respiratory distress and jaundice was more frequent in the cases (p<0.05). The mean glycemia and creatinina values were similar in both groups; hemoglobin and platelet count were lower in the cases (p<0.05) when compared to controls. On the other hand, blood ureic nitrogen, aspartatoaminotransferase, and total and direct bilirrubin were lower in controls (p<0.05). The frequency of complications in the cases was as follows: hyperparasitaemia 48%, liver dysfunction 44%, acute; respiratory distress syndrome 9%, kidney failure 6%, severe thrombocytopenia 5%, severe anemia 3%, cerebral malaria 3% and severe hipoglycemia 2%. The WHO criteria for severe malaria were compared with others and the implications are discussed.