El profesor de cirugía, más que un cirujano / The Professor of Surgery, more than a surgeon

Introducción. La educación médica en cirugía se encuentra en transformación, producto de la incorporación de estrategias pedagógicas en sus procesos docente-asistenciales. Sin embargo, existe una limitación de los docentes para responder a las necesidades educativas actuales propias de un programa de especialización en cirugía. Estudios sobre el tema han identificado puntos de intervención en las competencias docentes, con una nueva concepción de un profesor de cirugía. Métodos. Se analizó, con una posición crítica y desde la perspectiva del residente, los atributos esperados en un profesor de cirugía de alta calidad. Discusión. Se caracterizaron los roles de un profesor de cirugía, acorde con la actividad clínica y quirúrgica habitual, sus cualidades e impacto esperado como generador de un cambio en las competencias, técnicas y no técnicas, de un profesional médico en especialización. Asimismo, se efectuó una aproximación teórica al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la cirugía, así como de la construcción de su identidad docente, y los alcances pedagógicos de un profesor de cirugía en la actualidad. Conclusiones. El perfil del cirujano general ha cambiado y los profesores de cirugía deben estar a la altura de este reto. Los nuevos modelos educativos favorecen un impacto positivo en los postgrados y en la percepción del residente sobre su proceso formativo. Sin embargo, es necesario una reconfiguración del docente, dentro de un contexto propio del ejercicio de la cirugía y su responsabilidad social. Los programas académicos están obligados a propiciar el desarrollo profesoral en pro de elevar el nivel del futuro cirujano.

Introduction. Medical education in surgery is undergoing transformation as a result of the incorporation of pedagogical strategies in its teaching-assistance processes. However, there is a limitation of the professors to respond to the current educational needs of a specialization program in surgery. Studies on the subject have identified points of intervention in teaching skills, with a new conception of a professor of surgery.Methods. The expected attributes in a high-quality professor of surgery were analyzed from a critical point of view and from the resident's perspective. Discussion. The roles of a professor of surgery were characterized, in accordance with the usual clinical and surgical activity, their qualities, and expected impact as a generator of a change in technical and non-technical skills of a medical professional in specialization. Likewise, a theoretical approach to the teaching-learning process of surgery was carried out, as well as the construction of its teaching identity, and the pedagogical scope of a professor of surgery today. Conclusions. The profile of the general surgeon has changed and professors of surgery must rise to this challenge. The new educational models favor a positive impact on postgraduate courses and on the resident's perception of their training process. However, a reconfiguration of the teacher is necessary, within a context of the exercise of surgery and its social responsibility. The academic programs are required to promote teacher development in order to raise the level of the future surgeon.

Modelo de oficinas de qualificação em Aprendizagem Baseada em Equipes com docentes de Medicina / A model for qualification workshops in team-based learning with medicine teachers

Resumo: Introdução: A Aprendizagem Baseada em Equipes (ABE) tem se mostrado, em todo o mundo, uma ferramenta pedagógica promissora nas mais diversas realidades, ao estimular o autoaprendizado do aluno e potencializar a habilidade de trabalhar em equipe. Todavia, são escassos os estudos que envolvam a qualificação de docentes para a prática dessas atividades. Objetivo: Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou relatar um modelo de oficina de qualificação docente em ABE e a avaliação feita pelos participantes acerca da metodologia empregada, com docentes do curso de Medicina de uma instituição privada de ensino superior de Belém, no Pará. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação intervencionista realizada por meio de questionários elaborados pelos próprios dos autores para avaliar a satisfação, as críticas e as recomendações dos docentes acerca das oficinas propostas. Resultados: Percebeu-se que 81,2% dos participantes atribuíram "satisfação máxima" às oficinas e os demais as classificaram como "satisfatórias". Dessa forma, houve aprovação da técnica empregada por todos os docentes. Quando indagados sobre os pontos negativos nas oficinas, os mais citados foram: horários e dias escolhidos (18,7%); pouco tempo para estudo individual (15,6%); deslocamento, carga horária extensa e falhas no convite para inscrição nas oficinas (12,5%). Quando questionados sobre os pontos positivos, os mais citados foram: utilizar a própria ABE para ensinar ABE (93,7%); qualidade dos artigos escolhidos para estudo prévio (87,5%); e alta aplicabilidade prática (81,2%). Por fim, 93,7% dos participantes referiram se sentir confiantes para conduzir atividades de ABE em suas práticas diárias. Conclusão: Os participantes demonstraram boa aceitação e satisfação com relação à metodologia empregada nas oficinas, permitindo assim que possam aplicar essa estratégia de ensino com maior segurança e assertividade em suas rotinas diárias. Espera-se que este trabalho possa contribuir para a aprendizagem sobre essa estratégia educacional e descomplicar e tornar acessível a sua aplicação, para assim estimular docentes e instituições não familiarizados com a ABE a introduzir essa valiosa ferramenta em suas matrizes pedagógicas.

Abstract: Introduction: Team-Based Learning (TBL) has proven to be a promising pedagogical tool in the most diverse realities around the world, stimulating student self-learning and enhancing the ability to work in teams. However, there are few studies involving the qualification of teachers to practice these activities. Objective: Thus, the present study aimed to report a model of a teacher qualification workshop in TBL and the evaluation made by the participants about the methodology used, with teachers of the medical course of a private higher education institution in Belém/PA/Brazil. Method: This was an interventionist action research conducted through questionnaires by the authors to assess teacher satisfaction, criticisms and recommendations about the proposed workshops. Results: It was found that 81.2% of the participants rated the workshops as providing "maximum satisfaction" and the rest classified them as "satisfactory". Thus, all the teachers approved of the technique used. When asked about the negative points in the workshops, the most frequently cited were: selected times and days (18.7%); little time for individual study (15.6%); and commuting, extensive workload and failures in the invitation to enroll in the workshops (12.5% each item). On the other hand, when asked about the positive points, the most frequently cited were: using the TBL itself to teach TBL (93.7%); quality of the articles chosen for previous study (87.5%); and high practical applicability (81.2%). Finally, 93.7% of the participants reported feeling confident to conduct TBL activities in their daily practices. Conclusion: In this and the vast majority of studies with TBL, the participants demonstrated good acceptance and satisfaction regarding the methodology used in the workshops, thus allowing them to apply this teaching strategy with greater security and assertiveness in their daily routines. It is hoped that this work can contribute to learning about this educational strategy and that it can simplify its application and enhance its accessibility, in order to stimulate teachers and institutions unfamiliar with TBL to introduce this valuable tool in their activities.

Avaliação do Perfil dos Professores de Medicina de uma Universidade do Interior de Minas Gerais / Assessment of Medical Faculty Profile at a University in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo: Introdução: O ensino médico vem passando por grande reformulação nas últimas décadas, e um dos pontos considerados fundamentais nessa mudança é a atuação docente. Pesquisas indicam que os professores de Medicina usualmente possuem pouca formação didático-pedagógica, dividem-se entre as profissões de médico e professor, colocada em segundo plano, privilegiam a pesquisa em relação ao ensino e são resistentes a mudanças no seu modo de atuação. Segundo a literatura, essas características repercutiriam diretamente no ensino oferecido. Método: A presente pesquisa buscou analisar como características dos professores de Medicina de uma universidade no interior de Minas Gerais repercutem na forma como os alunos avaliam o ensino recebido. Para tanto, levantou-se o perfil dos professores a partir de documentação e entrevista semiestruturada. Posteriormente, os alunos avaliaram os professores participantes por meio de um questionário autoaplicado. Confrontaram-se avaliação e perfil, e utilizaram-se testes estatísticos para a análise da associação entre características e avaliação feita. Participaram 57 professores (83,8% dos elegíveis) e 203 alunos (84,5% dos elegíveis). Resultados: Foi identificado perfil de professores semelhante ao da literatura, com a maioria em dedicação parcial à universidade, renda proporcionada principalmente por outra profissão e preparação didática constituindo parte reduzida da formação. A comparação entre os grupos de características dos professores, com base nas avaliações dos alunos, por sua vez, mostrou resultados que rompem com a bibliografia. Os dados mostraram, com relevância estatística, que no curso professores mais jovens, com menos tempo de graduação, de atuação docente e de experiência em outra profissão, sem mestrado e que possuem como motivação para lecionar prazer e aptidão são mais bem avaliados. Maior tempo de preparação didática, cursos preparatórios, maior dedicação semanal ao ensino e maior identificação com a docência, entre outros aspectos, não se associam à melhor avaliação de forma estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões: A pior avaliação do docente mais experiente, associada a questões como conflitos geracionais e dificuldades de adaptação a novos currículos, mostra a importância de uma preparação docente contínua e reforçada com o tempo. Além disso, o melhor desempenho de professores mais satisfeitos demonstra a importância da valorização da carreira docente. Por fim, constata-se que quantidade de formação não é suficiente sem qualidade nessa formação.

Abstract: Introduction: Medical education has undergone a major overhaul over the last decades and one significant change is related to teaching performance. Research indicates that the medical faculty typically has little training in didactics, split their time between clinical practice and teaching, award less priority to the latter, privileging research to the detriment of teaching, and resist changing their ways. According to the literature, such traits and attitudes would directly affect educational quality. Method: This study assessed how traits and attitudes of the medical faculty at a university in Minas Gerais impact student assessment of the education they receive. For that purpose, teachers were profiled through semi-structured interviews and analysis of relevant documentation. Subsequently, students assessed their teachers' performance through a self-applied questionnaire. Performance and profiles were then compared, and statistical tests were used to analyze the associations between teachers' traits and performance assessment results. Overall, 57 faculty members (83.8% of those eligible) and 203 students (84.5% of those eligible) participated in this study. Results: A faculty profile similar to that found in the literature was identified, with a majority of teachers dedicating only part of their time to the university, and most of their income coming from another occupation and teacher training amounting to a small portion of their overall professional training. The analyses of relationships between groups of traits and teaching performance, however, contradicted the literature. The data showed, with statistical relevance, that younger teachers and those who graduated a shorter time ago, who are less experienced in teaching or have other occupations, who lack a master's degree and whose motivation to teach comes from satisfaction and vocation are better evaluated. Longer didactical training, undergoing training courses, longer weekly dedication and greater identification with the teaching profession are not significantly associated with better evaluation. Conclusion: The worse evaluation of the most experienced faculty, associated with issues such as generational conflicts and difficulties adapting to new curricula, shows the importance of continuous faculty training and updating. Additionally, the better performance of more satisfied teachers, demonstrates the importance of valuing the teaching career and raising its status. Finally, it seems that more teacher training is not enough in itself and more attention must be paid to the training quality.

A Educação Baseada na Comunidade no Ensino Médico na Uniceplac (2016) e os Desafios para o Futuro / Community-Based Education in Medical Education at UNICEPLAC (2016) and Challenges for the Future

RESUMO Introdução A Educação Baseada na Comunidade (EBC) no contexto da formação de profissionais da saúde não é um conceito novo, pois sua origem data da década de 1970. Porém, ao longo dos anos, o modo como a EBC é aplicada na educação médica vem sofrendo transformações. No Brasil, desde 2001, a EBC foi incorporada às diretrizes curriculares dos cursos de graduação da área da saúde e, mais recentemente, em 2014, na publicação das novas diretrizes dos cursos de graduação em Medicina. Objetivos Os objetivos do estudo foram levantar os sentidos e significados que os professores atribuem à Educação Baseada em Comunidade nas matrizes curriculares em vigência no ensino médico da Uniceplac no ano de 2016 e identificar possibilidades de aprimoramento do ensino na instituição em consonância com as diretrizes nacionais em vigência. Método Estudo de caráter qualitativo, realizado no Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Apparecido dos Santos (Uniceplac). Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista reflexiva com 13 docentes que estão ou estiveram diretamente ligados à EBC nessa instituição no ano de 2016. O método de análise de dados foi a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, com a utilização do software Atlas-ti 7 para o suporte na análise. Resultados Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos docentes afirma conhecer o conceito de EBC, mas sua compreensão diverge da literatura. Além disso, os docentes indicaram falhas na carga horária, nas relações dos professores entre si e com a coordenação, no planejamento e na conquista de cenários adequados das disciplinas ligadas à EBC, além de desafios macropolíticos de aplicabilidade da EBC nos cenários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Estes resultados estavam relacionados à burocratização das parcerias e a uma falta de corresponsabilidade entre professor, instituição de ensino e Estado. Conclusão Como a EBC vem sendo incorporada gradativamente à educação médica, as instituições também têm uma necessidade crescente de transformação e adequação às diretrizes curriculares vigentes. Sugere-se uma capacitação permanente do corpo docente sobre a compreensão e aplicação da EBC, bem como a criação de um órgão, setor ou funcionário destinado apenas à institucionalização, formalização e manutenção dos cenários, destacando-se cenários da atenção básica no SUS. É também essencial instruir os alunos sobre o tema, para que possam compreender a aplicabilidade da EBC, sua importância na formação médica e sua contribuição para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população.

ABSTRACT Introduction Community-Based Education (CBE) in the context of teaching health professionals is not a new concept, since its origin dates back to the 1970s, but over the years the way in which CBE is applied in medical education has undergone transformations. In Brazil, since 2001, CBE has been incorporated into the curricular guidelines of undergraduate courses in the health area, and more recently in 2014 in the publication of the new guidelines of undergraduate courses in medicine. Objective The purpose of the present research is to ascertain the senses and meanings that teachers attribute to Community-Based Education in the curricular matrices in force in the medical training offered at UNICEPLAC in 2016 and to identify rooms for improvement in the teaching at the institution in line with the national guidelines. Method A qualitative study conducted at the Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Apparecido dos Santos (UNICEPLAC). The data were collected through a reflective interview with 13 teachers who are or were directly connected to CBE promoted at this institution in the year 2016. The method of data analysis was the Bardin Content Analysis, using Atlas-ti 7 software for analysis support. Results The results show that most teachers state that they are familiar with the concept of CBE, but their understanding of the concept often diverges from the literature. They also indicated failures in the workload, teacher-teacher relationships and teachercoordination relationships, in planning and the provision of adequate scenarios for CBE-related subjects, as well as macro-political challenges concerning the applicability of CBE in practical settings of the Unified Health System (SUS). These results were related to the bureaucratization of partnerships and to a lack of accountability shared between teacher, educational institution and State. Conclusion As CBE has gradually been incorporated in medical education, institutions also have an increasing need to transform and adapt to current curricular guidelines. It is suggested that permanent faculty training on the understanding and application of the CBE be implemented, as well as the creation of a sector or appointment of a dedicated role for the institutionalization, formalization and maintenance of the scenarios, highlighting primary care scenarios in the SUS. It is also essential to instruct the students on the subject so they can understand the applicability of CBE, its importance in medical education and its contribution to improving the quality of life of the population.

Efetividade da Avaliação Programática do Estudante de Medicina: Estudo de Caso Baseado nas Impressões de Estudantes e Professores de uma Escola Médica Britânica / Effectiveness of Medical Student Programmatic Assessment: A Case Study Based on Experiences of Students and Teachers from a British Medical School

RESUMO A avaliação programática do estudante é uma abordagem relativamente nova, que tem como objetivo principal o aperfeiçoamento das condições de utilização dos diferentes métodos de avaliação, com vistas ao melhor cumprimento das funções da avaliação: somativa, formativa e controle da qualidade do currículo. A introdução de um sistema de avaliação programática do estudante em uma instituição do ensino superior constitui tarefa complexa e consumidora de recursos humanos e materiais, mas as informações sobre a efetividade desses sistemas são escassas. Embora a literatura especializada registre vários estudos sobre avaliação no ambiente de trabalho (estágios profissionalizantes e aperfeiçoamento profissional) em diferentes profissões da área da Saúde, são poucas as investigações sobre o tema em cursos de graduação em Medicina. Neste artigo, relata-se a experiência de uma escola médica britânica que adotou recentemente a avaliação programática. Trata-se de um estudo de caso baseado nas percepções de estudantes e professores, que concordaram em se submeter a entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas. Os arquivos de áudio foram transcritos, fornecendo textos nos quais se realizou análise qualitativa de conteúdo. Essa análise produziu visões sobre pontos fortes do programa de avaliação e permitiu identificar aspectos que requerem aperfeiçoamento. Os resultados mostraram que, embora expressando diferentes perspectivas e criticando vários pontos da avaliação programática, estudantes e professores compartilham uma visão predominantemente positiva do programa de avaliação. Os estudantes valorizam muito a abundância de oportunidades de receber devolutivas construtivas, sobretudo nas atividades clínicas, bem como a realização periódica de exames estruturados de habilidades clínicas com finalidades somativa e formativa. Os professores valorizam muito a organização global do programa e a sua efetividade na detecção de estudantes com dificuldades. Valorizam, também, a diversidade de oportunidades de treinamento e desenvolvimento docente na temática da avaliação. Estes achados permitem concluir que estudantes e professores de Medicina, ainda que ressaltem a necessidade de aperfeiçoamentos, vêm tendo experiências predominantemente positivas de um sistema de avaliação programática recentemente introduzido na instituição. Assim, é possível inferir que a complexidade e os custos de implementação de um sistema de avaliação programática do estudante de Medicina podem ser compensados por seus efeitos positivos, como indicam as opiniões de estudantes e professores.

ABSTRACT Programmatic student assessment is a novel educational approach aiming at optimizing the utilization of different methods for better attaining the main functions of student assessment: summative, formative and assurance of curriculum effectiveness (quality control of educational activities). Introduction of a programme for student assessment in institutions devoted to higher education in the health sciences professions isa time and resource consuming enterprise, which should be rewarded with gains in assessment quality. However, information on this is scarce. Although a few studies have yield data on various systems for work-based assessment in different health professions, the effectiveness of programmatic assessment in undergraduate settings has not been much evaluated. We therefore aimed at exploring the perceptions of selected samples of students and teachers from a single British medical school where a programmatic assessment system was recently introduced. In this case study, medical students and faculty members agreed to undergo a semi-structured, anonymously recorded interview. Audio-files were transcribed into texts, which were submitted to content analysis for identifying strengths and areas for improvement related to the current student programmatic assessment system. Our results showed that, although expressing different perspectives and criticizing a few aspects, students and teachers shared a predominant positive view on the local system for programmatic assessment. Students valued most the wealth of opportunities to receive constructive feedback from supervisors in clinical years and the multiple formative and summative objective structured exams of clinical skills. Teachers valued most the overall assessment organization and effectiveness in detecting poor performing students and praised the many training opportunities for them to be trained to play different roles in assessment. These findings allowed us to conclude that medical student and faculty experiences on a recently introduced system for programmatic assessment are predominantly positive. These results may be taken as an indication that complexity and costs associated to implementing such systems may be rewarded by improvements in student assessment overall quality.

Competências pedagógicas docentes sob a percepção de alunos de medicina de universidade da Amazônia brasileira / Faculty teaching skills perceived by medical students of a university of the Brazilian Amazon region

Resumo As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais da graduação médica valorizam as metodologias ativas de ensino e a aplicação de novas competências pedagógicas no cenário atual. Nesse contexto, considera-se que a avaliação dos docentes pelos alunos constitui uma importante ferramenta para o desenvolvimento do ensino. Assim, objetivou-se identificar percepções discentes acerca das competências de docentes do curso de medicina da Universidade Federal do Amapá, por meio de pesquisa transversal e qualitativa a partir de 4 sessões de grupos focais, das quais participaram 28 alunos voluntários da primeira, segunda e terceira séries. As sessões foram gravadas e o conteúdo foi analisado em duas etapas, utilizando a plataforma Wordle.net e a técnica de Bardin. Os grupos focais discutiram cinco principais temas: competências pedagógicas dos docentes; planejamento acadêmico; avaliação das competências dos docentes pelos discentes; integração teoria-prática e processo ensino-aprendizagem. De forma geral, observou-se que todos os alunos apresentaram ideias semelhantes, porém os das séries mais avançadas demonstraram maior domínio sobre os temas. Destacaram-se a necessidade de aprimorar aspectos essenciais para a formação médica e a importância da avaliação constante desse processo.

Abstract The National Curriculum Guidelines for achieving a medical degree value active teaching methodologies and the application of new teaching skills in the current setting. In this context, we consider that evaluation of teachers by students is an important tool for the development of education. Therefore, we aimed to identify students perceptions about the skills of medical school faculty of the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP) through the implementation of a cross-sectional and qualitative research from four focus group sessions, attended by 28 volunteer students from the first, second and third year of the course. Sessions were recorded and the content was analyzed in two stages using the Wordle.net platform and Bardin technique. Focal groups discussed five main topics: faculty teaching skills; academic planning; faculty skills evaluation by students; theory-practice integration and the teaching-learning process. In general, it was observed that all the students had similar ideas, but those with more years in the course showed greater mastery of subjects. Worth highlighting were the need to improve essential aspects of medical training and the importance of constant evaluation of this process.

Characteristics of medical teachers using student-centered teaching methods / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: This study investigated characteristics of medical teachers who have adopted student-centered teaching methods into their teaching. METHODS: A 24-item questionnaire consisted of respondent backgrounds, his or her use of student-centered teaching methods, and awareness of the school's educational objectives and curricular principles was administered of faculty members at a private medical school in Korea. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were conducted to compare faculty use of student-centered approaches across different backgrounds and awareness of curricular principles. RESULTS: Overall response rate was 70% (N=140/200), approximately 25% (n=34) of whom were using student-centered teaching methods. Distributions in the faculty use of student-centered teaching methods were significantly higher among basic sciences faculty (versus clinical sciences faculty), with teaching experiences of over 10 years (versus less than 10 years), and who were aware of the school's educational objectives and curricular principles. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates differences in medical faculty's practice of student-centered teaching across disciplines, teaching experiences, and their understanding of the school's educational objectives curricular principles. These findings have implications for faculty development and institutional support to better promote faculty use of student-centered teaching approaches.

Strategies in searching homogeneity in a faculty of a postgraduate program / Estratégias na busca da homogeneidade do corpo docente de um programa de pós-graduação

The professor plays a fundamental role in a graduate program, considering he/she is who plans and performs a great part of the tasks, and he/she is also responsible for spreading knowledge among students. The professor should use didactical resources for his/her continuous qualification, being responsible for situations favoring the development of students who should learn according to the best and easier way. The homogeneity in the postgraduate program consists of having subgroups of research corresponding to the Areas of Concentration, where each subgroup works with some distinct topics of research. It is desirable that the staff of postgraduate program has a significant and high quality scientific production, homogeneously distributed among them. The professors must systematically search for resources for research in agencies supporting research, not only for sponsoring the studies, but also for adding value to the researchers involved in the whole activities. The postgraduate programs need to support the professional qualification of their staff who should improve their knowledge on epidemiology for clinical studies, ethics in research and teaching skills. Two characteristics of the postgraduate system in Brazil are the nucleation and solidarity, based on the capacity and/or interest of those more structured programs to help those beginners, cooperating with their activities. The Capes (the national governmental agency responsible for coordinating and evaluating all postgraduate programs in Brazil) valorizes the social insertion in the context of postgraduate programs´ activities. It includes the recognition of activities with technological, cultural, educational and social impact as criteria for evaluation of the programs. Does exist an ideal model of postgraduate program? We think that there is no a mathematical formulae nor an ideal model for a postgraduate program. Each institution should make adaptations and search for improvements of their faculty and students´ teams.

O docente tem importância fundamental no programa de pós-graduação, pois é quem planeja e executa grande parte das tarefas, sendo também o responsável por difundir conhecimentos aos alunos. O professor deve utilizar recursos didáticos que o qualifiquem continuamente, criando condições favoráveis para que o aluno se desenvolva e aprenda da melhor maneira e com mais facilidade. A homogeneidade no grupo de pós-graduação consiste da presença de subgrupos de pesquisa correspondentes às Áreas de Concentração, onde cada subgrupo trabalhe com algumas linhas de pesquisas diversificadas. É desejável que o corpo docente tenha significativa produção científica, de qualidade e distribuída homogeneamente entre os docentes. Estes devem sistematicamente buscar recursos em agências de fomento para pesquisa, tanto para o custeio dos estudos, quanto para a valorização dos pesquisadores envolvidos em todas as atividades. Os programas de pós-graduação precisam investir na formação de seus docentes, os quais devem aprimorar seus conhecimentos em epidemiologia de estudos clínicos, ética em pesquisa e em didática. Duas das características do sistema de pós-graduação no Brasil são a nucleação e a solidariedade, embasadas na capacidade e/ou interesse dos mais estruturados se solidarizarem com os programas iniciantes, cooperando com as suas atividades. A Capes valoriza a inserção social no contexto das atividades dos programas de pós-graduação, prevendo nos critérios de avaliação o reconhecimento de atividades com impacto tecnológico, cultural, educacional e social. Existe um modelo ideal de pós-graduação? Partimos do pressuposto de que não há uma fórmula matemática ou modelo ideal de pós-graduação e sim que cada instituição deve se adequar e buscar aperfeiçoar seu corpo docente e discente.

Does curricular change improve faculty perceptions of student experiences with the educational environment? A preliminary study in an institution undergoing curricular change / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, United Arab Emirates, underwent a major curriculum change from a discipline-based to an organ system-based integrated curriculum. However, it was not known how the faculty perceived the changes in the educational environment as experienced by the students. In this context, we aimed to compare the faculty perceptions of the student experiences in the discipline-based curriculum with those in the organ system-based integrated curriculum. METHODS: The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire was modified to assess faculty perceptions of the student experiences, pilot-tested, and administered to all faculty members (n=28) involved in the discipline-based curriculum (FDC) in January 2009. In the subsequent year, data were collected from the same faculty involved in the new integrated curriculum (FIC). Collected data were transferred to Predictive Analytics Software version 18. Total, domain, and individual statement scores were assessed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Percentage agreement, disagreement, and uncertainty were assessed by the McNemar's test for proportion. RESULTS: The mean total DREEM score was significantly higher (P<0.001) for FIC (139/200) as compared to FDC (119/200). The FIC perceived significantly more positive student experiences with the educational environment as indicated by the domain scores and statement scores. The differences in proportions of agreement between FIC and FDC also reinforced that the FIC perceived more positive student experiences with the educational environment. CONCLUSION: The study showed that the faculty perceived the organ system-based integrated curriculum as providing a better educational environment for the students than the discipline based curriculum.

Competência moral e formação médica: percepção dos docentes sobre a influência do ambiente universitário / Moral competence and medical education: perceptions of teachers on the influence of the college environment

Este estudo discute a percepção dos docentes de uma escola médica de uma universidade pública brasileira a respeito da influência do ambiente universitário na formação ética ou desenvolvimento da competência moral dos estudantes de medicina. Procurou-se identificar as oportunidades de reflexão sobre questões na universidade que envolvesse a moralidade, a condução de situações eticamente conflituosas e a participação dos estudantes na vida política e cultural da universidade, o que, de acordo com diversos autores, promove o desenvolvimento moral. A pertinência do tema se deve ao fato de pouco se discutir a formação moral no ensino superior e a existência nas escolas médicas de uma demanda particular devido ao papel social do médico. Concluiu-se que existe o entendimento de que a influência do comportamento dos docentes se constitui no principal eixo da formação moral do estudante. Observaram-se poucas oportunidades de reflexão sobre questões morais no ambiente universitário, a inexistência de uma política institucional de condução dos problemas morais enfrentados no cotidiano universitário dos estudantes de medicina, além da pouca participação nos órgãos colegiados e na vida política e cultural universitária. Aponta-se a necessidade de uma política de ensino superior para a formação docente em desenvolvimento de competência moral e que fomente a participação democrática na vida universitária...

This study discusses how teachers from a public school of medicine understand the influence of university environment in the development of moral aspects on medical students. The study has been conducted with the aim of identifying opportunities for a reflection about moral issues at the university, the conduction of moral conflicting problems and the students’ participation in the cultural and political life in the university. In accordance with several authors, such involvement promotes the moral development. The subject is important because the moral formation is rarely discussed in higher education and there is a particular demand at the medicine school related to the doctor’s social role. It has been concluded that most of the teachers consider the teacher´s behavior influence as the main component in moral formation of medical students. It also has been found there are few opportunities for reflection about moral issues in the university environment as well the absence of an institutional policy for conduction of moral problems on complicated situations during the student’s day-by-day activities and the ineffective participation of students in the political and cultural lives at the university. This study aims to emphasize the importance of an institutional policy for higher education so as to promote the teaching formation in development of moral competency and stimulate the democratic participation in the university life...

Estudo sobre a avaliação aplicada no internato em clínica médica da Unisul / Study into medical intern assessment at Unisul

INTRODUÇÃO: O internato médico compreende o período do curso de graduação em Medicina em que o educando recebe preparação para a prática médica. A avaliação contribui para a aquisição da competência clínica e, consequentemente, prepara o educando para a prática médica. OBJETIVOS: Estudar os métodos de avaliação discente no internato em Clínica Médica do curso de graduação em Medicina da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (Unisul), campus Tubarão, por meio da análise da percepção de discentes e docentes envolvidos neste estágio do curso. MÉTODOS: Participaram da pesquisa 44 internos e 15 docentes do semestre letivo 2009/2. RESULTADOS: Os sujeitos da pesquisa percebem a existência e a necessidade de avaliação no internato, têm conhecimento das estratégias e itens utilizados no processo avaliativo e entendem que nesse processo são empregados métodos com medidas objetivas e subjetivas, com abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas. CONCLUSÕES: Sugere-se maior ênfase em conteúdo prático e capacitação docente, aliadas a uma lista de verificação ao final do estágio.

INTRODUCTION: Medical internship consists ofthe period of aundergraduate medicine course in which the student is prepared for medical practice. The assessment contributes toward clinical competency and, consequently, prepares the student for medical practice. OBJECTIVES: To study the assessment methods of medical interns from the undergraduate medicine course ofthe Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), through analysis of the perceptions of medical students and teachers involved. METHODS:The study involved 44 medical students and 15 teachers from the second school semester of 2009. Results: The research subjects perceive the existence and need for evaluation in the medical clinical internship period, possess knowledge of the strategies and items used in the assessment process and understand that this process uses methods with objective and subjective measures, qualitative and quantitative approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Greater emphasis on practical content and teacher training is suggested, as well asa final internship check-list.

A survey on the education, medical practice, research, and fringe benefits of Korean medical school faculty

In general, medical school faculty have to perform clinical practice in addition to their educational and research activities, unlike the professors of other departments, while simultaneously playing an important role within the medical profession. However, some organizational or environmental factors decrease the job satisfaction of medical professors. This study aimed to determine the current status of medical schools professors' job activities, satisfaction level, factors related to job satisfaction, and so on. A structured questionnaire was used in the survey and 936 valid responses (response rate, 79.1%) were analyzed using SAS version 9.1. Items included in the questionnaire were work tasks, satisfaction with work and environment, fringe benefits, and future plans. Our study found that the satisfaction of respondents with research activities was not high, and they had negative perceptions of their work environment. Also, it was found that job satisfaction was most affected by work environment. In the section on fringe benefits, a variety of fringe benefits were provided to respondents but their actual satisfaction was not high. To enhance the overall job satisfaction of medical school faculty, all the matters related to their work tasks and environmental factors have to be considered in the aspect of their own role in medical school. The limitations of this study were a low response rate to the early online survey and a long duration of the survey period. However, these limitations were resolved by an additional mail survey modality and statistical techniques. It is meaningful that this study was an extensive survey aimed at medical school faculty and dealt with a comprehensive range of issues.

Um perfil do docente de medicina e sua participação na reestruturação curricular / A profile of medical professors and their role in reorganizing the course curriculum

A dificuldade em obter a adesão dos docentes de Medicina às reformas curriculares e pesquisas cor-relatas tem sido recorrente e explicada pela não profissionalização da função docente; complexidade e diversidade de atividades e cenários que caracterizam o ensino médico; vínculo precário com as instituições e dedicação parcial às escolas; insegurança; corporativismo e resistências a mudanças. Esta pesquisa objetivou descrever o perfil dos docentes e analisar suas expectativas quanto à formação médica e sua participação no planejamento pedagógico, visando estimular a reorientação curricular, promovendo o ensino "no e para" o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os docentes observam que aspectos organizacionais e gerenciais da universidade impedem o envolvimento pessoal no Projeto Pedagógico. Por outro lado, reconhecem a necessidade de mudanças no ensino e manifestam interesse pela docência no nível superior. É preciso exercitar a reflexão sobre a prática, para que esta possa ser uma referência para a interpelação e transformação das formas tradicionais de conceber o ensino em saúde.

The difficulty in obtaining adherence by medical faculty members to curricular reform and related research has been a recurrent problem in Brazil, due to the non-professionalization of the faculty's role, complexity and diversity of teaching activities and scenarios in medical schools, precarious faculty contracts with teaching institutions, part-time teaching, insecurity, corporatism, and general resistance to change. This study aimed to describe the profile of medical faculty and analyze their expectations towards medical training and their role in planning the curriculum, with a view towards stimulating curricular reorientation, while promoting teaching "in and for" the Unified National Health System (SUS). Professors stated that organization and management issues in the university impede their personal involvement in the Teaching Project. Meanwhile, they acknowledged the need for changes in teaching and expressed interest in university-level teaching. In-depth reflection is needed on teaching practice in medicine in order for it to become a reference for dialogue and change in the traditional approaches to teaching in health.

Experiencia del trabajo de profesores consultantes en el proceso de universalización en las ciencias médicas, 2007-2008 / The role of the consultant professor in the educative process of medical sciences, 2007- 2008

RESUMEN Se realiza un trabajo de carácter pedagógico, partiendo de la necesidad que presentan el claustro de profesores que se inician en la docencia en las Sede Universitarias y Unidades Provinciales de la provincia de Pinar del Río, relacionado con el fortalecimiento del Proceso Docente Educativo, con el propósito de contribuir al perfeccionamiento de los conocimientos y habilidades pedagógicas, mediante la asesoría metodológica del colectivo de profesores consultantes en las diferentes actividades docentes, asistenciales e investigativas, a través de la aplicación de métodos teóricos y empíricos. Se obtuvo una tendencia al incremento del nivel científico pedagógico de los profesores, lo que representa un impacto social que repercute en beneficio del Sistema Nacional de Salud y la calidad de la atención a la población.

ABSTRACT According to the necessity that the academic staff has,and initiating in the tesching process at university and provincial venues in Pinar del Rio, a pedagogical work is done. This study is related to the strength of the educative teaching process which is aimed at contributing to the better performance of knowledge and pedagogical skills by the consultant professors in the different teaching assistential and investigative activities using theorethical and empirical methods. An increasing trend was obtained in the pedagogical scientific level of professors representing a social impact on the benefits of the national health system as well as on the population care.

The Failure Experiences of Medical School Students: A Qualitative Study / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: In medical school, where high-scoring students are respected, a student who fails is regarded as a feckless individual who cannot survive in a competitive atmosphere. This study aims to analyze the experiences of failure inmedical school students using a qualitative approach. METHODS: In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine medical students who had failed the program and became a repeater or failed to pass the Korean Medical Licensure Exam, and three former and present vice deans of Yonsei University between April 2007 and May 2007. Students were classified into two groups: those who attend medical school and those who had graduated but failed the Korean Medical Association (KMA) examination. RESULTS: The structural factors of experiences with failure were competitive culture, restrictive professor-student relationships, and indifference toward students' quality of life. Students perceived the factors of their failure to be maladjusted learning patterns emotional problems, such as loss of confidence, feelings of inferiority, and depression physical and economic difficulties and poor time management. The results revealed that students felt their status decline and changed their self-concept and that their social network became restricted. CONCLUSION: Medical schools and faculty consider students who have failed as community members. In addition, to prevent student failure, medical schools must reestablish a rigid professor-student relationship, develop a learner-centered curriculum and teaching method, implement a better learning support system, and improve the students' quality of life.

Torture and a doctor.

Modern media today emphasize about on going humanitarian & human rights disasters. The latest torture these days is characterized by adopting technological sophistication that leaves behind few physical traces. Nonetheless, agencies such as Amnesty International have provided convincing proof of applying torture in many countries. ‘The Lancet’ highlights evidence that doctors, physician assistants, nurses, medics at Abu Gharaib assisted in or remained silent in the face of prisoner abuse. Lieutenant Colonel Joe Richard, a spokesman for the Pentagon criticized the Lancet article as a “broad – brushed indictment” based on “allegations” [1]. But if the Medical faculty is able to document the victims in a fair manner they can come out of these allegations. This article is a miniscule contribution to the medical faculty to inculcate awareness about the degrading, inhumane act(s) and how one can go about to curb or eradicate the same.

Women Medical Students and Physicians. 1994 Statistics on Women in U.S. Academic Medicine and Its Implication to Japan / 医学教育

This is an interpretative overview of the newest statistics on women in U. S. academic medicine, as prepared by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) in 1994. Recent trends of women medical school applicants, enrollees and graduates were presented. The distribution of women residents and women faculty members by department was also shown. Growth in the number of full professors, tenure status, and ethnicity of women were also compared with men. Three women medical school deans were reported. A discussion concerning the future trend of Japanese medical societies was included.