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1.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-1031109

ABSTRACT

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common chronic neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood.It is mainly manifested as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are inconsistent with the development level, which may lead to multiple functional impairments and place heavy burdens on individuals, families, and society.Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) is a first-line treatment drug for ADHD, which is widely used in clinical practice.However, some patients have no response to drug treatment and adverse reactions often cause premature termination of treatment.Introducing the concept of pharmacogenetics into MPH treatment may open new avenues for individualized interventions of ADHD.This paper aims to review the impact of pharmacogenetics on MPH treatment in children with ADHD and to provide references for clinical drug treatment and management.

2.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; Arq. bras. oftalmol;87(2): e2021, 2024. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1527840

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to screen the ocular surface of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and identify the adverse effects of methylphenidate related to dry eye disease. Methods: This cross-sectional study included children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and healthy children (all aged 5-18 years). They were randomized into Group A (without methylphenidate treatment), Group B (with methylphenidate treatment), and Group C (healthy children). Tear film break-up time, Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, tear meniscus height, tear meniscus area, and Schirmer test results were evaluated. Furthermore, symptom severity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was assessed by Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale and Conners Parent Rating Scale-48. Results: Groups A, B, and C consisted of 34, 40, and 60 individuals (n=34, 40, and 60 eyes; age=11.44 ± 2.79, 11.70 ± 2.83, and 11.96 ± 3.63 years, median age=12, 12, and 11.5 years), respectively. Tear film break-up time, Ocular Surface Disease Index, tear meniscus height, tear meniscus area, and Schirmer test results were not significantly different between Groups A and C (p=0.964, 0.336, 0.445, 0.439, and 0.759, respectively). However, Group B showed a significant decrease in tear film break-up time (10.50 ± 3.39 vs. 12.52 ± 2.46 s; p=0.005), tear meniscus height (307.40 ± 5.53 vs. 310.82 ± 7.30 µm; p=0.025), tear meniscus area (0.024 ± 0.0037 vs. 0.026 ± 0.0046 mm2; p=0.010) and Schirmer test (12.75 ± 3.96 vs. 15.41 ± 3.75 mm; p=0.004) results compared with Group A. Conclusion: Compared with healthy children, children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder showed ocular surface parameters suggestive of dry eye disease despite taking methylphenidate. Thus, they require close ophthalmologic follow-up to prevent sight-threatening dry eye complications.


RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a superfície ocular de crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade e identificar os efeitos adversos do metilfenidato relacionados à síndrome do olho seco. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e crianças saudáveis (todas entre 5-18 anos de idade). Elas foram randomizadas no Grupo A (sem tratamento com metilfenidato), Grupo B (com tratamento com metilfenidato) e Grupo C (crianças saudáveis). Foram avaliados o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, questionário sobre Índice de Doenças de Superfície Ocular (IDSO), altura do menisco lacrimal, área do menisco lacrimal e os resultados do teste de Schirmer. Além disso, a gravidade dos sintomas no transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade foi avaliada usando a Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale com base na escala de Conners Parent Rating Scale-48. Resultados: Os Grupos A, B e C consistiram de 34, 40 e 60 indivíduos (n=34, 40 e 60 olhos; idade=11,44 ± 2,79, 11,70 ± 2,83 e 11,96 ± 3,63 anos, idade média=12, 123 e 11,5 anos), respectivamente. O tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, o Índice de Doença da Superfície Ocular, as altura do menisco lacrimal, a área do menisco lacrimal e o teste de Schirmer não foram significativamente diferentes entre os Grupo A e C (p=0,964, 0,336, 0,445, 0,439 e 0,759, respectivamente). Entretanto, o Grupo B mostrou uma redução significativa no tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (10,50 ± 3,39 vs 12,52 ± 2,46 seg; p=0,005), altura do menisco lacrimal (307,40 ± 5,53 vs 310,82 ± 7,30 µm; p= 0,025), área do menisco lacrimal (0,024 ± 0,0037 vs 0,026 ± 0,0046 mm2; p=0,010) e teste de Schirmer (12,75 ± 3,96 vs 15,41 ± 3,75 mm; p=0,004), resultados com0arados com o Grupo A. Conclusão: Em comparação com crianças saudáveis, crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade apresentaram parâmetros de superfície ocular sugestivos de olho seco, apesar do uso de metilfenidato. Assim, elas requerem um acompanhamento oftalmológico próximo para evitar complicações oculares de olho seco que ameaçam a visão.

3.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2023. 221 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1444412

ABSTRACT

Esse estudo avaliou o impacto do tratamento com cloridrato de metilfenidato (MFD) em crianças com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade. O estudo incluiu metodologia variada, contendo estudo de revisão sobre efeito de metilfenidato sobre BDNF e estudo de coorte experimental. O estudo de revisão seguiu as diretrizes do PRISMA e foi registrado no PROSPERO. No estudo experimental, coorte aberta de centro único foi desenhada, com amostra de conveniência recrutada entre os anos de 2020 e 2022, no ambulatório de ensino da faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (MG). Amostra de 62 crianças, 6 a 14 anos incompletos, sem tratamento prévio, diagnosticadas por psiquiatra infantil segundo os critérios do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico dos Transtornos Mentais (DSM5). Média de 8 consultas de acompanhamento clínico realizadas, com coletas de amostras biológicas em 3 delas: antes do início do MFD, com 12 e 24 semanas após uso da medicação. Amostra caracterizada quanto a dados sociodemográficos, sintomas de TDAH, avaliações clínica e psiquiátrica e testagem de inteligência pela psicologia. Amostras biológicas para dosagens séricas de marcadores oxidativos (níveis de capacidade antioxidante total -FRAP -, atividade de superóxido dismutase ­ SOD-, catalase ­ CAT -, glutathione -S-transferase -GST-, níveis de peroxidação lipídica e de proteínas carboniladas) foram coletadas de cada criança nos três momentos da avaliação. Metilfenidato de liberação imediata foi administrado na dosagem de média de 0,65mg/kg/dia. Usou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e Kolmogorov-Smirnov para análise de normalidade. Frequências absolutas e relativas foram determinadas para as variáveis numéricas que foram descritas por suas médias e desvios padrões. Para comparações múltiplas dos parâmetros oxidativos foi realizado pós teste paramétrico de Tukey e para as demais variáveis análise de variância ANOVA (f). Análises dos parâmetros oxidativos foram realizadas no programa GraphPad Prism 7.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc. San Diego, CA, USA) e dos dados sociodemográficos e clínicos no software SPSS (versão 23.0 para Windows). Significância estatística foi considerada com p <0.05. Os resultados mostram: Sexo masculino predominante (71%), idade média 8,58 ± 1,91, predominância de apenas um cuidador - mãe e/ou pai biológico como chefe de família e maior frequência de tipo combinado de TDAH. Pressão arterial sistólica, frequência cardíaca e temperatura corporal alterações significativas, porém sem significância clínica. Índice massa corporal com diferença estatística, 37%, 19,3% e 21% das crianças apresentaram IMC acima do esperado para idade na avaliação 1, 2 e 3 respectivamente. Adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso permaneceu acima de 93,5% na 24ª semana. Durante o tratamento: FRAP não se alterou; atividade de SOD reduziu na 12ª semana em comparação à linha de base; atividade de CAT aumento significativo à 24ª em comparação 12ª semana; aumento significativo dos níveis de peroxidação lipídica à 24ª semana em comparação à 12ª semana. Aumento significativo das proteínas carboniladas na linha de base em comparação aos níveis da 12ª e 24ª semanas. O metilfenidato parece influenciar os parâmetros redox de crianças com TDAH, aumentando o estresse oxidativo. Porém, mecanismos cerebrais tamponam e desconhecemos o resultado dessas interações na estrutura cerebral. Níveis de BDNF não foram influenciados significativamente por metilfenidato em crianças com TDAH, quando comparados a controles em nossa metanálise.


This study evaluated the impact of methylphenidate hydrochloride (MFD) treatment (MFD) in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The study included varied methodology, including a review study about methylphenidate effects on BDNF and an experimental cohort study. The review study followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. In the experimental study, a single-center open cohort was designed, with a convenience sample recruited between the years 2020 and 2022, at the teaching outpatient clinic of the Faculty of Medicine at Viçosa Federal University (UFV-MG). Sample with 62 children, 6 to 14 years old, without previous treatment, diagnosed by a child psychiatrist according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM5). Eight clinical follow-up visits were carried out, and biological samples were collected in 3 visits: before MFD beginning and after 12- and 24-weeks medication. Sociodemographic data, ADHD symptoms, clinical and psychiatric assessments were performed, as well as intelligence testing by psychology. Biological samples for oxidative markers serum dosages (total antioxidant capacity levels -FRAP -, superoxide dismutase activity - SOD-, catalase - CAT -, glutathione S transferase -GST-, lipid peroxidation and carbonyl proteins levels) were collected of each child in the 3 evaluation moments. Immediate-release methylphenidate was administered at approximately 0.65mg/kg/day. The Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality analysis. Absolute and relative frequencies were used for numeric variables that were described by their means and standard deviations. Tukey's parametric test and variance analysis ANOVA (f) were performed for multiple comparisons in redox parameters and other variables respectively. Redox parameters analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 7.0 program (GraphPad Software, Inc. San Diego, CA, USA) and other variables using SPSS software (version 23.0 for Windows). Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. Male was predominant (71%), with a mean age of 8.58 ± 1.91, mother and/or biological father were the householder in most homes. Systolic blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature had significant changes, but without clinical significance. Body mass index showed a statistical difference, with 37%, 19.3% and 21% of the children having a BMI above the expected for their age in assessment 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Combined-ADHD occurred in 58.1% of the children, inattentive in 32.3% and hyperactive/impulsive in 9.7%. Drug treatment adherence was 98.4% (12th week) and 93.5% (24th week). There were no changes in FRAP levels; SOD activity had significant decreased at week 12 compared to baseline activity; CAT activity showed a significant increase at the 24th week compared to 12th week; Significant increase in lipid peroxidation levels at 24th week compared to 12th week. Significant increase in protein carbonyls levels at baseline (before methylphenidate use) compared to levels at 12 and 24 weeks. Methylphenidate can influence the oxidative and antioxidative parameters of ADHD children, increasing oxidative stress. However, buffer brain mechanisms may act and the result of these interactions in brain structure is not completely known. BDNF levels were not significantly affected by methylphenidate treatment in ADHD children and do not differ from controls in our meta-analysis.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Child , Oxidants , Methylphenidate , Neuronal Plasticity , Antioxidants , Meta-Analysis , Academic Dissertation
4.
Investig. enferm ; 2520230000. a.4 Tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1551823

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El Trastorno de Déficit de Atención con o sin Hiperactividad se asocia a un compromiso funcional en diversas áreas de la vida académica, profesional, social y afectiva. Las causas de este trastorno son atribuidas a una combinación de factores genéticos, biológicos y ambientales. Objetivos: Evaluar la respuesta clínica al tratamiento por Trastorno de Déficit Atencional en niños con y sin hallazgos epileptiformes al ECG, mediante el test de Conners para maestros. Metodología: Estudio analítico, que trabajó con 2 cohortes de niños diagnosticados con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención, separados en grupos con y sin signos de electroencefalograma epileptiforme. Evaluados con el Test de Conners para maestros aplicado al inicio, seis meses y al año de tratamiento médico integral y farmacológico. Resultados: La presencia de electroencefalograma epileptiforme no tiene relación con la variable hiperactividad (p=0,804) ni con la variable sexo (p=0,077). Ambos grupos presentan descensos significativos en los valores del test de Conners aplicado a maestros, durante los periodos inicial, a los 6 meses y al año (p<0,050). Discusión y conclusión: El tratamiento médico integral y farmacológico permite reducir las manifestaciones del TDA a lo largo del tratamiento de un año, tanto en niños con rasgos epileptiformes como no epileptiformes. La disminución más notable en la puntuación del test de Conners para maestros se observó durante el período de tratamiento inicial a seis meses en niños sin actividad epileptiforme. Por lo tanto, la presencia de actividad epileptiforme redujo la efectividad del tratamiento.


Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated to a functional compromise in a variety of areas in academic, professional and social life. The causes of this disorder are attributed to genetic, biologic, and environmental factors. Objective: To evaluate the clinical response to methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD with and without epileptiform activity through the Conners Teacher Assessment. Methods: analytical study involving two cohorts of children diagnosed with ADHD, separated into groups for those with or without epileptiform activity, evaluated with the Conners Teacher Assessment applied at the beginning, after six months and after a year of the methylphenidate treatment. Results: The presence of epileptiform activity on electroencephalogram (EEG) shows no relation to either the variable of hyperactivity (p=0.804) or sex (p=0.077). When comparing children with and without epileptiform activity with the Conners Teacher Assessment at the starting, 6-month and year-long periods of time, statistically significant results could be noted on all compared groups. Discussion and conclusions: The methylphenidate treatment reduced the effects of ADHD through the year-long period of treatment, both in children with and without epileptiform activity. The most notable decrease in the Conners Teacher Assessment's score appeared during the initial-to-six-month treatment period in children without epileptiform activity. As such, the presence of epileptiform activity reduced the effectiveness of the treatment.


Introdução: O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção com ou sem Hiperatividade está associado a um comprometimento funcional em várias áreas da vida acadêmica, profissional, social e afetiva. As causas deste transtorno são atribuídas a uma combinação de fatores genéticos, biológicos e ambientais. Objetivos: Avaliar a resposta clínica ao tratamento para Transtorno de Déficit Atencional em crianças com e sem achados epileptiformes no EEG, utilizando o teste de Conners para professores. Metodologia: Estudo analítico com duas coortes de crianças diagnosticadas com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção, divididas em grupos com e sem sinais de EEG epileptiforme. Foram avaliadas com o Teste de Conners para professores no início, aos seis meses e ao ano do tratamento médico integral e farmacológico. Resultados: A presença de EEG epileptiforme não está relacionada com a variável hiperatividade (p=0,804) nem com a variável sexo (p=0,077). Ambos os grupos apresentaram reduções significativas nos valores do teste de Conners aplicado pelos professores nos períodos inicial, aos seis meses e ao ano (p<0,050). Discussão e conclusão: O tratamento médico integral e farmacológico permite reduzir as manifestações do TDA ao longo de um ano de tratamento, tanto em crianças com traços epileptiformes como não epileptiformes. A diminuição mais notável na pontuação da teste de Conners para professores ocorreu durante o período de tratamento de inicial a seis meses em crianças sem atividade epileptiforme. Assim, a presença de atividade epileptiforme reduziu a eficácia do tratamento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Therapeutics
5.
Saúde debate ; 46(spe5): 178-192, out.-dez. 2022. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1424541

ABSTRACT

RESUMO O metilfenidato não é disponibilizado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), pois não faz parte da Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais. Todavia, o metilfenidato 10 mg é disponibilizado pela rede pública em Maringá-PR de acordo com a Política da Assistência Farmacêutica do município. Objetivou-se analisar as características das prescrições médicas de metilfenidato para crianças em ambulatório de neuropediatria vinculado ao SUS no município. Estudo transversal observacional retrospectivo de caráter quantitativo, realizado por meio da coleta de dados dos prontuários cadastrados no Sistema Gestor da rede pública de saúde do município, pelo ambulatório de neuropediatria na Unidade Básica de Saúde, Zona 7, entre janeiro de 2017 e novembro de 2019. Analisaram-se os dados por frequência relativa e absoluta. Emitiram-se 339 prescrições pelo neuropediatra responsável do ambulatório para 107 pacientes de 6 a 11 anos. Notou-se distribuição geográfica desigual das crianças atendidas conforme bairro da cidade, o que denota influência socioeconômica na prescrição de medicamentos. Ressaltam-se picos de prescrições coincidindo com o período do ano letivo escolar. Concluiu-se que o acompanhamento especializado adequado é premissa para o tratamento, não dispensando a rede longitudinal de assistência. Ademais, evidencia-se o impacto das condições socioeconômicas, tanto na prescrição como na aquisição do medicamento.


ABSTRACT Methylphenidate is not available through the Unified Health System (SUS), as it is not part of the National List of Essential Medicines. However, methylphenidate 10 mg is available through the public system in Maringá-PR, according to the Pharmaceutical Assistance Policy of the municipality. Retrospective cross-sectional observational study of a quantitative character occurred through the collection of data from the medical records registered in the Management System of the public health network in Maringá-PR, Brazil, by the neuropediatric outpatient clinic in the Basic Health Unit, between January 2017 and November 2019. Data were analyzed by relative and absolute frequency. 339 prescriptions were issued by the responsible neuropediatrician for 107 patients aged 6 to 11 years. There was an uneven geographic distribution of the number of children attended according to the neighborhood of the city, which points to a socioeconomic influence on the medication prescription. It is worth noting peaks of prescriptions coinciding with the period of the school year, following to a national trend. It was concluded that adequate specialized monitoring is a premise for better treatment, not dispensing the longitudinal assistance network. The impact of socioeconomic conditions is significant in the prescription and purchase of the medication.

6.
Indian J Ophthalmol ; 2022 May; 70(5): 1664-1668
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-224300

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Methylphenidate hydrochloride, which blocks the reuptake mechanisms of dopamine and norepinephrine, is used in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment. Methylphenidate has many general side effects including ocular findings. In this study, we investigated the long?term effects of methylphenidate treatment on functional and structural ocular parameters. Methods: In this prospective study, children with ADHD were evaluated. All patients underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination before methylphenidate treatment. All patients were examined in the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th months of methylphenidate treatment. Visual acuities, color vision, pupil diameters, static, dynamic and cycloplegic retinoscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL) were evaluated and recorded. Results: A total of 22 children were included in this study. The best?corrected visual acuities (BCVA) of all patients for both eyes were 0.0 logMAR, and 90.9% of patients had blue–purple color weakness before the treatment. After 1 year of treatment, none of the patients had any change in BCVA and color vision. However, an increase in myopic values of static retinoscopy and a decrease in hyperopic values of cycloplegic retinoscopy were found. Additionally, accommodation capacities were found to be decreased and AL was found to be increased significantly for both eyes. Pupil diameter, IOP, and ACD values did not change significantly. Conclusion: Our results suggest that patients with ADHD may have blue color vision deficiencies because of the decreased retinal dopamine levels. Additionally, structural and ocular parameters, especially accommodation capacity, may be affected by methylphenidate treatment.

7.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-956168

ABSTRACT

Objective:To observe the effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) combined with mentalization-based family therapy (MBFT) on clinical efficacy and social function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:Sixty-four children with ADHD diagnosed in Wuxi Children's Hospital and Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University from June 2019 to May 2021 were selected and divided into observation group ( n=32) and control group ( n=32) according to the random number table.Children in both groups received methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets, while those in the observation group were given additional MBFT.The duration of treatment was 12 weeks in both groups.The parent symptom questionnaire (PSQ), swanson nolan and pelham-version Ⅳ (SNAP-Ⅳ) parent Al scale, and Weiss impairment functional scale (WFIRS-P) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 25.0 statistical software.In particular, the χ2 test was used for counting data and the paired sample t test was used for comparison of measurement data between the two groups before and after treatment. Results:(1) All the PSQ dimension scores of patients in the observation group and the control group after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (all P<0.01). Compared with the control group after treatment, the PSQ dimension scores of personality and behavior problems ((1.25±0.15), (0.94±0.18), t=7.484, P<0.001), learning problems ((1.57±0.16), (1.32±0.20), t=5.522, P<0.001), psychosomatic disorders ((0.56±0.11), (0.44±0.13), t=3.986, P<0.001), impulse hyperactivity ((1.76±0.23), (1.54±0.25), t=3.663, P<0.001), anxiety ((0.94±0.12), (0.76±0.11), t=6.255, P<0.001) and hyperactivity index ((1.74±0.19), (1.51±0.16), t=5.238, P<0.001) decreased significantly in the observation group after treatment.(2) Compared with the pre-treatment period, the SNAP-Ⅳ scale scores of attention deficit, impulsivity-hyperactivity and oppositional defiance were significantly lower in both groups after treatment (all P<0.01); and compared with the control group, the SNAP-Ⅳ scale scores of the above three dimensions were significantly lower in the observation group (all P<0.01). (3) All six dimensions (family, learning and school, life skills, self-management, social activities, and risk-taking activities)of the WFIRS-P scale were significantly lower in the children in the observation group after treatment compared with those before treatment (all P<0.01), and all the six dimensions of the WFIRS-P scale were significantly lower in the observation group compared with those in the control group (all P<0.01). Conclusion:Methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets combined with MBFT can significantly improve the clinical symptoms and social function of children with ADHD.

8.
Psicol. ciênc. prof ; 42: e235853, 2022. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1360644

ABSTRACT

O metilfenidato é um fármaco indicado no tratamento do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) e da narcolepsia. Atua no sistema nervoso central inibindo a recaptação de dopamina e noradrenalina, o que provoca um efeito psicoestimulante. Estudos anteriores demonstraram um aumento no consumo da droga por indivíduos saudáveis que buscam aprimoramento cognitivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre o uso não prescrito de metilfenidato e o desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de medicina de uma universidade do sul de Santa Catarina. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva de caráter quantitativo. Participaram da pesquisa 243 acadêmicos do segundo ao oitavo semestre do curso de medicina; os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário e analisados com ajuda do software SPSS versão 21.0. A prevalência de uso não prescrito do metilfenidato foi de 2,9%, enquanto 17,3% dos pesquisados afirmaram já ter utilizado o medicamento alguma vez na vida. As motivações para consumo mais citadas foram melhorar o desempenho cognitivo (10%) e ficar acordado por mais tempo (4,1%), e a forma de obtenção mais comum foi por meio de amigos (56,5%). O psicoestimulante não apresentou efeitos de aprimoramento cognitivo, uma vez que participantes que nunca utilizaram o fármaco apresentaram um desempenho acadêmico superior (8,80) se comparados àqueles que usam (7,92) ou já usaram (8,01). Os resultados corroboram a hipótese de efeito relacionado a sensações de bem-estar em pessoas saudáveis, o que torna preocupante a injustificada exposição aos efeitos adversos da droga. Ressalta-se a necessidade de ações que visem à promoção de saúde mental aos universitários.(AU)


Methylphenidate is a drug indicated for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It acts on the central nervous system by inhibiting dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, causing a psychostimulant effect. Previous studies have shown an increase in drug use by healthy individuals seeking cognitive enhancement. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between non-prescribed methylphenidate use and academic performance of medical students of a university in southern Santa Catarina. It is quantitative descriptive study. A total of 243 students from the second to the eighth semester of the medicine school participated in the research; data were collected by using a questionnaire and analyzed with the software SPSS Version 21.0. The prevalence of non-prescribed methylphenidate use was 2.9% and 17.3% of respondents said they had used the drug once in their lifetime. The most cited motivations for consumption were improving cognitive performance (10%) and staying awake longer (4.1%), with the most common way of obtention being through friends (56.5%). The psychostimulant had no cognitive enhancement effects since participants who never used the drug had a higher academic performance (8.80) compared with those who use (7.92) or have used it (8.01). The results corroborate the hypothesis of an effect related to feelings of well-being in healthy people, thus making the unjustified exposure to the adverse effects of the drug concerning. We emphasize the need for actions aimed at promoting mental health to university students.(AU)


El metilfenidato es un medicamento indicado para el tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y de la narcolepsia. Actúa sobre el sistema nervioso central al inhibir la reabsorción de dopamina y norepinefrina, causando un efecto psicoestimulante. Estudios anteriores han demostrado un aumento del consumo de este medicamento por personas sanas que buscan una mejora cognitiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre el uso no prescrito de metilfenidato y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de medicina de una universidad en el sur de Santa Catarina (Brasil). Se trató de una investigación cuantitativa descriptiva. Participaron en la investigación 243 estudiantes del segundo al octavo semestre del curso de medicina; los datos se recolectaron mediante un cuestionario y se analizaron con la ayuda del software SPSS, versión 21.0. La prevalencia del uso no prescrito de metilfenidato fue del 2,9%, y el 17,3% de los encuestados dijeron que habían usado el medicamento en algún momento de sus vidas. Las motivaciones de consumo más citadas fueron: mejorar el rendimiento cognitivo (10%) y permanecer despierto por más tiempo (4,1%), y la forma más común de obtenerlo fue con los amigos (56,5%). El psicoestimulante no tuvo ningún efecto de mejora cognitiva, ya que los participantes que nunca lo usaron tuvieron un rendimiento académico superior (8,80) en comparación con aquellos que lo usan (7,92) o lo han usado (8,01). Los resultados corroboraron la hipótesis de un efecto relacionado con los sentimientos de bienestar en personas sanas, lo que provoca una exposición injustificada a los efectos adversos de este fármaco. Se enfatiza la necesidad de acciones dirigidas a promover la salud mental de los estudiantes universitarios.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Students, Medical , Intelligence , Methylphenidate , Research , Attention , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Schools , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Dopamine , Mental Health , Life , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Efficiency , Emotions , Academic Performance , Medicine
9.
Rev. bras. educ. méd ; 46(2): e060, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1365623

ABSTRACT

Abstract: Introduction: Studies methylphenidate (MPH) has been used by medical students to increase their mental activity and improve the performance required during undergraduate school, generating concern regarding the risks to their physical and mental health. This scenario indicates the need for specifically aimed measures in medical schools. Objective: To review the literature about the use of MPH without medical indication amongst medical students. Method: A thorough review of the literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, between 2013 and 2019, based on data made available by Pubmed and Scielo, utilizing keywords in the three above languages, along the four stages of the selection process. Results and Discussion: Altogether, 224 articles were found, of which 25 were selected after reading, dealing with the use of MPH or 'cognition enhancer' by undergraduate medical students without a doctor's prescription. The research indicated significant variability in the frequency of consumption, related to the investigated pattern of use, use with or without indication, before or after entering University and country where the study was carried out. The most frequent justification for the use without medical indication was to attain improvement in academic performance. A lack of research with a fair appraisal of the cognition, behavioral and psychic risks involved, among them addiction and the approach of the topic in medical schools, was noted. Conclusion: The high rates of usage of MPH by medical students aiming at cognitive enhancement strengthens the importance of preventative actions in medical schools. The strategies must consider information concerning the risks of use (of MPH) without medical indication; non-pharmacological interventions for performance improvement; sleep hygiene measures organization for adequate study activities; broad discussions about ethical aspects and curricular structure.


Resumo: Introdução: Estudos mostram que o metilfenidato (MPH) tem sido utilizado por estudantes de medicina para aumentar sua atividade mental e melhorar o desempenho exigido durante a graduação, gerando preocupações quanto aos riscos à sua saúde física e mental. Esse cenário indica a necessidade de medidas especificamente direcionadas nas escolas médicas. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura sobre o uso de MPH sem indicação médica entre estudantes de medicina. Método: Revisão minuciosa da literatura publicada em inglês, espanhol e português, entre 2013 e 2019, com base em dados disponibilizados pelo PUBMED e SCIELO, utilizando palavras-chave nos três idiomas acima, ao longo das quatro etapas do processo de seleção. Resultados e Discussão: Ao todo, foram encontrados 224 artigos, dos quais 25 foram selecionados após leitura, tratando do uso de MPH ou 'potencializador da cognição' por graduandos de medicina sem prescrição médica. A pesquisa indicou variabilidade significativa na frequência de consumo, relacionada ao padrão de uso investigado, uso com ou sem indicação, antes ou após a entrada na Universidade e país onde o estudo foi realizado. A justificativa mais frequente para o uso sem indicação médica foi a de obter melhora no desempenho acadêmico. Notou-se a carência de pesquisas com uma avaliação adequada dos riscos cognitivos, comportamentais e psíquicos envolvidos, entre eles o risco de adição e a abordagem do tópico nas escolas médicas. Conclusão: As altas taxas de uso do MPH por estudantes de medicina visando o aprimoramento cognitivo reforça a importância de ações preventivas nas escolas médicas. As estratégias devem considerar informações sobre os riscos do uso (do MPH) sem indicação médica; intervenções não farmacológicas para melhoria do desempenho cognitivo; medidas de higiene do sono; organização para atividades de estudo adequadas; amplas discussões sobre aspectos éticos e estrutura curricular.

10.
Interface (Botucatu, Online) ; 26: e210619, 2022. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385939

ABSTRACT

As percepções e o uso de metilfenidato entre universitários foram investigados em estudo descritivo realizado em duas etapas. A primeira, quantitativa, foi realizada por meio do preenchimento de um questionário semiestruturado on-line. Para a segunda etapa, qualitativa, foi realizado um grupo focal. Dos 337 participantes da primeira etapa, 14,5% relataram usar o metilfenidato. Entre os usuários, a prevalência de uso sem prescrição foi maior para o sexo masculino (65,3%), após ingresso na faculdade (57,1%), e 61,2% relataram eventos adversos. O principal motivo de uso foi o doping intelectual (65,3%). Já na etapa qualitativa, além de reforçar os achados anteriores, foram identificados tópicos temáticos como a pressão externa exercida por familiares, sociedade e a rotina universitária. Esses achados apontam para a necessidade de medidas de apoio e orientação aos universitários e de reformulação do processo ensino-aprendizagem.(AU)


This descriptive study investigated the use and perceptions of methylphenidate among university students. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage (quantitative), the students completed an online semi-structured questionnaire. The second stage (qualitative) consisted of focus group discussions. Of the 337 participants in the first stage, 14.5% reported using methylphenidate. The prevalence of methylphenidate use without a prescription was greater among men (65.3%) and after starting university (57.1%); 61.2% of the students reported adverse events. The main reason for using the drug was intellectual doping (65.3%). In the qualitative stage, which reinforced the findings of the quantitative stage, we identified themes such as external pressure from family, society and university routine. The findings underline the need to provide student support and advice and reformulate the teaching and learning process.(AU)


Se investigaron las percepciones y el uso del metilfenidato entre universitarios, en un estudio descriptivo realizado en dos etapas. La primera, cuantitativa, se realizó por medio del llenado de un cuestionario semiestructurado online. Para la segunda etapa, cualitativa, se realizó un grupo focal. De los 337 participantes de la primera etapa, el 14,5% relató que usaba metilfenidato. Entre los usuarios, la prevalencia de uso sin prescripción fue mayor para el sexo masculino (65,3%), después del ingreso en la facultad (57,1%) y el 61,2% relataron eventos adversos. El principal motivo de uso fue el dopping intelectual (65,3%). En la etapa cualitativa, además de reforzar los hallazgos anteriores, se identificaron tópicos temáticos tales como la presión externa ejercida por los familiares, la sociedad y la rutina universitaria. Esos hallazgos señalan la necesidad de medidas de apoyo y orientación a los universitarios y de reformulación del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Students, Health Occupations , Off-Label Use/statistics & numerical data , Methylphenidate , Brazil
11.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 15(4): 421-427, Oct.-Dec. 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1350686

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent childhood psychiatric problems. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify, synthesize the results, and critically evaluate all Cochrane systematic reviews (SRs) on the pharmacological interventions for children and adolescents (up to age 18) diagnosed with ADHD. Methods: The search was performed in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (via Wiley) in July 2020. Results: The search strategy resulted in four SRs of high methodological quality, analyzing 51 randomized clinical trials (9,013 participants). Compared to placebo, treatment with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (desipramine), amphetamine, and methylphenidate showed improvement in symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, impulsivity, and hyperactivity in the short term (up to 6 months). There was an increase in the occurrence of adverse events, such as reduced appetite, difficulty sleeping, and abdominal pain. Insufficient evidence was found to support the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conclusions: The use of TCAs, amphetamine, and methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD seems to present positive effects and higher rates of minor adverse events when compared to placebo.


RESUMO. Déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) é uma das mais frequentes condições psiquiátricas da infância. Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo foi identificar, sintetizar os resultados e avaliar criticamente todas as revisões sistemáticas (RS) da Cochrane sobre as intervenções farmacológicas para crianças e adolescentes (até 18 anos de idade) diagnosticados com transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade. Métodos: A pesquisa foi realizada na base de dados Cochrane de Revisões Sistemáticas — CDSR (via Wiley) em julho de 2020. Resultados: A estratégia de busca resultou em quatro RS de alta qualidade metodológica, que analisavam 51 ensaios clínicos randomizados (9.013 participantes). Comparado ao placebo, o tratamento com antidepressivos tricíclicos (desipramina), anfetamina e metilfenidato apresentou melhora nos sintomas, como dificuldade de concentração, impulsividade e hiperatividade no curto prazo (até seis meses). Houve aumento na ocorr≖ncia de eventos adversos, como redução do apetite, dificuldade para dormir e dor abdominal. Foram encontradas evid≖ncias insuficientes para apoiar os efeitos da suplementação com ácidos graxos poli-insaturados. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados de revisões sistemáticas Cochrane, o uso de antidepressivos tricíclicos, anfetamina e metilfenidato em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH parece apresentar efeitos positivos e taxas mais elevadas de eventos adversos menores quando comparado ao placebo. Dado o alto risco de viés nos estudos primários incluídos nessas RS, ainda são necessários novos ensaios clínicos randomizados com rigor metodológico para apoiar esses achados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
12.
Cad. saúde colet., (Rio J.) ; 29(4): 463-473, out.-dez. 2021. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1360328

ABSTRACT

Resumo Introdução O metilfenidato, utilizado especialmente para tratar o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade tem conquistado universitários que buscam melhorar o desempenho cognitivo. Objetivo Investigar conhecimentos, motivações, percepções e perfil de uso não prescrito desse medicamento por estudantes de uma Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Método Aplicação de questionário estruturado a 696 estudantes de Bioquímica, Enfermagem, Farmácia e Medicina, e análise descritiva e dos fatores associados ao uso, por meio de modelos de regressão logística. Resultados: Dos participantes, 96,7% afirmaram conhecer o medicamento e desses, 4,3% o utilizam/utilizavam por motivos não prescritos. O principal motivo de uso era o melhoramento cognitivo, e a universidade foi o principal local de início de uso. A maior parte dos usuários percebeu aumento na concentração e 50% relatou ocorrência de efeitos indesejados. Houve maior chance de uso não prescrito entre homens, maiores de 21 anos, envolvidos em atividades extracurriculares e menor chance de uso entre estudantes de Enfermagem. Conclusão A análise de diferentes aspectos relacionados com o uso não prescrito do metilfenidato propicia um melhor entendimento das situações vivenciadas entre universitários e aponta os riscos à saúde relacionados à busca por melhores desempenhos acadêmicos e estratégias para lidar com sobrecarga de atividades.


Abstract Background Methylphenidate, especially used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, has conquered over university students who seek to improve cognitive performance. Objective To investigate knowledge, motivations, perceptions, and profile of non-prescribed use of this drug by students of a Federal University of Minas Gerais. Method A structured questionnaire was applied to 696 students of Biochemistry, Nursing, Pharmacy, and Medicine, and descriptive analysis and associated factors, using logistic regression models. Results Of the participants, 96.7% said they knew the medicine and of these, 4.3% use it/used it for reasons not prescribed. The main reason for using it was the cognitive improvement and the university was the main place of use. Most users noticed an increased concentration and 50% reported the occurrence of unwanted effects. There was a greater chance of non-prescribed use among men, over 21 years old, involved in extracurricular activities, and less chance of use among nursing students. Conclusion Analysis of different aspects related to the non-prescribed use of Methylphenidate provides a better understanding of the situations experienced by university students and points to health risks related to the search for better academic performance and strategies for dealing with activity overload.

13.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1290531

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: analisar a evolução do consumo de psicoestimulantes pelos acadêmicos de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) durante quatro anos. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo de painel com amostra de estudantes do primeiro ao quarto ano do curso de medicina, matriculados na instituição no período de 2015 a 2018. O estudo teve como desfecho o consumo de psicoestimulantes. Foram coletadas informações sobre o uso de cafeína, metilfenidato, piracetam, modafinil, bebidas energéticas, metilenodioximetanfetamina (ecstasy) e anfetaminas. O questionário foi composto de duas etapas. Na primeira, foram recolhidas informações demográficas, sobre hábitos e qualidade de vida. Na segunda, questionou-se sobre o consumo de substâncias estimulantes, abordando a frequência de uso, efeitos percebidos e a motivação para o consumo, assim como o início do consumo durante o curso. Resultados: a prevalência de uso dessas substâncias aumentou de 58% para 68% de 2015 a 2018. A proporção de acadêmicos que começaram a usar psicoestimulantes durante a faculdade, aumentou de 15% para 30%. Essa proporção aumentou conforme o ano do curso, passando de 25% no primeiro ano para 38% no quarto ano. Esse resultado foi atribuído, principalmente, ao uso de metilfenidato, cuja prevalência aumentou de 21% para 56% durante o período do estudo. Conclusões: o consumo de psicoestimulantes entre estudantes de medicina foi alto e o início de seu consumo durante a faculdade aumentou ao longo dos anos. Seu uso tem sido percebido como eficaz pela maioria dos usuários, o que pode dificultar o gerenciamento do uso indevido dessas substâncias.


Aims: To analyze the evolution of psychostimulants consumption by medical students of the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG) during the period of four years. Methods: This was a panel study conducted with a sample of students from first to fourth year of medical training, enrolled on the institution on the period between 2015 and 2018. The main outcome of this investigation was the use of psychostimulants. We collected information about the consumption of caffeine, methylphenidate, modafinil, piracetam, energetic drinks, amphetamines and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy). The questionnaire was composed by two sections. First, information about socioeconomic and demographic variables, daily habits and quality of life were collected. In the second part, participants were asked about use of stimulant substances, frequency of its use, perceived effects, their motivation for consumption, as well as the beginning of consumption during the course. Results: Prevalence of use of these substances have increased from 58% to 68% between 2015 and 2018. Proportion of students that had started to use psychostimulants during college increased from 15% to 30% in this period. That proportion increased according to the year of graduation, passing from 25% on the first year to 38% on the fourth year. This result may be attributed mostly to the use of methylphenidate, whose prevalence increased from 21% to 56% during the period of the study. Conclusions: The consumption of psychostimulants among medical students was high, and the beginning of its consumption during college has increased over the years. Its use has been perceived as effective by most users, which may hamper the management of the misuse of these substances.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Students, Medical , Caffeine , Central Nervous System Stimulants
14.
West Indian med. j ; West Indian med. j;69(6): 416-420, 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1515682

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: Most drugs used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment can affect saliva secretion. Methylphenidate is the most commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and was approved for use in children over the age of 6 years. However, limited information is available on the use and long-term adverse effects of methylphenidate in preschool children (< 6 years). We explored the effects of methylphenidate on salivary flow rate and salivary buffering capacity during treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods: Children who were diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by expert psychiatrists, under medical treatment, and those who had no other systemic diseases were included. Stimulated saliva samples were collected before prescription of methylphenidate and after 15 days, 30 days and 3 months of regular drug intake. The samples were analysed for Streptococcus mutans, as well as salivary buffering capacity and salivary flow rate. Twenty children (age range, 6-15 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were included. Results: The mean salivary buffering capacity value at month 3 was significantly lower than that at baseline and at day 15. Regarding the distribution according to salivary flow rate, statistically significant differences were found between baseline and the first month and between baseline and month 3 These results indicate that methylphenidate consumption in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder leads to reduced salivary buffering capacity and salivary flow rate after 3 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Parents should be informed about necessary preventive dental treatments to minimize the negative oral and dental effects of long-term drug use in children.

15.
Psicol. (Univ. Brasília, Online) ; 37: e37113, 2021. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1346748

ABSTRACT

Resumo A influência do metilfenidato no desempenho das funções executivas e atenção tem sido bastante estudada no transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade. Este artigo consiste em um estudo de revisão sistemática de pesquisas publicadas entre 2010 e 2016 e que envolvem a verificação do perfil de desempenho em funções executivas e atenção de crianças e/ou adolescentes com TDAH que usam ou não metilfenidato. Foram utilizados os descritores executive functions AND methylphenidate, adhd, attention. A análise dos artigos revelou que o metilfenidato é considerado a substância de primeira escolha para o TDAH e que sua eficácia é mais comprovada no controle inibitório e na flexibilidade cognitiva. São necessários mais estudos no que se refere à memória de trabalho e atenção.


Abstract The influence of methylphenidate in performance of executive functions and attention has been much studied on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This article consists of a systematic review study of public researches between 2010 and 2016 that involves a verification of the performance profile on executive functions and attention of children and/or adolescents with ADHD, using methylphenidate or not. As descriptors, the following expressions were used: executive functions AND methylphenidate, adhd, attention. The analysis of the articles revealed that methylphenidate is considered a first-choice substance for ADHD and that its efficacy is better demonstrated on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. There is a need for more studies regarding working memory and attention.

16.
Rev. colomb. psiquiatr ; 49(3): 208-210, jul.-set. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1149829

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Introducción: El TDAH tiene una prevalencia del 1-4% de la población escolar española. Su tratamiento se realiza con derivados anfetamínicos y, recientemente, con fármacos no esti mulantes; los estudios realizados no han encontrado diferencias de eficacia. Caso clínico: Niña de 7 arios llegó derivada desde neurología por retraso en el aprendizaje y trastornos de conducta. Orientada como TDAH, se inició tratamiento con metilfenidato de liberación inmediata y posteriormente con la fórmula OROS; apareció alopecia areata y se retiró el tratamiento. Tras la reintroducción de metilfenidato de liberación modificada 30:70, se consiguió controlar los síntomas sin que apareciera alopecia. Discusión: Hay antecedentes publicados de 2 casos de alopecia areata con metilfenidato OROS, que se resolvieron tras el aumento de dosis del fármaco, aunque no se conoce clara mente el motivo de este suceso. No hay consenso sobre el uso prioritario de la fórmula de liberación inmediata o la fórmula OROS del metilfenidato.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has a prevalence of 1-4% of the Spanish school population. Its treatment consists of giving amphetamine derivatives and, recently, non-stimulant drugs, without finding any differences in efficacy in the studies performed. Clinical case: A 7-year-old girl was referred from neurology due to learning delay and behaviour disorders. Diagnosed as likely ADHD, treatment was started with immediate release methylphenidate, and later with an osmotic release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate. When alopecia areata appeared, this treatment was withdrawn. After the re-introduction of modified release methylphenidate 30:70, symptom control was achieved without the appearance of alopecia. Discussion: There is a published history of two cases of alopecia areata with OROS methylp henidate that resolved after increasing the dose of the drug without clearly knowing the reason for this event. There is no consensus on the priority use of the immediate release formula or the OROS methylphenidate.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Alopecia , Methylphenidate , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Alopecia Areata , Dosage
17.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 118(4): e405-e409, agosto 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1118592

ABSTRACT

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad afecta al 5 % de los niños en edad escolar. Se presenta una serie de 82 niños con este trastorno no asociado a enfermedades neurológicas ni a discapacidad intelectual o trastorno del espectro autista, atendidos durante un período de 8 meses en Neuropediatría: 57 casos de tipo combinado, 23 de tipo inatento y 2 de predominio hiperactivo. Tiempo medio de seguimiento: 7 ± 2,8 años (rango: 4-14,6). Compartían seguimiento con Psiquiatría 16 pacientes. Nunca recibieron tratamiento por decisión parental 12 pacientes. De los 70 que recibieron, en 20, hubo demora en el inicio del tratamiento. Tiempo medio de demora: 20 meses ± 1,6 años (rango: 1 mes y 6 años). Tiempo medio de tratamiento: 44 meses ± 2,6 años (rango: 1 mes y 10,5 años). El 90 % de los pacientes (63) que iniciaron tratamiento continuaban tomándolo en la última revisión


Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity has a high prevalence affecting 5 % of school-age children. We present a case series of 82 children with said disorder not associated with neurological diseases or intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorder, treated during a period of 8 months in a neuropediatrics clinic: 57 cases of combined type, 23 of inattentive type and 2 of overactive predominance. Average follow-up time: 7 ± 2.8 years (range: 4-14.6); 16 patients shared follow-up with Psychiatry; 12 patients never received treatment by parental decision. Of the 70 who received it, in 20 there was a delay in the start of treatment. Average delay time: 20 months ± 1.6 years (range: 1 month and 6 years). Average treatment time: 44 months ± 2.6 years (range: 1 month and 10.5 years); 90 % of the patients (63) who started treatment were under treatment at the last control


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Pediatrics , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Retrospective Studies , Tics , Learning Disabilities , Neurology
18.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.);42(3): 309-313, May-June 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1132084

ABSTRACT

Objective: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) and macular, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thicknesses in treatment-naive children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), children with ADHD on regular methylphenidate (MPH) treatment for at least 3 months, and healthy controls. Methods: A total of 58 treatment-naive children with ADHD, 45 children with ADHD on regular MPH treatment, and 44 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to assess global RNFL thickness, central macular thickness, and GCL thickness in both eyes. Results: Separate univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on the outcome variables revealed a significant difference among the research groups with respect to IOP in the left eye. Post-hoc univariate analyses indicated that left IOP was significantly higher in children with ADHD under MPH treatment than among healthy controls. However, global RNFL thickness, central macular thickness, and GCL thickness of both eyes, as well as IOP in the right eye, were not significantly different across groups. Conclusion: Further longitudinal follow-up studies are needed to determine whether MPH treatment has any effect on IOP or OCT findings.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/pathology , Intraocular Pressure/physiology , Macula Lutea/pathology , Nerve Fibers/pathology , Reference Values , Retina/pathology , Case-Control Studies , Analysis of Variance , Tomography, Optical Coherence
19.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-200595

ABSTRACT

Background: Schizophrenia as a psychotic disorder is currently treated by various antipsychotic drugs. A large group of patients still remain resistant to the treatment and present in the form of residual cognitive deficits. Donepezil has been advocated at various conferences and seminars for using it in schizophrenia patients. Donepezil is currently approved drug for Alzheimer's disease to improve cognition. Hence, we have tried to assess its role for psychotic models induced by methylphenidate in mice.Methods: Methylphenidate 5 mg/kg was given by intraperitoneal (i.p) route to induce psychosis in Swiss albino mice (n=6). Donepezil was given alone in a dose of 1 mg/kg and in combination with low dose haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg and groups were compared with haloperidol 0.2 mg/kg. Activity of donepezil was also assessed on the haloperidol induced catalepsy test. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA followed by Bonferroni抯 test.Results: Methylphenidate successfully induced characteristic stereotypy behaviour in mice similar to amphetamine. Both donepezil 1 mg/kg and haloperidol 0.2 mg/kg showed significant reduction in stereotypy behaviour and there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p<0.05). Effects with donepezil were only slightly inferior to standard while it抯 combination (1 mg/kg with haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg) showed comparable results with the standard haloperidol. Donepezil had only marginally enhanced potential to induce catatonia which was statistically insignificant (p>0.05).Conclusions: Methylphenidate can be used successfully to induce psychosis in animals and donepezil may be a promising and potentially useful drug as add on therapy to routine antipsychotics.

20.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; Arq. neuropsiquiatr;78(4): 193-198, Apr. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1098090

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective: To compare the ways of evaluating arithmetic skills in Brazilian children with ADHD by combining three validated neuropsychological tests and determining whether they are sensitive to the methylphenidate treatment. Methods: Forty-two children (9‒12 years old) participated in the present study: 20 were children with ADHD (DSM-IV) and 22 were age-matched controls. A classification criterion was used for each test separately and one, for their combination to detect the presence of arithmetic difficulties at two time points: baseline (time 1); and when children with ADHD were taking 0.3‒0.5 mg/kg of methylphenidate (time 2). The study also assessed children's subtraction performance, combining parts of these tests. Results: Separately, the tests were only sensitive to differences between groups without medication. However, by combining the three neuropsychological tests, we observed a difference and detected a reduction in arithmetic difficulties associated with the methylphenidate treatment. The same effects were found in subtraction exercises, which require a borrowing procedure. Conclusions: The present study detected arithmetic difficulties in Brazilian children with ADHD and the effects of methylphenidate. Given this improvement in sensitivity, combining tests could be a promising alternative when working with limited samples.


Resumo Objetivo: Comparar as formas de avaliar as habilidades aritméticas em crianças brasileiras com TDAH, combinando três testes neuropsicológicos validados, e verificar se são sensíveis ao tratamento com metilfenidato. Métodos: Quarenta e duas crianças (9‒12 anos) participaram deste estudo: 20 eram crianças com TDAH (DSM-IV) e 22 eram controles pareados por idade. Usamos um critério de classificação para cada teste separadamente e outro para a combinação entre eles, visando detectar a presença de dificuldades aritméticas em dois momentos: início (tempo 1) e quando as crianças com TDAH estavam tomando 0,3‒0,5 mg/kg de metilfenidato (tempo 2). O estudo também avaliou o desempenho dessas crianças em operações de subtração, combinando partes desses testes. Resultados: Separadamente, os testes foram sensíveis apenas às diferenças entre os grupos sem medicação. Entretanto, ao combinar os três testes neuropsicológicos, foi possível observar uma diferença e detectar uma redução das dificuldades aritméticas associadas ao tratamento com metilfenidato. Os mesmos efeitos foram encontrados em exercícios de subtração que exigem o procedimento de empréstimo. Conclusões: O estudo foi capaz de detectar dificuldades aritméticas em crianças brasileiras com TDAH e os efeitos do metilfenidato. Dada essa melhora na sensibilidade, combinar testes poderia ser uma alternativa promissora ao trabalhar com amostras limitadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Brazil , Central Nervous System Stimulants , Methylphenidate , Neuropsychological Tests
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