Risk of permanent medical impairment after road traffic crashes: A systematic review / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#To systematically review the risk of permanent disability related to road traffic injuries (RTIs) and to determine the implications for future research regarding permanent impairment following road traffic crashes.@*METHODS@#We conducted this systematic review according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis statement. An extended search of the literature was carried out in 4 major electronic databases for scientific research papers published from January 1980 to February 2020. Two teams include 2 reviewers each, screened independently the titles/abstracts, and after that, reviewed the full text of the included studies. The quality of the studies was assessed using the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. A third reviewer was assessed any discrepancy and all data of included studies were extracted. Finally, the data were systematically analyzed, and the related data were interpreted.@*RESULTS@#Five out of 16 studies were evaluated as high-quality according to the STROBE checklist. Fifteen studies ranked the initial injuries according to the abbreviated injury scale 2005. Five studies reported the total risk of permanent medical impairment following RTIs which varied from 2% to 23% for car occupants and 2.8% to 46% for cyclists. Seven studies reported the risk of permanent medical impairment of the different body regions. Eleven studies stated the most common body region to develop permanent impairment, of which 6 studies demonstrated that injuries of the cervical spine and neck were at the highest risk of becoming permanent injured.@*CONCLUSION@#The finding of this review revealed the necessity of providing a globally validated method to evaluate permanent medical impairment following RTIs across the world. This would facilitate decision-making about traffic injuries and efficient management to reduce the financial and psychological burdens for individuals and communities.

Epidemiology of tobacco use and nicotine dependence in truck drivers

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiology of tobacco use and nicotine dependence in a sample of truck drivers in Brazil. METHODS Between 2015 and 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 624 truck drivers who operate on the BR-050 highway in Brazil. Participants were interviewed about sociodemographic data, occupational characteristics, mental health, behavioral data, and tobacco use. Then, the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) was used to verify nicotine dependence in smoking truck drivers. Logistic regression and linear regression were also used to verify factors associated with tobacco use in the previous 30 days and nicotine dependence scores, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of tobacco use among truck drivers was 21.1% (n = 132;95%CI: 18.1-24.5). Of the total number of smokers who responded to the FTND (n = 118; 89.4%), most had high/very high nicotinic dependence (68.6%; 95%CI: 59.8-76.3). Tobacco use was associated with absence of religion (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.60; 95%CI: 1.35-5.01), employment relationship of the contract (AOR = 1.98; 95%CI: 1.26-3.13); > 12 hours daily working time (AOR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.09-2.98) and alcohol use in the previous 30 days (AOR = 2.92; 95%CI: 1.86-4.57). Irregular physical activity was associated with higher scores of nicotine dependence (β = 1.87; 95%CI: 0.55-3.19). CONCLUSION The results showed a high prevalence of tobacco use and high/very high nicotine dependence among the truck drivers.

Factors associated with psychoactive substance use among professional truck drivers / Factores relacionados al uso de psicotrópicos entre motoristas profesionales de camión / Fatores associados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify factors associated with the use of psychoactive substances among professional truck drivers. Methods: cross-sectional study that investigated the use of at least one psychoactive substance and its association with sociodemographic, occupational, and health characteristics in 354 professional truck drivers. Researchers collected data through face-to-face interviews using forms. Multiple regression analyzes estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: lower family income (PR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.08-3.83), symptoms of insomnia (PR: 2.18, 95%CI: 1.46-3.26), and long working hours (PR: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.30-2.92) independently associated with the use of at least one psychoactive substance. Conclusions: a set of sociodemographic, occupational, and health variables acts at distinct levels and is independently associated with the use of psychoactive substances among professional truck drivers.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar factores relacionados al uso de psicotrópicos entre motoristas profesionales de camión. Métodos: estudio transversal que investigó el uso de por lo menos un psicotrópico y su relación con características sociodemográficas, ocupacionales y de salud en 354 motoristas profesionales de camión. La recolecta se basó en entrevistas frente a frente con uso de formularios. Análisis de regresión múltiple estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) y respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Resultados: menor renta familiar (RP: 2,03; IC95%: 1,08-3,83), síntomas de insomnio (RP: 2,18; IC95%: 1,46-3,26) y jornada de trabajo larga (RP:1 ,95; IC95%: 1,30-2,92) se relacionaron de manera independiente al uso de por lo menos un psicotrópico. Conclusiones: un conjunto de variables sociodemográficas, ocupacionales y de salud actúa en diferentes niveles y se relaciona de manera independiente al uso de psicotrópicos entre motoristas profesionales de camión.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar fatores associados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão. Métodos: estudo transversal que investigou o uso de pelo menos uma substância psicoativa e sua associação com características sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e de saúde em 354 motoristas profissionais de caminhão. A coleta se baseou em entrevistas face a face com uso de formulários. Análises de regressão múltipla estimaram razões de prevalência (RP) e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Resultados: menor renda familiar (RP: 2,03; IC95%: 1,08-3,83), sintomas de insônia (RP: 2,18; IC95%: 1,46-3,26) e jornada de trabalho longa (RP: 1,95; IC95%: 1,30-2,92) se associaram de forma independente ao uso de pelo menos uma substância psicoativa. Conclusões: um conjunto de variáveis sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e de saúde atua em diferentes níveis e se associa de forma independente ao uso de substâncias psicoativas entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão.

Incidence of Injuries in Motorcyclists Practitioners of Trails / Incidência de lesões em motociclistas praticantes de trilhas

Abstract Objective To investigate the incidence, mechanisms, types of injury, most affected anatomical regions, and factors leading to injuries in trail bikers. Methods This was an observational, retrospective study analyzing 47 trail bikers. Data were collected through application of a referenced morbidity survey (RMS), which included information on injuries and their mechanisms. Results The lesions with the highest incidence were abrasion and bruise. The most affected anatomical regions were the shoulders and knees. The most common injury mechanism was skidding or loss of traction. Conclusion Trail bikers are exposed to risk factors and, consequently, to falls; it is important to develop more protective equipment, especially for the shoulders and knees.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar a incidência, os mecanismos, os tipos de lesão, as regiões anatômicas mais acometidas, e os fatores que podem levar a lesões nos motociclistas praticantes de trilhas. Métodos Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional do tipo retrospectivo, na qual foi realizada análise com 47 motociclistas praticantes de trilhas. Os dados foram coletados através da aplicação de um inquérito de morbidade referida (IMR), que incluiu informações sobre lesões e seus mecanismos. Resultados Ao analisar a amostra, verificou-se que os tipos de lesões com maior incidência foram abrasão e contusão. As regiões anatômicas mais acometidas foram o ombro e o joelho, e o mecanismo de lesão mais comum foi a derrapagem ou perda da tração. Conclusão Os trilheiros estão expostos a fatores de risco e, consequentemente, às quedas, sendo importante desenvolver mais equipamentos de proteção, em especial para o ombro e para o joelho.

Mortality due to traffic accidents, before and after the reduction of the average speed of motor vehicles in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2010 to 2016 / Mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito, antes e após redução da velocidade média de veículos automotores na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 2010 a 2016

INTRODUCTION: Traffic accidents represent a relevant global public health problem and are associated with behavioral factors, vehicle maintenance, urban space precariousness and traffic surveillance. They are important causes of morbidity and mortality due to the increasing number of vehicles and changes in lifestyle and risk behaviors in the general population OBJECTIVE: To analyze mortality numbers due to land transport accidents reported in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, before and after the decline of average speed of motor vehicles METHODS: A study of temporal series was carried out using official database provided by the Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Data was collected according to the type of occurrence and place of residence in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Other sources of data were Death Certificates. Population data was collected by the foundation SEADE for the other years used, and data from 2010 was collected by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Brasil (IBGE), the Brazilian institute of geography and statistics. More death data has been collected using the tenth review of the WHO International Classification of Diseases (V00- V89) for overall population and were stratified in age groups (<10 years, 10-19 years, 20-49 years, 50 years and more), city (São Paulo) and the year timetable (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016). The data was calculated based on plain death rate and standardized, for gender and age group. The measures of mortality were used for the construction of temporal series by the regression model of Prais-Winsten. All the analysis were made through the statistics program Stata 14.0 RESULTS: Reportedly, 7288 deaths occurred due to land accidents in São Paulo, the state's capital, between 2010 and 2016. The higher proportion of deaths happened between men with age between 20-49 years, brownish skin color, marital status single, between 4 e 7 years of study. 72.55% of deaths happened within of hospitals and/or other health establishments. The deaths ranged 1.200 in 2010 and went down to 779 in 2016. The standard mortality for transport accidents between 2010 and 2016 fluctuated from 10.04 to 6.29 for every 100 thousand inhabitants CONCLUSION: There was a decrease in deaths related to traffic accidents in individuals over 20 years of age. After the reduction of the average speed of motor vehicles in the city of São Paulo, the decline in mortality due to traffic accidents was more pronounced among individuals aged 50 years or older, with significant differences for men and women

INTRODUÇÃO: Os acidentes de trânsito representam um relevante problema global de saúde pública e estão associados a fatores comportamentais, segurança dos veículos e precariedade do espaço urbano. Configuram-se como importantes causas de morbidade e mortalidade devido ao número crescente de veículos, mudanças no estilo de vida e comportamentos de risco na população geral OBJETIVO: Analisar a mortalidade por acidentes de Trânsito, notificados no município de São Paulo, Brasil, antes e após redução da velocidade média de veículos automotores MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo de séries temporais com microdados oficiais do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Os dados foram coletados por local de ocorrência e de residência para o município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. A fonte de dados foi a Declaração de Óbito. Dados da população foram obtidos por intermédio de estimativas realizadas pela fundação SEADE para os anos intercensitários e para 2010, coletados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Brasil (IBGE). Dados dos óbitos por acidentes de Trânsito foram coletados usando a décima revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (V00- V89) pelo total da população e foram estratificadas em grupos de idades (<10 anos, 10-19 anos, 20-49 anos, 50 anos e mais), município (São Paulo) e anos do calendário (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 e 2016). Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade brutas e padronizadas, por sexo e faixa etária. Foram utilizadas as medidas de mortalidade para construção de séries temporais através do modelo de regressão de Prais-Winsten. Todas as análises foram efetuadas no programa estatístico Stata 14.0 RESULTADOS: Foram notificados 7,288 óbitos por acidentes de Trânsito ocorridos na cidade de São Paulo de residentes da capital do estado, durante o período 2010 a 2016. A maior proporção de óbitos ocorreu entre indivíduos do sexo masculino, com idade entre 20-49 anos, cor da pele branca, estado civil solteiro, entre 4 e 7 anos de estudo. 72.55% dos óbitos ocorreram dentro de hospitais e/ou outros estabelecimentos de saúde. Os óbitos variaram de 1,200 em 2010 para 779 em 2016. A mortalidade padronizada por acidentes de Trânsito entre 2010 e 2016 variou de 10.04 para 6.29 por 100 mil habitantes CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se diminuição dos óbitos relacionados aos acidentes de trânsito em indivíduos acima de 20 anos. Após redução da velocidade média de veículos automotores na cidade de São Paulo, o declínio da mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito foi mais acentuado entre indivíduos com 50 anos ou mais, com diferenças para homens e mulheres

Analysis of Sleep Questionnaires of Commercial Vehicle Operators in Korea / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in commercial vehicle operators (CMVOs). This study aimed to evaluate the poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and the prevalence of self-reported OSA in CMVOs. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients who visited a single institution with sleep problems from 2011 January to 2016 December. Among the patients, a total of 38 CMVOs was analyzed. Clinical information, questionnaires about sleep quality (Pittsburg sleep questionnaire, PSQI), excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth sleepiness scale, ESS) and risk factors for OSA (STOP-Bang) were analyzed. The frequency of motor vehicle accidents and near accidents was assessed, and polysomnography (PSG) was used for OSA diagnosis purposes. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 45.3±11.8 years. The average score of PSQI, ESS, and STOP-Bang were 6.75±4.22, 10.79±7.12, and 4.62±3.34, respectively. A significant association between near accidents and high-risk group of OSA was observed [odds ratio (OR)=2.73, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08–4.48]. Subjects with poor sleep quality showed significantly increased risk of near accidents (OR=2.34, 95% CI=1.01–3.56). Receiver operating characteristic curves of STOP-Bang questionnaire using apnea-hypopnea index (cut-off value=5) indicates that suspected OSA group predicted by STOP-Bang score was significantly correlated with OSA severity (area under curve=0.72, sensitivity 77.1%, specificity 59.4%). CONCLUSION: Administration of STOP-Bang questionnaire before a PSG can identify high-risk subjects, supporting its further use in OSA screening of CMVOs.

Caracterização dos acidentes de transporte terrestre ocorridos em rodo-vias federais / Characterization of land transport accidents occurring in federal roads

Introdução: O crescimento desordenado da frota de veículos sem o planejamento para adaptação do trânsito eleva o número de acidentes, que, por conseguinte, aumenta o número de óbitos, tornando-se, portanto, um problema de saúde pública, que necessita de medidas emergenciais para seu enfrentamento. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil das vítimas e as condições dos acidentes ocorridos nas rodovias federais circunscritas a VIII Região de Saúde do estado de Pernambuco, no período de janeiro de 2010 a junho 2015. Material e Métodos:Estudo descritivo-quantitativo a partir de dados da Polícia Rodoviária Federal. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas às vítimas e às condições do acidente. As variáveis numéricas foram analisadas por meio das medidas de tendência central, dispersão e intervalo de confiança para a média. Distribuição de frequência foi calculada para as variáveis categóricas com intervalo de confiança de 95%, calculado assumindo a distribuição binomial. Resultados: No período de janeiro de 2010 a junho de 2015 foram registradas 3.164 ocorrências. O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido por acidentes de trânsito (79,7%), a média de idade das vítimas foi de 34 anos (desvio padrão 13,4), os principais veículos envolvidos eram da categoria B e os tipos de acidentes mais frequentes foram colisões. Em relação às características temporais o primeiro semestre do ano agregou o maior número de acidentes; de sexta-feira a domingo houve maior prevalência de acidentes, bem como no entardecer, a partir das 18 horas. Conclusão: As vitimas de acidentes de trânsito, que ocorreram nas rodovias federais da VIII Região de Saúde do estado de Pernambuco, no período de janeiro de 2010 a junho 2015, foram principalmente homens adultos e os veículos envolvidos eram da categoria B.

Introduction:The disorderly growth of the vehicle fleet without planning for traffic adaptation increases the number of accidents. Consequently, it increases the number of deaths, becoming a public health problem that requires emergency measures to deal with it.Objective: Describe the profile of the victims of traffic accidents and the conditions in which the accidents occurred on federal highways within the VIII Health Region of the State of Pernambuco from January 2010 to June 2015.Material and Methods:We carried out a quantitative descriptive study based on data from the Federal Highway Po-lice database. We analyzed the variables related to the victims and the conditions in which the accident happened. Numeri-cal variables were analyzed by measures of central tendency, dispersion and confidence interval for the average. Frequency distribution was calculated for categorical variables with 95% confidence interval, which was calculated assuming binomial distribution. Results:From January 2010 to June 2015, 3,164 occurrences were recorded. Males were the most affected by traffic accidents (79.7%). The mean age of victims of traffic accidents was 34 years (standard deviation 13,4); the vehicles most involved in traffic accidents belong to B category (auto-mobile, pickup truck, van, utility vehicles), and collisions were the type of accident most frequently registered. Regarding the temporal characteristics, the highest number of accidents oc-curred in the first half-year; From Friday to Sunday, there was a greater prevalence of traffic accidents, as well as in the eve-ning, after 6 p.m. Conclusion:. The traffic accident victims, who occurred on the federal highways of the VIII Region of Health of the state of Pernambuco, from January 2010 to June 2015, were mainly due to accidents with different characteris-tics in their profile reaching adult men and vehicles concerned were category B.

Advances in Mexico in the middle of the decade of action for road safety 2011-2020 / Avances en México a la mitad del decenio de acción para la seguridad vial 2011-2020

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the progress towards the accomplishment of the expected goal in the middle of the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020 in Mexico and its states. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of road traffic deaths in Mexico between 1999 and 2015. We projected the trend for the period 2011-2020 using a time series analysis (autoregressive integrated moving average models). We used the value of the Aikaike Information Criterion to determine the best model for the national level and its 32 states. RESULTS Mexico is progressing, approaching the proposed goal, which translates into 10,856 potentially prevented deaths in the five-year period from 2011 to 2015. This was due to a decrease in the number of deaths of motor vehicle occupants, as the deaths of pedestrians and motorcyclists were higher than expected. At least one third of the states had values below their goal; although the mortality rate remains unacceptably high in five of them. We identified four states with more deaths than those originally projected and other states with an increasing trend; thus, both cases need to strengthen their prevention actions. CONCLUSIONS The analysis can allow us to see the progress of the country in the middle of the Decade of Action, as well as identify the challenges in the prevention of traffic injuries in vulnerable users. It contributes with elements that provide a basis for a need to rethink both the national goal and the goal of the different states.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar el avance de la meta esperada a mitad del Decenio de Acción para la Seguridad Vial 2011-2020 en México y sus entidades federativas. MÉTODOS Análisis secundario de las muertes por accidentes de tránsito en México para el 1999-2015. Se proyectó la tendencia para el periodo 2011-2020 utilizando análisis de series de tiempo (modelos autorregresivos integrados de medias móviles). Se utilizó el valor del Criterio de Información de Aikaike para determinar el mejor modelo para el nivel nacional y sus 32 entidades federativas. RESULTADOS México va avanzando cercano a la meta propuesta, lo que se ha traducido en 10,856 defunciones potencialmente prevenidas en el quinquenio 2011 a 2015. Esto ha sido a expensas de una disminución en el número de muertes de ocupantes de vehículos de motor; ya que las muertes en peatones y motociclistas han ido por arriba de lo que se esperaba. Al menos una tercera parte de las entidades federativas tuvo el número de defunciones por debajo de su meta; aunque en cinco de ellas la tasa de mortalidad continúa inaceptablemente alta. Se identificaron cuatro entidades con más muertes que las proyectadas originalmente y otras con tendencia al incremento donde se requiere, para ambos casos, fortalecer las acciones de prevención. CONCLUSIONES El análisis realizado permite observar los avances del país a mitad del Decenio de Acción, así como identificar los retos en materia de prevención de lesiones causadas por el tránsito en usuarios vulnerables. Aporta elementos para soportar la necesidad de replantear tanto la meta nacional como la de las distintas entidades federativas.

Tendencias de los accidentes de tránsito en Ecuador: 2000-2015 / Trends in Traffic Accidents in Ecuador: 2000-2015 / Tendências em acidentes de trânsito no Equador: 2000-2015

Resumen Introducción: Los accidentes de tránsito constituyen un problema prioritario en salud pública a escala mundial, principalmente en los países de Latinoamérica, por ser una de las primeras causas de mortalidad en la región. Objetivo: Estudiar la evolución y tendencia de los accidentes de tránsito en Ecuador en el periodo del 2000 al 2015. Método: Estudio ecológico a partir de fuentes secundarias de información oficiales. Se presentan los resultados de las tasas de mortalidad poblacional por accidentes de tránsito y los índices de motorización, accidentabilidad, lesividad y letalidad, con el objeto de comparar las variaciones temporales en el periodo de estudio. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad poblacional presentó una tendencia al aumento en el periodo de estudio y correlacionada con los índices de motorización y lesividad (p<0.01). Conclusiones: Se requiere un mayor esfuerzo para optimizar las actividades destinadas al cumplimiento de las normas legales de tránsito y educación vial para la población ecuatoriana.

Abstract Introduction: Traffic accidents are a priority problem in public health worldwide, mainly in Latin American countries, as it is one of the leading mortality causes in the region. Objective: To study the evolution and trend of traffic accidents in Ecuador in the period from 2000 to 2015. Method: An ecological study based on secondary official information sources. The results of the population mortality rates due to traffic accidents are presented, as well as motorization, accident, harmfulness, and fatality rates, in order to compare the temporal variations in the study period. Results: The population mortality rate showed an increasing tendency in the study period and correlated with motorization and harmfulness indexes (p <0.01). Conclusions: A greater effort is required to optimize the activities aimed at the compliance of the legal traffic laws and towards road safety education for the Ecuadorian population.

Resumo Introdução: Os acidentes de trânsito constituem um problema prioritário em saúde pública na escala mundial, principalmente nos países de Latino-américa, como uma das primeiras causas de mortalidade na região. Objetivo: Estudar a evolução e tendência dos acidentes de trânsito no Equador no 2000 a 2015. Método: Estudo ecológico a partir de fontes secundárias de informação oficiais. Apresentam-se resultados das taxas de mortalidade populacional por acidentes de trânsito e os índices de motorização, acidentalidade, lesividade e letalidade, com o objeto de comparar as variações temporais no período de estudo. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade populacional apresentou tendência a aumentar no período de estudo e correlacionada com os índices de motorização e lesividade (p<0.01). Conclusões: Requere-se maior esforço para otimizar as atividades destinadas ao cumprimento das regulamentações legais de trânsito e educação para a população equatoriana.

Seatbelt paths of the pregnant women sitting in the rear seat of a motor vehicle / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>PURPOSE</b>Seatbelt use during pregnancy is important to improve maternal and fetal survival after motor vehicle collisions. However, because the rear seatbelt of a motor vehicle tends to make contact with the neck, even if it is adequately used, some pregnant women sitting in the rear seat opt not to fasten the belt. The purpose of this study is to explore seatbelt-neck contact for pregnant women sitting in the rear seat of a motor vehicle.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We carried out an anthropometric study. Japanese women who were ≥30 weeks pregnant (n = 12) sat in the left side of the rear seat of a typical mid-size passenger sedan and fastened the seatbelt. Seating posture was investigated by measuring the coordinates of the anthropometric data points of the pregnant women (head, shoulder, hip joint, and knee joint). The belt path was analyzed by measuring the clearance between the belt and the sternum or navel.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 12 pregnant women at 33.9 week ± 3.3 week gestation, the shoulder belt deviated to the right side and subsequently contacted to the neck in four pregnant women (Contact group). The height of the Contact group was significantly shorter than that of Non-contact group (152.3 cm ± 3.0 cm vs. 159.0 cm ± 3.3 cm, p = 0.008). Regarding the relative position of the seatbelt to the subject's body, the distances from the top of the sternum to the center of the shoulder belt were significantly shorter in Contact group (3.9 cm ± 3.5 cm) than that in the Non-contact group (8.0 cm ± 1.6 cm, p = 0.03). However, no significant difference was found for the distance from the umbilicus to the center of the lap belt.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our findings show that because of short height and late term of pregnancy with protrusion of the abdomen, the shoulder belt deviates to the right or left, avoiding the protruded uterus, and subsequently makes contact with the neck. Seatbelt systems for rear seats need to be developed to improve passenger safety, especially for pregnant women.</p>

Design and development of matrix solar radiation simulation system / 军事医学

Objective To design a set of matrix solar radiation simulation ,that can be used to study the thermal comfort of armored vehicles.Methods With xenon lamps as the light source , the lifting matrix lamp array controlled by the computer was used to test the whole vehicles .Results The system could irradiate the top , the left and right sides of the armored vehicle, and the intensity of irradiation ranged from 200 to 1200 W/m2 in order to adapt to vehicles of different sizes and heights.Conclusion The system can meet the needs of solar simulation experiments of different armored vehicles.

Design and development of matrix solar radiation simulation system / 军事医学

Objective To design a set of matrix solar radiation simulation ,that can be used to study the thermal comfort of armored vehicles.Methods With xenon lamps as the light source , the lifting matrix lamp array controlled by the computer was used to test the whole vehicles .Results The system could irradiate the top , the left and right sides of the armored vehicle, and the intensity of irradiation ranged from 200 to 1200 W/m2 in order to adapt to vehicles of different sizes and heights.Conclusion The system can meet the needs of solar simulation experiments of different armored vehicles.

Design of controller for cabin air environment of special vehicles / 军事医学

Objective To design a controller for the air environment of cabins of special vehicles .Methods The microprocessor was used to collect and store parameters ,and calculate automatically the operative mode of actuators ,such as the fan,air-conditioner,oxygenerator,air cleaner, filtering and boosting devices according to the preset target values .Output commands by RS485 were used to control actuators .Results and Conclusion The controller is capable of control integration for air-adjusting equipment while improving the control effect of the air quality in cabins of special vehicles .

Prevalence of active transportation among adults in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review of population-based studies / Prevalencia del transporte activo en los adultos de América Latina y el Caribe: revisión sistemática de estudios poblacionales / Prevalência do deslocamento ativo em adultos na América Latina e Caribe: revisão sistemática de estudos populacionais

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of "active" (self-propelled, human-powered) transportation in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region over the past decade. Methods MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica (Embase), SportDiscus, Lilacs, MediCarib, Web of Science, OVID, CINAHL, Scopus, Google Scholar, National Transportation Library, and TRIS/TRID were searched for articles on active transportation published between January 2003 and December 2014 with (at least) a title and abstract in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Research was included in the study if the two reviewing authors agreed it 1) was conducted in an adult sample (≥ 18 years old), 2) was designed to be representative of any LAC area, and 3) reported at least one measure of active transportation. Reference lists of included papers and retrieved reviews were also checked. A total of 129 key informants (87 scientific experts and 42 government authorities) were contacted to identify additional candidate publications. Two other authors extracted the data independently. Results A total of 10 459 unique records were found; the full texts of 143 were reviewed; and a total of 45 studies were included in the study, yielding estimates for 72 LAC settings, most of which were in Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia. No eligible studies were found for the years 2003-2004, resulting in a 10-year study time frame. Estimates were available for walking, cycling, or the combination of both, with a high degree of heterogeneity (heterogeneity index (I2) ≥ 99%). The median prevalence of active transportation (combining walking and cycling) was 12.0%, ranging from 5.1% (in Palmas, Brazil) to 58.9% (in Rio Claro, Brazil). Men cycled more than women in all regions for which information was available. The opposite was true for walking. Conclusions Prevalence of active transportation in LAC varied widely, with great heterogeneity and uneven distribution of studies across countries, indicating the need for efforts to build comprehensive surveillance systems with standardized, timely, and detailed estimates of active transportation in order to support policy planning and evaluation.

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RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a prevalência do "deslocamento ativo" (uso de modais de transporte autopropulsados e de propulsão humana) na região da América Latina e Caribe (ALC) na última década. Métodos Foi realizada uma busca nos bancos de dados MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica (Embase), SportDiscus, Lilacs, MediCarib, Web of Science, OVID, CINAHL, Scopus, Google Scholar, National Transportation Library e TRIS/TRID por artigos sobre deslocamento ativo publicados entre janeiro de 2003 e dezembro de 2014 com (pelo menos) título e resumo em inglês, espanhol ou português. Pesquisas foram incluídas no estudo se os dois autores da revisão concordaram que a pesquisa 1) havia sido realizada em uma amostra de adultos (≥ 18 anos de idade), 2) tinha o intuito de ser representativa de uma área da ALC e 3) relatava pelo menos uma medida de deslocamento ativo. As referências bibliográficas dos artigos e revisões incluídos também foram analisadas. Foram contatados 129 informantes-chave (87 peritos científicos e 42 autoridades de governo) para identificar possíveis publicações adicionais de interesse. Outros dois autores extraíram os dados de maneira independente. Resultados Foram encontrados 10 459 registros não duplicados; os textos completos de 143 foram examinados; e 45 foram incluídos na revisão, gerando estimativas para 72 regiões da ALC, a maioria na Argentina, Brasil e Colômbia. Não foi encontrado nenhum estudo dos anos 2003-2004 que atendesse os critérios de inclusão; portanto, o período de análise foi de 10 anos. Foram obtidas estimativas para caminhada, deslocamento com bicicleta ou a combinação de ambos os modais; con alto grau de heterogeneidade (índice de heterogeneidade (I2) ≥ 99%). A prevalência mediana de deslocamento ativo (combinação de caminhada e deslocamento com bicicleta) foi de 12,0%, variando de 5,1% (em Palmas, Brasil) a 58,9% (em Rio Claro, Brasil). Homens andaram de bicicleta mais do que as mulheres em todas as regiões para as quais havia informações disponíveis. Constatou-se o oposto em relação à caminhada. Conclusões A prevalência de deslocamento ativo variou muito na ALC, com grande heterogeneidade e distribuição desigual de estudos entre países. Isso indica necessidade de esforços para construir sistemas de vigilância integrais que proporcionem estimativas padronizadas, oportunas e detalhadas do deslocamento ativo para subsidiar a formulação e avaliação de políticas.

Sistemas de información geográfica: / Geographic information systems:

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue explorar geoespacialmente los patrones de ocurrencia de atropellos en el Cercado de Lima, Perú. Se describieron y georreferenciaron los atropellos registrados en el Censo Nacional de Comisarías 2015 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis Kernel Density para localizar áreas con alta, mediana y baja densidad de eventos. Se estudiaron 171 registros de atropellos, los tipos de vehículo involucrados fueron automóvil (56,7%) y vehículos menores (22,8%). El mayor porcentaje de atropellos (38,6%) ocurrió entre las 12.00-17.00 horas. Se encontraron dos zonas de alta densidad y dos de densidad intermedia para atropellos, coincidiendo con ubicaciones reportadas previamente como críticas por sus deficiencias y mayor probabilidad de accidentes de tránsito. El empleo de sistemas de información geográfica ofrece una visión rápida y general de los patrones de ocurrencia de atropellos, permitiendo realizar comparaciones y facilitaría la implementación de respuestas a nivel local.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to geospatially explore the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians in Cercado de Lima (Lima District), Peru. Car accidents involving pedestrians recorded in the 2015 National Police Station Census of the National Statistics and Information Institute were described and georeferenced. Subsequently, a Kernel Density analysis was carried out to locate areas with high, medium, and low density events. Records of 171 car accidents involving pedestrians were studied: the types of vehicles involved were automobiles (56.7%) and smaller vehicles (22.8%). The highest percentage of car accidents involving pedestrians (38.6%) took place between 12:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. There were two densely populated areas and two areas with intermediate density for car accidents involving pedestrians, locations that were previously reported as critical due to their deficiencies and high probability of traffic accidents. The use of geographic information systems offers a quick overview of the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians to make comparisons and enable the local implementation of strategies.

Sistemas de información geográfica: aplicación práctica para el estudio de atropellos en el Cercado de Lima, Perú / Geographic information systems: practical application to study car accidents involving pedestrians in Cercado de Lima, Peru

El objetivo del estudio fue explorar geoespacialmente los patrones de ocurrencia de atropellos en el Cercado de Lima, Perú. Se describieron y georreferenciaron los atropellos registrados en el Censo Nacional de Comisarías 2015 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis Kernel Density para localizar áreas con alta, mediana y baja densidad de eventos. Se estudiaron 171 registros de atropellos, los tipos de vehículo involucrados fueron automóvil (56,7%) y vehículos menores (22,8%). El mayor porcentaje de atropellos (38,6%) ocurrió entre las 12.00-17.00 horas. Se encontraron dos zonas de alta densidad y dos de densidad intermedia para atropellos, coincidiendo con ubicaciones reportadas previamente como críticas por sus deficiencias y mayor probabilidad de accidentes de tránsito. El empleo de sistemas de información geográfica ofrece una visión rápida y general de los patrones de ocurrencia de atropellos, permitiendo realizar comparaciones y facilitaría la implementación de respuestas a nivel local.

The aim of this study was to geospatially explore the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians in Cercado de Lima (Lima District), Peru. Car accidents involving pedestrians recorded in the 2015 National Police Station Census of the National Statistics and Information Institute were described and georeferenced. Subsequently, a Kernel Density analysis was carried out to locate areas with high, medium, and low density events. Records of 171 car accidents involving pedestrians were studied: the types of vehicles involved were automobiles (56.7%) and smaller vehicles (22.8%). The highest percentage of car accidents involving pedestrians (38.6%) took place between 12:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. There were two densely populated areas and two areas with intermediate density for car accidents involving pedestrians, locations that were previously reported as critical due to their deficiencies and high probability of traffic accidents. The use of geographic information systems offers a quick overview of the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians to make comparisons and enable the local implementation of strategies.

Comparison of Injury Patterns between All-terrain Vehicles and Motorbike Riders in Jeju Island

PURPOSE: As the usage rate of all-terrain vehicles (ATV) the number of injuries caused by ATVs is also surging. This has led to an increase in social attention to the safety of ATVs and the law for ATV safety standards was revised in 2009 and 2011. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of ATV injury compared with motorbike injury after implementation of the ATV safety policy. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional observation study was conducted using emergent department (ED)-based indepth injury surveillance system data from 2011 January to 2014 December. Demographics, injury-related characteristics, injury severity, and outcomes of patients related to ATV and motorbike injury visiting our ED were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used for major adverse event (MAE), which was defined as any intensive care, emergent operation, or death between ATV and motorbike related injury adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 101 ATV- and 584 motorbike-related injuries. Females had more ATV-related injuries (63.4% vs 32.9%, p<0.001) during leisure activities (93.1%) with higher helmet usage (73.3% vs 62.0%, p=0.01) and lower usage in terms of emergency medical service (23.8% vs 46.4%, p<0.001), automobile insurance (10.9% vs 54.1%, p<0.001) compared with motorbike-related injuries. MAE in ATV-related injuries was less likely in a univariate logistic model (unadjusted odd ratios [ORs] 0.489, 95% confidential intervals [Cis] 0.282 to 0.848), but the multivariate logistic model showed no significant difference (adjusted ORs 1.018, 95% CIs 0.376 to 1.414). CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed no significant difference in occurrence of clinical major adverse events between motorbikes and ATVs-related injury on Jeju Island. However, considering the high injury prevalence in young age, female, and passengers during leisure activities, development of an education and injury prevention program will be needed for this vulnerable population.

Human landing impact safety studies:a method analysis / 军事医学

The characteristics of human body impact response and several impact test objects are analyzed.The strengths and weaknesses of different research methods applied to different human landing impact test objects are contrasted.The relevant experimental findings and evaluation criteria of domestic and international tests on human landing impact are analyzed.The results show that the selected human substitutes in several research tests have some flaws, so it is urgent to formulate regulations on the load characteristics, individual characteristics, the posture of the test object and the protection status, and it is recessary to study impact tolerance and protective methods of corresponding operating personnel for different transports.

Design of an operative gesture measuring system used for crew in armored vehicles / 军事医学

Objective To design a measuring system for operative gestures used for the crew in armored vehicles. Methods The MEMS sensor was used to collect gesture parameters of important parts of four crew members,such as the head, neck,trunk,arms,legs.The infrared tracking auxiliary measurement was used to calibrate the gesture parameters of arms of drivers.The wireless transceiver was used to transmit data to the control unit for preprocessing and then send the data to the collector for storage, before being transmitted to the back-end computers.A software system was used to process and display the body posture parameters.Results and Conclusion The system can mesure the operative gestures of the crew and provide means by which to analyze the kinematics for the crew in armored vehicles.

Acidentes de trânsito envolvendo motoristas de caminhão no Estado de São Paulo: prevalência e preditores / Truck drivers’ traffic accidents in the State of São Paulo: prevalence and predictors

Resumo A taxa de mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito (AT) é alta no Brasil. Os caminhões são a segunda categoria de veículos automotores mais envolvida em AT, entretanto, poucos estudos focaram o tema entre esses profissionais. O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência de AT e preditores em uma amostra de 684 motoristas recrutados no Estado de São Paulo, durante 2012 e 2013. Os participantes foram solicitados a responder um instrumento de pesquisa sobre informações pessoais, ocupacionais e envolvimento em violações de trânsito e AT. Um modelo de regressão logística foi desenvolvido para identificar os preditores de AT. Quase 11% dos entrevistados sofreram algum AT no período. Os seguintes fatores preditores de AT foram identificados: poucos anos de experiência como motorista profissional (RC = 1,86; IC95% = 1,05-3,38; p = 0,036); cometer alguma multa de trânsito (RC = 1,91; IC95% = 1,04-3,66; p = 0,043) e trabalhar mais de doze horas diárias (RC = 1,84; IC95% = 1,04-3,24; p = 0,034). Diante desses resultados, sugerimos o desenvolvimento de uma ação conjunta entre todos os atores sociais envolvidos com fins de negociar a organização de trabalho dos motoristas de caminhão, visando então a redução da emissão de comportamentos que possam evoluir para acidentes de trânsito.

Abstract Abstract The mortality rate of traffic accidents (TA) is high in Brazil. Trucks are the second category of motor vehicles most often involved in TA. However, few studies have addressed the issue of TA among these professionals. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of TA and their predictors in a sample of 684 truck drivers recruited in the state of São Paulo during 2012 and 2013. We requested participants to answer a research instrument on their personal and occupational data and their involvement in TA and traffic violations. A logistic regression model was developed to identify TA predictors. Almost 11% of the respondents suffered at least one TA in that timeframe. We identified the following TA predictors: having few years of experience as professional drivers (OR = 1.86; CI 95% = 1.05-3.38; p = 0.036); receiving some traffic tickets (OR = 1.91; CI 95% = 1.04-3.66; p = 0.043) and working more than 12 hours daily (OR = 1.84; CI 95% = 1.04-3.24; p = 0.034). Given those results, we suggest the development of a joint action among all the involved social stakeholders in order to negotiate truck drivers’ work organization aiming at reducing behaviors that may lead to traffic accidents.