Prevalence and associated risk factors of neglected tropical diseases in the Amhara region, Ethiopia

This systematic review analyzed the prevalence of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and associated risk factors in the Amhara region. Thirty-one articles from 2012 to 2022 were examined, and data analysis was conducted using STATA version 17. The overall NTD prevalence in Amhara was 29.9% (95% CI: 23.32–36.47). The highest prevalences were observed for soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) at 37.86% (95% CI=27.57–48.15), Schistosoma at 37.77% (95% CI=16.90–58.61), scabies at 24.28% (95% CI=6.42-42.15), and trachoma at 19.55% (95% CI=13.38–25.72). Prevalence varied across zones, ranging from 6.10% (95% CI=4.33–7.87) in Awi to 46.40% (95% CI=42.90–48.80) in Bahir Dar. Factors associated with NTDs included illiteracy and raw vegetable consumption for STHs; male gender, river swimming, and contact with river water for Schistosoma; ocular discharge and fly-eye contact for trachoma; and family size >6, clothes sharing, and sleeping with scabies-infected individuals for scabies. Improved sanitation, health education, and personal hygiene are vital for controlling NTDs in the study region.

Research progress of leprosy and its control status in Hainan Province / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Leprosy, as an important neglected tropical disease (NTDs), has a tremendous impact on the patients’body and psychology, families and society. In this paper, we reviewed the progress of epidemiology, genetic factors, immune mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of leprosy, and introduced the changes of national prevention and control policies and the prevention and control process of Hainan Province, so as to improve the clinical understanding among healthcare professionals. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) global annual leprosy situation report data, the number of new cases and the incidence rate of leprosy have been showing a downward trend worldwide. In China, the epidemic situation of leprosy remains in an overall low-endemic state. However, the long-standing low-endemic status of leprosy and its wide and uneven distribution pose challenges to the prevention and control of leprosy. The pathogenesis of leprosy is mainly related to skin barrier, immune deficiency, and related signaling pathways. Serological testing, cytokines, and microRNA markers can all be used to assist in the early diagnosis of leprosy, while also helping to distinguish different types of leprosy, predict leprosy reactions, evaluate efficacy, and monitor family contacts. The main treatment plan for leprosy involves combination chemotherapy with drugs recommended by the WHO, such as rifampicin, dapsone, clofazimine and other drugs. Currently, the main prevention and treatment strategies for leprosy are early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment, controlling the source of infection, protecting the healthy population, preventing the occurrence of deformity, and improving the quality of life after recovery. At present, Hainan Province as well as the whole country is in a low-epidemic state, but healthcare professionals still need to improve their awareness of prevention, reduce their incidence rate, and strive to achieve the goal of "zero leprosy" as soon as possible.

Scientometric review of research on Neglected Tropical Diseases: a 31-year perspective from the Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine

ABSTRACT Background: To analyze the temporal evolution of research on Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) published by the Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine (JBSTM). Methods: We performed an analysis of the scientific production in JBSTM on NTDs using an advanced search, which included authors' descriptors, title, and abstract, and by combining specific terms for each NTDs from 1991 to 2021. Data related to authors, countries of origin, institutions, and descriptors, were evaluated and analyzed over time. Bibliographic networks were constructed using VOSviewer 1.6.16. Results: The JBSTM published 4,268 scientific papers during this period. Of these 1,849 (43.3%) were related to NTDs. The number of publications on NTDs increased by approximately 2.4-fold, from 352 (total 724) during 1991-2000 to 841 (total 2,128) during 2011-2021, despite the proportional reduction (48.6% versus 39.5%). The most common singular NTDs subject of publications included Chagas disease (31.4%; 581/1,849), leishmaniasis (25.5%, 411/1,849), dengue (9.4%, 174/1,849), schistosomiasis (9.0%; 166/1,849), and leprosy (6.5%, 120/1,849), with authorship mostly from Brazil's South and Southeast regions. Conclusions: Despite the proportional reduction in publications, JBSTM remains an important vehicle for disseminating research on NTDs during this period. There is a need to strengthen the research and subsequent publications on specific NTDs. Institutions working and publishing on NTDs in the country were concentrated in the South and Southeast regions, requiring additional investments in institutions in other regions of the country.

Perfil dos agravos com animais potencialmente transmissores da raiva, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, 2019 a 2021 / Profile of injury by potential rabies-transmitting animals in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from 2019 to 2021 / Perfil de enfermedades con animales potencialmente transmisores de rabia en Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, de 2019 a 2021

Considerada uma das mais graves doenças tropicais negligenciadas (DTN) do mundo, a raiva promove grande impacto à saúde pública devido a sua evolução letal e ao elevado custo social e econômico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico das agressões por animais potencialmente transmissores de raiva, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, durante os anos de 2019 a 2021. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico retrospectivo, transversal, qualiquantitativo, com dados secundários codificados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação: ano e mês, município e zona de ocorrência, idade, sexo, raça, escolaridade, tipo de exposição, região anatômica atingida, características do ferimento, espécie e condição do animal agressor e tratamento preconizado. Foram registradas 24.362 notificações de agressões, com prevalência média de 8,7/1.000 hab. Janeiro apresentou o maior número de notificações. Destacaram-se, entre os agredidos, crianças entre 1 e 9 anos de idade do sexo masculino. A zona de ocorrência de 89,5% dos agravos foi urbana e 81,7% foram provocados por cães. Dentre os indivíduos agredidos, 79,2% receberam tratamento antirrábico pós-exposição com uso de imunobiológico. O estado registrou baixa prevalência de agravos por animais. Notaram-se falhas de preenchimento das fichas de notificação e nos critérios de inclusão de agravos com animais potencialmente transmissores da raiva.

Considered as one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases (NTD) worldwide, rabies greatly impacts public health due to its lethal evolution and high social and economic cost. Given this scenario, this study describes the epidemiological profile of attacks by potential rabies-transmitting animals in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from 2019 to 2021. A retrospective, cross-sectional, qualitative-quantitative epidemiological study was conducted with secondary data obtained from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, namely: year and month; municipality and area of occurrence; age; gender; race; education; type of exposure; anatomical region affected; characteristics of the wound; species and condition of the animal; and recommended treatment. A total of 24,362 notifications of animal attacks were reported, with average prevalence of 8.7/1000 inhabitants. January registered the highest number of notifications. Among the victims, male children aged one to nine years stood out. Of the total injuries reported, 89.5% occurred in urban areas and 81.7% were done by dogs. Among the attacked individuals, 79.2% received post-exposure anti-rabies treatment with immunobiological drugs. The state recorded a low prevalence of animal attacks. Results revealed poorly filled out forms and issues with the inclusion criteria used for classifying injuries caused by potential rabies-transmitting animals.

Considerada una de las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD) más graves del mundo, la rabia tiene un gran impacto en la salud pública debido a su evolución letal y alto costo social y económico. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir el perfil epidemiológico de las agresiones por animales potencialmente transmisores de la rabia, en el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil), durante los años de 2019 a 2021. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico retrospectivo, transversal, cualicualitativo, con datos secundarios codificados del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria que contienen: año y mes, municipio y zona de ocurrencia, edad, sexo, raza, nivel de educación, tipo de exposición, región anatómica afectada, características de la herida, especie y condición del animal agresor y tratamiento recomendado. Se registraron 24.362 notificaciones de agresiones, con una prevalencia media de 8,7/1.000 hab. Enero tuvo el mayor número de notificaciones. Entre las víctimas se destacaron niños de entre 1 y 9 años de edad y varones. El área donde ocurrieron el 89,5% de las lesiones fue urbana, y el 81,7% de ellas fueron causadas por perros. Entre los agredidos, el 79,2% recibió tratamiento antirrábico postexposición con uso de inmunobiológicos. El estado registró una baja prevalencia de lesiones causadas por animales. Se observaron fallas en el llenado de los formularios de notificación y en los criterios de inclusión de enfermedades con animales potencialmente transmisores de la rabia.

NTD Health: An electronic medical record system for neglected tropical diseases / NTD Health: un sistema de historias clínicas electrónicas para enfermedades tropicales desatendidas

Introduction: The use of technological resources to support processes in health systems has generated robust, interoperable, and dynamic platforms. In the case of institutions working with neglected tropical diseases, there is a need for specific customizations of these diseases. Objectives: To establish a medical record platform specialized in neglected tropical diseases which could facilitate the analysis of treatment evolution in patients, as well as generate more accurate data about various clinical aspects. Materials and methods: A set of requirements to develop state of the art forms, concepts, and functionalities to include neglected tropical diseases were compiled. An OpenMRS distribution (version 2.3) was used as reference to build the platform, following the recommended guidelines and shared-community modules. Results: All the customized information was developed in a platform called NTD Health, which is web-based and can be upgraded and improved by users without technological barriers. Conclusions: The electronic medical record system can become a useful tool for other institutions to improve their health practices as well as the quality of life for neglected tropical disease patients, simplifying the customization of healthcare systems able to interoperate with other platforms.

Introducción. El uso de recursos tecnológicos destinados a apoyar procesos en los sistemas de salud ha generado plataformas sólidas, interoperables y dinámicas. En el caso de las instituciones que trabajan con enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, existe la necesidad de personalizaciones específicas en las herramientas de uso médico. Objetivos. Establecer una plataforma para historias clínicas especializada en enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, con el fin de facilitar el análisis de la evolución del tratamiento de los pacientes, además de generar datos más precisos sobre diversos aspectos clínicos. Materiales y métodos. Se compiló un conjunto de requisitos para implementar formularios, conceptos y funcionalidades que permitan incluir enfermedades tropicales desatendidas. Se utilizó una distribución de OpenMRS (versión 2.3) como referencia para construir la plataforma, siguiendo las pautas recomendadas y módulos compartidos por la comunidad. Resultados. Toda la información personalizada se implementó en una plataforma llamada NTD Health, la cual se encuentra almacenada en la web y los usuarios pueden actualizarla y mejorarla sin barreras tecnológicas. Conclusiones. El sistema de historias clínicas electrónicas puede convertirse en una herramienta útil para que otras instituciones mejoren sus prácticas en salud, así como la calidad de vida de los pacientes con enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, simplificando la personalización de los sistemas de salud capaces de interoperar con otras plataformas.

Las TICs aplicada a la salud mental comunitaria y enfermedades endémicas / ICTs applied to community mental health and endemic diseases

Las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas suelen presentar una evolución crónica y se caracterizan por producir discapacidad física y mental a quienes las padecen, siendo asociadas a la estigmatización social. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 182 pacientes con enfermedades tropicales en regiones endémicas para leishmania, enfermedad de Chagas, filariasis linfática, oncocercosis, dengue y parasitosis intestinales; con el fin de evaluar la salud mental comunitaria, aplicando las tecnologias de información y comunicación (TIC), mediante el uso de telefónos móviles y telefonía fija. Se aplicó una encuesta para valorar el conocimiento y disposición de los pacientes respecto a las TIC, se valoró la salud mental calificada y la percibida por los pacientes mediante una escala de Likert. A partir de la calificación de la salud mental comunitaria se asociaron los estigmas sobre las enfermedades endémicas y luego se aplicó una encuesta para conocer la percepción de los pacientes, respecto a la influencia de los estigmas en la salud mental comunitaria. La mayor proporción de los participantes coincidieron en ser evaluados por parte del personal de salud, mediante herramientas de TIC y manifestaron tener problemas emocionales. Asimismo, el rechazo social como las secuelas de la enfermedad resultaron ser las manifestaciones más frecuentes de los participantes. En conclusión, el empleo de las TIC, en el área de salud mental comunitaria, supone un avance importante en el intercambio de información entre terapeutas y pacientes con enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, contribuyendo a disminuir el estigma social al que se ven sometidos y reestablecer su bienestar mental(AU)

Neglected tropical diseases usually present a chronic evolution and are characterized by causing physical and mental disability to those who suffer from them, being associated with social stigmatization. A descriptive study was carried out in 182 patients with tropical diseases in endemic regions for leishmania, Chagas disease, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, dengue and intestinal parasites; in order to assess community mental health, applying information and communication technologies (ICT), through the use of mobile phones and landlines. A survey was applied to assess the knowledge and disposition of the patients regarding ICT, the qualified mental health and that perceived by the patients was assessed using a Likert scale. From the qualification of community mental health, stigmas about endemic diseases were associated and then a survey was applied to know the perception of patients regarding the influence of stigmas in community mental health. The largest proportion of the participants agreed to be evaluated by health personnel, using ICT tools, and reported having emotional problems. Likewise, social rejection as the sequelae of the disease turned out to be the most frequent manifestations of the participants. In conclusion, the use of ICTs in the area of community mental health represents an important advance in the exchange of information between therapists and patients with neglected tropical diseases, helping to reduce the social stigma to which they are subjected and reestablish their mental health(AU)

Translational research in Chagas disease: perspectives in nutritional therapy emerging from selenium supplementation studies as a complementary treatment

Translational research (TR) is an interdisciplinary branch of the biomedical field that seeks to connect its three supporting pillars: basic research on the bench, the hospital beds and other health system services, and the delivery of products for the well-being and health of the community. Here, we review the five transition stages of the TR spectrum, registering the lessons learned during > 20 years leading to the first clinical trial designed and performed in Brazil for testing a complementary treatment for Chagas disease (CD): the selenium trial (STCC). Lessons learned were: (1) to consider all the TR spectrum since the beginning of the project; (2) to start simultaneously animal studies and translation to humans; (3) to ensure a harmonious interaction between clinical and basic research teams; (4) to include MSc and PhD students only in pre-clinical and basic studies (TR0) or vertical clinical studies using retrospective samples and data (TR1); (5) to identify potential suppliers in the national commercial market for a future final treatment since the pre-clinical stage; (6) to keep an international network of experts as permanent advisers on the project. In the whole process, some perspectives were created: a complementary clinical trial for the opened questions and the construction of a Brazilian clinical CD platform.

Experiencias suramericanas en telemedicina de enfermedades desatendidas / South American experiences on telemedicine of neglected diseases

Las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD) son aquellas que comúnmente se encuentran en varios países de bajos ingresos en África, Asia y América Latina, provocadas básicamente, por el escaso acceso la higiene, agua limpia o sistemas de alcantarillado. Las ETD comprenden una diversidad de enfermedades de alta prevalencia en los países tropicales causadas por una variedad de patógenos, incluyendo bacterias, virus, parásitos y hongos. La epidemiología de las ETD es bastante compleja y se relacionan con las condiciones ambientales del entorno. Muchas son transmitidas por vectores, tienen un origen zoonótico con reservorios animales bien caracterizados y están asociadas con ciclos de vida complejos. Todos estos factores hacen que su control en salud pública sea un desafío; desafío que se caracteriza por la falta de financiamiento en investigación y control. En ese sentido, la telemedicina, o el uso de las telecomunicaciones para brindar servicios de salud, es una tecnología que ha venido ganando cuerpo durante los últimos veinte años, ya que ayudan, con una relativa baja inversión, el acceso a la atención médica por parte de los más necesitados o que vieven en lugares remotos. Esta investigación se centra en el estudio y conocimiento de las las enfermedades olvidadas presentes en suramérica y cómo la telemedicina ha ayudado en su prevención, diágnótico y tratamiento(AU)

Neglected topical diseases (NTDs) are those that are commonly found in several low-income countries in Africa, Asia en Latin America, basically caused by poor access to hygiene, clean water, or sewage systems. NTDs comprise a diversity of highly prevalent diseases in tropical countries caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. The epidemiology of NTDs is quite complex and is related to the surrounding environmental conditions. Many are vector-borne, zoonotic in origin with well-characterized animal reservoirs, and associated with complex life cycles. All these factors make its control in public health a challenge; challenge that is characterized by the lack of funding for research and control. In this sense, telemedicine, or the use of telecommunications to provide health services, is a technology that has been gaining ground over the last twenty years, since it helps, with a relatively low investment, access to medical care by part of those most in need or who live in remote places. In this sense, telemedicine, or the use of telecommunications to provide health services, is a technology that has been gaining ground over the last twenty years, since it helps, with a relatively low investment, access to medical care by part of those most in need or who live in remote places. This research focuses on the study and knowledge of neglected diseases present in South America and how telemedicine has helped in their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment(AU)

Hanseníase virchowiana e eritema nodoso hanseníco em gestante de 34 semanas sem diagnóstico prévio / Virchowian leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum in a 34-week pregnant woman without any previous diagnosis

Relatamos um caso de uma paciente feminina, gestante de terceiro trimestre, em acompanhamento pré-natal regular na unidade básica de saúde, com boa evolução gestacional, porém apresentando lesões de pele há cerca de um ano, acompanhadas de alteração de sensibilidade, além de fáscies infiltrada e madarose. Sendo o Brasil um país endêmico em Hanseníase, ocupando o 2º lugar no mundo em número de novos casos, chama a atenção o diagnóstico tardio da paciente em questão. Aproveitamos este emblemático relato de caso para discutir aspectos importantes em relação à terapêutica no período gestacional (poliquimioterapia conforme manual do ministério, sem nenhuma alteração por conta da gestação), desfecho obstétrico, orientações quanto à lactação (não contra-indicada com a mãe em tratamento; pelo contrário, devendo ser estimulada) e cuidado ao recém nato. [au]

We report a case of a pregnant female patient in the third trimester undergoing regular prenatal care at a Basic Health Unit, with good gestational evolution, but presenting skin lesions for approximately a year accompanied by changes in sensitivity, in addition to facial infiltration and madarosis. Considering Brazil as an endemic country for leprosy, ranking 2nd in the world concerning the number of new cases, late diagnosis of the patient in question stands out. We use this emblematic case report to discuss important aspects concerning the treatment of leprosy during the gestational period (multidrug therapy according to the Ministry of Health manual, without any changes due to pregnancy), obstetric outcome, guidelines regarding breastfeeding (not contraindicated with the mother in treatment; on the contrary, it should be stimulated) and care for the newborn. [au]

Significance of a neglected tropical disease: lessons from a paradigmatic case of 'success in translation'

In a previous publication, I stressed the fundamental importance of research for improving health using as an example the control of Chagas disease in the Americas.(1) For that purpose, I analysed the major scientific breakthroughs and public health events from the 1909 discovery of Chagas disease and its causative pathogen, Trypanosoma cruzi, by Carlos Chagas,(2) through the successful control of its transmission by insect vectors in large regions of the Southern Cone countries in the 90s.(3) In the twenty years since that publication, Brazil and Latin American countries had to cope with a number of serious public health threats, old and new: (i) recrudescence of well-known diseases, such as dengue and yellow fever; (ii) emergence of viral diseases that had been restricted to other continents (Zika, Chikungunya); (iii) new epidemics (H1N1) or (iv) pandemics (COVID-19). Are there still some lessons from that success story against a neglected disease of the 90s that would be relevant today in the context of these recent challenges?

Report of autochthonous cases of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in vulnerable, susceptible areas of Southeastern Mexico

ABSTRACT Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is an endemic disease in several Mexican States with the main endemic areas located in the South-Southeast region of the country, where 90% of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana cases are registered. The Southeast region is located in the Yucatan Peninsula, including Campeche, Quintana Roo and Yucatan States. Campeche and Quintana Roo register more than 60% of the cases in the country each year, while in Yucatan the reports are of imported cases due to residents traveling to endemic areas. However, since 2015, autochthonous cases have been diagnosed by health authorities in municipalities with no previous transmission records. We aimed to identify Leishmania parasite species involved in autochthonous cases by means of the PCR technique. The present study included 13 autochthonous cases of LCL with clinical and parasitological diagnoses during 2018 and 2019 by health authorities, without specific identification of the causal agent. Tissue samples were taken by scraping the margins of active lesions and then they were spotted onto an FTATM Elute Microcard. Next, DNA was eluted and used for PCR amplification of specific Leishmania genus and L. (L.) mexicana species-specific fragments. Molecular analysis showed evidence that L. (L.) mexicana was the causal agent of LCL in 12 of the 13 patients; in one patient, PCR was not performed due to the patient's refusal to participate in the study. Identifying Leishmania species that cause LCL is necessary to define efficient treatment schemes and control strategies for the disease in vulnerable and susceptible areas of the Yucatan State's municipalities.

Enfermedades tropicales desatendidas y su impacto sobre la salud cardiovascular (The NET-heart project) / Neglected tropical diseases and their impact on cardiovascular health. (The NET-Heart Project)

Resumen Las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD) constituyen un conjunto de afecciones altamente prevalentes en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, asociadas a pobreza y subdesarrollo. Constituyen una verdadera crisis sanitaria, incapacitando y llevando a la muerte a millones de personas anualmente. Esto se ve potenciado por las dificultades socioeconómicas que cursan estos países, mayormente en vías de desa rrollo, lo cual repercute en la calidad de la asistencia sanitaria que pueden proveer a la población. La morbilidad de estas enfermedades se explica por la amplia afectación orgánica que generan. El aparato cardiovascular resulta particularmente afectado, lo que explica en gran medida la morbimortalidad de las ETD. En el presente artículo se revisan los aspectos fundamentales de un proyecto llevado a cabo por los Líderes Emergentes de la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología (SIAC), cubriendo diferentes aspectos del impacto sobre el aparato cardiovascular de las ETD: el Proyecto NET-Heart (del inglés, Neglected Tropical Diseases and other Infectious Diseases Affecting the Heart).

Abstract Neglected tropical diseases (NTD) are a group of diseases with high prevalence in tropical and subtropi cal countries. They are associated to poverty and underdevelopment. Due to its high morbimortality, these conditions are considered a health crisis. The impact of these diseases can be worsened by the poor socioeconomic status of the affected countries, most of them under-developed, which affects the health care provided to patients. The morbidity of these diseases is explained by the wide organic impairment that they produce. The cardiovascular system is par ticularly affected, which explains the high morbimortality of NTD. In this article, we review the key issues of a project elaborated by Emerging Leaders of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology (SIAC), about the cardiovascular impact of NTD: the NET-Heart Project (Neglected Tropical Diseases and other Infectious Diseases affecting the Heart).

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from flowers of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) / Composição química e atividades biológicas do óleo essencial das flores de Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae)

Abstract Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-pathogenic bacterium that lives inside host xylem vessels, where it forms biofilm which is believed to be responsible for disrupting the passage of water and nutrients. Pectobacterium carotovorum is a Gram-negative plant-specific bacterium that causes not only soft rot in various plant hosts, but also blackleg in potato by plant cell wall degradation. Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, has been commonly treated with nifurtimox and benzonidazole, two drugs that cause several side effects. As a result, the use of natural products for treating bacterial and neglected diseases has increased in recent years and plants have become a promising alternative to developing new medicines. Therefore, this study aimed to determine, for the first time, the chemical composition of essential oil from Psidium guajava flowers (PG-EO) and to evaluate its in vitro anti-Xylella fastidiosa, anti-Pectobacterium carotovorum, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and cytotoxic activities. PG-EO was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus while its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Major compounds identified in PG-EO were α-cadinol (37.8%), β-caryophyllene (12.2%), nerolidol (9.1%), α-selinene (8.8%), β-selinene (7.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.2%). Results showed that the PG-EO had strong trypanocidal activity against the trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 = 14.6 μg/mL), promising antibacterial activity against X. fastidiosa (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL) and P. carotovorum (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), and moderate cytotoxicity against LLCMK2 adherent epithelial cells in the concentration range (CC50 = 250.5 μg/mL). In short, the PG-EO can be considered a new source of bioactive compounds for the development of pesticides and trypanocide drugs.

Resumo Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria patogênica que vive dentro dos vasos do xilema hospedeiro, onde forma um biofilme responsável por interromper a passagem de água e nutrientes. Pectobacterium carotovorum é uma bactéria Gram-negativa que causa não só podridão macia em várias plantas hospedeiras, mas também canela-preta na batata por degradação da parede celular da planta. A doença de Chagas, causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, é comumente tratada com nifurtimox e benzonidazol, duas drogas que causam vários efeitos colaterais. Como resultado, o uso de produtos naturais para o tratamento de doenças bacterianas e negligenciadas aumentou nos últimos anos e as plantas continuam sendo uma alternativa promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar, pela primeira vez, a composição química do óleo essencial de flores de Psidium guajava (PG-EO) e avaliar suas propriedades anti-Xylella fastidiosa, anti-Pectobacterium carotovorum, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi e citotóxica in vitro. PG-EO foi obtido por hidrodestilação em um aparelho Clevenger, enquanto sua composição química foi determinada por cromatografia em fase gasosa com detecção por ionização por chama (CG-DIC) e por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (CG-EM). Os principais compostos identificados no PG-EO foram α-cadinol (37,8%), β-cariofileno (12,2%), nerolidol (9,1%), α-selineno (8,8%), β-selineno (7,4%) e óxido de cariofileno (7,2%). Os resultados mostraram que o PG-EO apresentou forte atividade tripanocida contra as formas tripomastigotas de T. cruzi (CI50 = 14,6 μg/mL), promissora atividade antibacteriana contra X. fastidiosa (MIC = 12,5 μg/mL) e P. carotovorum (MIC = 62,5 μg/mL) e citotoxicidade moderada contra células epiteliais aderentes (LLCMK2) na faixa de concentração (CC50 = 250,5 μg/mL). Em suma, o PG-EO pode ser considerado uma nova fonte de compostos bioativos para o desenvolvimento de pesticidas e drogas tripanocidas.

Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-age children in the Cagayan Valley, the Philippines

Objective: To identify the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) among school-age children in the Cagayan Valley, the Philippines, assess their level of awareness on the disease, and determine predisposing factors of the disease. Methods: A total of 478 Grades III-V school-age children in Pamplona and Sanchez-Mira School Districts in the Cagayan Valley answered the questionnaire assessing their knowledge, attitude, and practices on STH, subjected to anthropometric measurements, and provided faecal samples for parasitologic assessment (direct smear, Kato-Katz, and formol-ether concentration techniques). Results: The participants of the study, with 55.86% females, were 8 to 14 years old. Their nutritional status was assessed 'normal' (84.31%), 'severely wasted' (6.49%), 'wasted' (5.23%), 'overweight' (2.72%), and 'obese' (1.26%). The prevalence of infection with at least 1 STH species was 25.99% in Pamplona and 19.40% in Sanchez- Mira. Overall, the prevalence of heavy intensity was 7.11% for Ascaris lumbricoides and 1.67% for Trichuris trichiura. All hookworm infections had light intensities. The majority of the school-age children had a low score in the KAP test. In knowledge of STH, 'stunted growth as a symptom of infection' was associated with a lower risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 0.448; 95% CI 0.212, 0.945; P=0.035) while 'playing with soil as a mode of transmission' was associated with an increased risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 2.067; 95% CI 1.014, 4.212; P=0.046). In attitude towards STH, 'I think I have intestinal worm now' was associated with a higher risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 1.681; 95% CI 1.061, 2.662; P=0.027). Conclusions: The prevalence rate of Ascaris lumbricoides among the school-age children in the Cagayan Valley shows the need to further intensify intervention in the area to meet the threshold set by the World Health Organization. The identified predictors of infection, which concerns the school-age children's knowledge and attitude toward STH, can be used in augmenting intervention programs in the future.

Community Perspectives on Worm Infections in a Peri-Urban Area of Lusaka, Zambia

Soil transmitted helminths (STH) known as worm infections are more than a technical or biomedical problem. They can be linked directly to specific human behaviour in relation to sanitation and hygiene practices. Although these infections are prevalent in Zambia, There is paucity of data on community perceptions and beliefs with respect to STH infections. Therefore, this study sought to understand this aspect from a peri-urban point of view. Qualitative interviews were conducted on fifty-seven participants from Ngombe compound; a peri-urban area within Lusaka, Zambia. The study was carried out between August and December 2015 using semi-structured interviews and analysed by means of question analysis. Wide spread knowledge about the various types of worms was foundin the community, although most of it was generally folk knowledge. However, this did not mean that the study population recognized STH as serious health problem as some participants considered having worms as normal. While consumption of food was commonly cited as cause of STH, most participants failed to give empirical evidence linking soil or faecal contaminated food items as direct cause of STH. Although the findings cannot be generalized, the study provides informative reference in understanding beliefs and perceptions regarding STH in Zambian peri-urban communities. There is need for concentrated efforts that are bio-medically relevant as well as beneficial to the targeted population

Como o desmatamento influencia a ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral? Uma abordagem contrafactual / How deforestation influence tha occurrence of Visceral Leishmaniasis? A counterfactual approach

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença sistêmica de transmissão vetorial. No Brasil, ela é causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum e é transmitida por flebotomíneos do gênero Lutzomyia, tendo os cães como a principal fonte de infecção em áreas urbanas. Historicamente a LV era conhecida como uma doença endêmica rural, porém desde a década de 1980, ela atingiu proporções endêmicas e epidêmicas em grandes cidades brasileiras. Desde então vários fatores são considerados como norteadores da expansão da LV, como variáveis socioeconômicas, climáticas e ambientais. Mais especificamente sobre o efeito do desmatamento e perturbações antrópicas no ambiente, a maioria do que se encontra na literatura tem natureza qualitativa ou utiliza de abordagens reducionistas, sem considerar a complexidade da dinâmica de uma doença infecciosa de transmissão vetorial e de caráter zoonóticos. Na presente dissertação, investigamos o efeito do desmatamento na ocorrência de Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. longipalpis), leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) e leishmaniose visceral humana (LVH), tomando como exemplo o estado de São Paulo. Para isso, utilizamos uma abordagem contrafactual para estimar os efeitos (geral, direto e indireto) do desmatamento na ocorrência do Lu. longipalpis/LVC/LVH. Isso foi feito em dois passos, primeiro estimamos os parâmetros por meio de um algoritmo de Metropolis-Hastings duplo e, por fim, estimamos os efeitos causais através de um amostrador de Gibbs, por meio do pacote autognet no R.Vimos que municípios desmatados apresentam 2.63, 2.07 e 3.18 maiores chances de apresentar o vetor, LVC e LVH, respectivamente quando comparados com os municípios que não apresentaram desmatamento. Foi observada também uma forte influência da presença do vetor, LVC e LVH dos municípios vizinhos na ocorrência dos mesmos em municípios previamente livres dos desfechos (6.67, 4.26 e 4.27). Já sob mudanças hipotéticas de prevalência do desmatamento de 50% para 0% no estado, são esperadas quedas na prevalência do vetor, LVC e LVH de 11%, 6.67% e 29.87% respectivamente. O desmatamento influi na ocorrência do vetor, doença em cães e humanos por duas principais vias, (i) alterando o funcionamento do ecossistema e estrutura da comunidade, permitindo a reprodução e colonização do vetor; e (ii) promovendo uma aproximação entre todos os componentes do ciclo da LV. De tal modo, para correto controle da LV e doenças infecciosas como um todo, é imprescindível um desenvolvimento ecologicamente correto com soluções viáveis para as compensações entre a agricultura, urbanização e conservação. urbanização e conservação.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a systemic vector-borne disease. In Brazil, it caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and is transmitted by sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia, with dogs as the principal source of infection in urban areas. Historically, VL was known as a rural endemic disease, since the 80's it has become endemic and epidemic in large Brazilian cities. Since then, many factors were hypothesised as driving VL expansion, as socioeconomic, climatic and environmental variables. More specifically, concerning deforestation and human-made actions in the environment, most studies tend to be qualitative in nature or use traditional reductionist approaches, ignoring the complexities that are inherent of vector-borne zoonotic infectious diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of deforestation in the occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis, canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), and human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL), taking as a motivating example the São Paulo state (Brazil). To this end, we chose a counterfactual approach to estimate the effects (overall, direct and indirect) of deforestation in the occurrence of vector/CVL/HVL. We did it in two steps; first, we estimated the parameters through a double Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and, finally, we estimated the causal effects through a Gibbs sampler, using the autognet package in R. We observe that deforested cities show 2.63, 2.07, and 3.18 higher odds of vector/CVL/HVL occurrence, respectively, when compared to non-deforested municipalities. We also see a significant influence of vector, CVL, and HVL presence in the neighbours in its appearance in previous naive cities, 6.67, 4.26, 4,27 respectively. Lastly, under hypothetical changes in deforestation's prevalence from 50% to 0% in the whole state, is expected a decrease in its prevalence of the vector, LVC and LVH of 11%, 6.67% and 29.87% respectively. Deforestation in the occurrence of infectious diseases and, more specifically, VL importance, is two-folded: (i) changing's the ecosystem equilibrium and community structure, allowing its vector to reproduce and colonise; (ii) promoting a close contact through the VL cycle components. In such a way, for correct control of VL and infectious disease as a whole, it is essential an eco-friendly development with viable solutions for trade-offs between agriculture, urbanization and conservation.

Revisión clínica y epidemiológica de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria en una región central del Perú / Clinical and epidemiological review of tegumentary leishmaniasis in a central region of Peru

Resumen Introducción: La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad infecciosa que presenta una elevada prevalencia e incidencia mundial, causando alrededor de 70.000 muertes anuales. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los casos de leishmaniasis tegumentaria en la Provincia de Ambo, Departamento de Huánuco, Perú, durante el período: años 2000 a 2017. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo y transversal de base poblacional. Resultados: Se identificaron 1.312 pacientes confirmados de leishmaniasis tegumentaria. La forma clínica cutánea tuvo una mayor prevalencia en comparación a la muco-cutánea (83,2 vs 16,7%). La infección en el género masculino tuvo mayor predominio frente al femenino (53,3 vs 46,6%). La mayor tasa de incidencia anual reportada fue de 412,67/100.000 habts. durante el año 2000 mientras que la menor registrada fue en el 2015 con 24,45/100.000 habts. El Distrito de Ambo fue el más afectado con la forma clínica cutánea (43,1%) y la muco-cutánea (38,2%) de la enfermedad. El principal método diagnóstico para ambas formas clínicas fue el examen microscópico directo (82,0 vs 81,0%) y la terapia más utilizada fue con estibogluconato de sodio (85,6 vs 78,6%). Se reportó falla al tratamiento de 25% para ambas presentaciones clínicas. Conclusiones: Las condiciones eco-ambientales de esta zona del Perú han permitido el establecimiento de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria; mostrando tendencias similares a las comunicadas en la literatura mundial. Sin embargo, se necesitan más investigaciones que expliquen el comportamiento epidemiológico de esta enfermedad y permitan crear modelos de predicción epidemiológica para un control adecuado y oportuno.

Background: Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease with a high prevalence and worldwide incidence, causing around 70,000 deaths per year. Aim: To determine the clinical and epidemiological profile of cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Province of Ambo, Department of Huánuco, Peru, during the period from 2000 to 2017. Methods: A descriptive, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted population base. Results: We identified 1,312 confirmed cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis, the cutaneous clinical form had a higher prevalence compared to mucocutaneous (83.2 vs 16.7%). The infection in the masculine gender had greater predominance in front of the feminine one (53.3 vs 46.6%). The highest reported annual incidence rate was 412.67/ 100,000 inhabitants during the year 2000 while the lowest registered was in 2015 with 24.45/ 100,000 inhabitants. The Ambo district was the most affected in the clinical cutaneous form (43.1%) as mucocutaneous (38.2%) of the disease. The main diagnostic method for both clinical forms was microscopy (82.0 vs 81.0%) and the most used therapy was sodium stibogluconate (85.6 vs 78.6%). Failure to treatment was reported in 25% for both presentations clinics. Conclusions: The eco-environmental conditions of this area of Peru have allowed the establishment of tegumentary leishmaniasis; showing trends similar to world literature. However, more research is needed to explain the epidemiological behavior of this disease that allows the creation of epidemiological prediction models for timely and adequate control.

Potential of herbal constituents as new natural leads against helminthiasis: A neglected tropical disease

The WHO reports that billions of people and animals in tropical and subtropical regions are affected by helminthiasis as neglected tropical disease. It is predominant in underdeveloped areas; nevertheless, the increase in the number of travelers and migrants has made this infection more common. The current mass drug treatment produces severe side effects and many strains of helminths are resistant to them. None of the chemotherapeutic drugs meets the ideal requirements of anthelmintics, such as broad spectrum of activity, single dose cure, free from side effect and cost-effectiveness. Today, many researchers are screening the traditional herbal system in search of the anthelmintic herbal constituents which overcome all the problems of synthetic drugs. Several researchers proclaim anthelmintic activity of herbal medicines by using different experimental models. The present review demonstrates natural product drug discovery, outlining potential of herbal constituents from natural sources as natural leads against helminthiasis.

Potential of herbal constituents as new natural leads against helminthiasis: A neglected tropical disease

The WHO reports that billions of people and animals in tropical and subtropical regions are affected by helminthiasis as neglected tropical disease. It is predominant in underdeveloped areas; nevertheless, the increase in the number of travelers and migrants has made this infection more common. The current mass drug treatment produces severe side effects and many strains of helminths are resistant to them. None of the chemotherapeutic drugs meets the ideal requirements of anthelmintics, such as broad spectrum of activity, single dose cure, free from side effect and cost-effectiveness. Today, many researchers are screening the traditional herbal system in search of the anthelmintic herbal constituents which overcome all the problems of synthetic drugs. Several researchers proclaim anthelmintic activity of herbal medicines by using different experimental models. The present review demonstrates natural product drug discovery, outlining potential of herbal constituents from natural sources as natural leads against helminthiasis.

The WHO strategy for prevention and control of snakebite envenoming: a sub-Saharan Africa plan

Snakebite is a critical public health issue in tropical countries, particularly in Africa, where 20% of snakebites globally occur. In 2017, the WHO added snakebite envenoming to the category A of neglected tropical diseases. In 2019, thanks to broad institutional and international NGO support, including strong mobilization of African experts and governments, WHO launched a strategy for prevention and control of snakebite envenoming with more ambitious goals. In sub-Saharan Africa, accessibility of antivenoms and symptomatic, adjuvant or replacement therapy is a priority. Several antivenoms are available but their evaluation has not been properly carried out and they remain expensive. To date, there are no manufacturers of antivenom in sub-Saharan Africa (except in South Africa), which requires their importation from other continents. The lack of experience in antivenom choice and its use by health authorities, health personnel and population largely explains the shortage in sub-Saharan Africa. The deficiency of epidemiological data does not allow the implementation of appropriate and efficient care. It is crucial to strengthen the health system which does not have the necessary means for emergency management in general and envenoming in particular. Providing peripheral health centers with antivenoms would decrease complications and deaths. The motivation of communities at risk, identified through the epidemiological data, would be to reduce the delay in consultation that is detrimental to the efficiency of treatment. Partnerships need to be coordinated to optimize resources from international institutions, particularly African ones, and share the burden of treatment costs among all stakeholders. We propose here a project of progressive implementation of antivenom manufacturing in sub-Saharan Africa. The various steps, from the supply of...