Implementing palliative care, based on family-centered care, in a highly complex neonatal unit

Abstract Objective: To describe the causes and circumstances of neonatal mortality and determine whether the implementation of a palliative care protocol has improved the quality of end-of-life care. Methods: A retrospective observational study including all patient mortalities between January 2009 and December 2019. Cause of death and characteristics of support during the dying process were collected. Two periods, before and after the implementation of a palliative care protocol, were compared. Results: There were 344 deaths. Congenital malformations were the most frequent cause of death (45.6 %). Most patients died after the transition to palliative care (74.4 %). The most frequently cited criteria for initiating transition of care was poor neurocognitive prognosis (47.2 %). Parents accompanied their children in the dying process in 72 % of cases. Twenty-three percent of patients died outside the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit after being transferred to a private room to enhance family intimacy. After the addition of the palliative care protocol, statistically significant differences were observed in the support and patient experience during the dying process. Conclusions: The most frequent causes of death were severe congenital malformations. Most patients died accompanied by their parents after the transition to palliative care. The implementation of a palliative care protocol helped to improve the family-centered end-of-life care.

Perinatal outcome of pregnancies with previous stillbirth: a prospective case control study in tertiary care center

Background: Aim was to examine the association between stillbirth in first pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcome in second pregnancy. To determine risk factors causing recurrent stillbirth. Methods: This study was conducted at Government Medical College, and hospital, Nagpur. It was prospective case control study with cases as patients who had stillbirth in previous pregnancy and control as patient who had live birth in previous pregnancy. Results: There was 10 fold increased risk of recurrent stillbirth in cases compared to control. Preeclampsia was major risk factor followed by placental abruption; congenital anomaly and preterm labour were responsible for recurrent stillbirth. Conclusions: History of stillbirth in first pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcome in form of recurrent stillbirth, increased NICU admission and neonatal death. Risk reduction by elimination of risk factor, proper antenatal surveillance and close monitoring during labour helps to reduce recurrent stillbirth.

Factores de riesgo predisponentes al desarrollo de preeclampsia y eclampsia en el embarazo / Risk factors for the development of preeclampsia and eclampsia in pregnancy

Resumen La preeclampsia es una patología de origen desconocido, de alta incidencia en la salud materna y neonatal. Caracterizada como una hipertensión gestacional grave multisistémica a partir de las 20 semanas de gestación hasta el parto y posparto, siendo de los trastornos más prevalentes en el mundo y la principal causa de muerte materna en Ecuador durante 2022. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica respecto de los factores de riesgo que predisponen preeclampsia en embarazadas. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica de estudios correspondientes a factores predisponentes al desarrollo de preeclampsia y eclampsia en embarazadas cuyos resultados se enfocaron a pacientes adultas diagnosticadas con dichas patologías mediante estrategia PICO, aplicando criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La preeclampsia conlleva una diversidad de factores de riesgo familiares patológicos como preeclampsia previa, hipertensión o enfermedades renales, diabéticas y obesidad; otros factores incluyen: edad, raza, embarazos gemelares, multiparidad, progenitores de distinta índole. Los factores significativos para presentar la enfermedad fueron en su mayoría factores ginecoobstétricos donde destacaron multiparidad, edad, obesidad, malnutrición, hipertensión previa y factores hereditarios.

Abstract Preeclampsia is a condition of unknown origin, with a high incidence in maternal and neonatal health, characterized as a severe multisystemic gestational hypertension from the 20th week of gestation until childbirth and postpartum. Among the most prevalent disorders worldwide, in Ecuador was the main cause of maternal death during 2022. The objective was to conduct a literature review regarding risk factors that predispose pregnant women to preeclampsia. Through a literature review of studies corresponding to predisposing factors for the development of preeclampsia and eclampsia in pregnant women, whose results were focused on adult patients diagnosed with said pathologies through the PICO strategy, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Preeclampsia involves a variety of pathological familial risk factors such as prior preeclampsia, hypertension, renal diseases, diabetes, and obesity; other factors include age, race, twin pregnancies, multiparity, and diverse parental lineage. The significant factors for presenting the disease were mostly gynecobstetric factors, prominently multiparity, age, obesity, malnutrition, prior hypertension, and hereditary factors.

Common Causes of Neonatal Death in Calabar, South-South Nigeria: An Autopsy Study

Background: Neonatal deaths are deaths of live born babies occurring before 28 completed days. The vast majority occur in low-income countries like Nigeria with a high neonatal mortality rate. There is paucity of autopsy studies due to refusal of family to give consent for such procedures. Aim: To identify the commonest causes of neonatal death in 53 neonatal autopsies in Calabar, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Detailed postmortem was carried out using lettules techniques and bits taken for histological analysis to ascertain the cause of death. Other relevant contributory factors such as the gestational age, mode of delivery, place of birth, antemortem cause of deaths and maternal obstetric history were obtained from the medical records and autopsy request forms. Results: In the one-year retrospective study of 53 neonatal autopsies, male: female ratio was 1: 0.83 and mean age at death was 6.5 + 7.3 days, ranging from 1 to 28 days. The commonest cause of neonatal death was severe birth asphyxia seen in 10 cases (18.9%), followed by kernicterus in 6 cases (11.3%), birth trauma seen in 6 cases (11.3%), congenital heart disease seen in 5 cases (9.4%), and prematurity seen in 5 cases (9.4%). Conclusion: The study confirms the usefulness of neonatal autopsy in ascertaining the definitive cause of death. Severe birth Asphyxia was identified as the commonest cause of death in the neonatal period followed by birth trauma, kernicterus and congenital heart diseases.

Experiência dos enfermeiros no cuidado às mulheres diante das perdas gestacionais / Nurses' experience in caring for women in the face of pregnancy losses

Resumo: A gestação é um fenômeno fisiológico e mesmo com o manejo de pré-natal adequado, as perdas gestacionais podem ocorrer. A Organização Mundial da Saúde estima uma ocorrência de 4,9 milhões de mortes perinatais no mundo todos os anos. No Brasil, a incidência em 2020, mostrou um total de 28.993 casos, sendo 1.062 no estado do Paraná e, destes, 117 na cidade de Curitiba. Não obstante, para além dos dados, tem-se o impacto emocional para todos os envolvidos, inquestionáveis para a mulher e família que sofre com a perda gestacional, mas também para os profissionais de saúde, em especial os enfermeiros, que se deparam com estas situações ao longo da vida profissional. Desta forma, este estudo teve como questão de pesquisa: qual a percepção do enfermeiro sobre o cuidado oferecido à mulher que sofreu perda gestacional? Ainda, como objetivo geral, compreender a percepção do enfermeiro que presta cuidados às mulheres diante das perdas gestacionais; e objetivos específicos: identificar elementos do cuidado do enfermeiro frente à mulher que sofreu perda gestacional e descrever a experiência dos enfermeiros sobre seu cuidado diante da mulher que diante perda gestacional. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo exploratório, realizado em um hospital universitário da Região Sul do país. A coleta de dados deu-se através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, as quais foram audiogravadas e transcritas na íntegra, durante os meses de abril a junho de 2022. Contou com a participação de 11 enfermeiros que atuam diretamente com mulheres em situação de perda gestacional. Para análise dos dados, foram seguidos os passos da Análise de Conteúdo do tipo temática proposta por Bardin e apoiada pelo uso do software de análise qualitativa o webQDA. Resultados: foram levantados 13 temas, os quais, por afinidade e exclusão, resultaram na elaboração de 3 categorias: Fragilidades do processo de cuidar frente às perdas gestacionais; Potencialidades do processo de cuidar frente às perdas gestacionais; e Cuidados de enfermagem frente às perdas gestacionais. Foi possível evidenciar que os enfermeiros conseguiam reconhecer as lacunas assistenciais e, mesmo com suas dificuldades, prestavam um cuidado respeitoso e empático, além de proporcionar momento de criação de memórias para as famílias enlutadas, através de fotos ou guarda de pertences que foram do bebê, que passou tão brevemente pela vida. O estudo permitiu compreender que os enfermeiros entrevistados reconheciam a importância da sua presença como um profissional que oferece um cuidado direcionado a cada mulher/família em situação de perda gestacional nas suas necessidades, enfatizaram a comunicação verbal e não verbal, sendo uma de suas preocupações que esta compreendesse, para além da assistência oferecida, este olhar singular do profissional. Os impactos do desenvolvimento deste trabalho podem resultar na elaboração de documentos, materiais educativos e protocolos assistenciais voltados aos profissionais de saúde que prestam cuidados diante das perdas gestacionais dentro das instituições hospitalares.

Abstract: Pregnancy is a physiological phenomenon. However, even with proper prenatal care management, pregnancy losses may occur. The World Health Organization estimates 4.9 million perinatal deaths worldwide every year. In Brazil, showed an incidence of 28,993 cases in 2020, with 1,062 cases in Parana State and, among these, 117 in its capital city, Curitiba. Therefore, that is a global health problem, but there still have been scarce public policies addressing this theme. Apart from the data, there is also the emotional impact on all the involved individuals, unquestionably to the woman and family who suffer the pregnancy loss, but also to the healthcare professionals, ultimately nurses, who are confronted with those situations along their professional lives. Thus, the research question in this study was: what is the nurses' perception on the health care delivered to the woman facing a pregnancy loss? In addition, the general objective was to understand the nurse's perception who renders health care to the woman who suffered a pregnancy loss. It is an exploratory qualitative study held at a university hospital in Southern Brazil. Data collection was conducted by means of semi-structured interviews, which were audio recorded and fully transcribed between April and June 2022. The participants were 11 nurses who care for women in a situation of pregnancy loss. For the data analysis, Thematic Content Analysis proposed by Bardin was applied, supported by the use of the webQDAE software for qualitative analysis. Results: 13 themes by affinity and exclusion stood out by means of the analysis, which resulted in the elaboration of 3 categories: Fragilities in the caring process in the face of pregnancy losses; Potentialities of the caring process in the face of pregnancy losses; and Nursing Care in the face of pregnancy losses. It was possible to evidence that nurses could recognize caring gaps, and even facing difficulties, they could deliver respectful and empathetic care, in addition to providing a moment of creating memories to bereaved families through photos or belongings of the baby who briefly got through their lives. The study enabled to understand that the interviewed nurses acknowledged the importance of their presence as professionals who delivered care to meet the needs of each woman/family going through a pregnancy loss. They also pointed out verbal and non-verbal communication as one of their concerns so that the women could understand their unique professional look, beyond care delivery. The study outcomes may result in the elaboration of documents, educational materials and care protocols to those health professionals who are confronted with pregnancy losses while rendering care within hospital institutions.

Desempeño predictivo de los criterios diagnósticos de restricción de crecimiento fetal para resultados adversos perinatales en un hospital de Popayán, Colombia / Predictive performance of fetal growth restriction criteria for adverse perinatal outcomes in a hospital in Popayán, Colombia

Objetivos: determinar el desempeño predictivo de la definición de retardo de crecimiento fetal (RCF) de ultrasonografía de la Sociedad de Medicina Materno Fetal (SMMF), consenso Delphi (CD) y Medicina Fetal de Barcelona (MFB) respecto a resultados adversos perinatales en cada una, e identificar si hay asociación entre diagnóstico de RCF y resultados adversos perinatales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron gestantes con embarazo único de 24 a 36 semanas con 6 días, quienes fueron atendidas en la unidad de medicina materna fetal con evaluación ecográfica de crecimiento fetal y atención de parto en una institución hospitalaria pública de referencia ubicada en Popayán, Colombia. Se excluyeron embarazos con hallazgos ecográficos de anomalías congénitas. Muestreo por conveniencia. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas de las gestantes al ingreso, la edad gestacional, el diagnóstico de RCF y el resultado adverso perinatal compuesto. Se analizó la capacidad predictiva de tres criterios diagnósticos de restricción de crecimiento fetal para malos resultados perinatales y la asociación entre el diagnóstico de RCF y mal resultado periantal. Resultados: se incluyeron 228 gestantes, cuya edad media fue de 26,8 años, la prevalencia de RCF según los tres criterios fue de 3,95 %, 16,6 % y 21,9 % para CD, MFB y SMMF respectivamente. Ningún criterio aportó área bajo la curva aceptable para predicción de resultado neonatal adverso compuesto, el diagnóstico de RCF por CD y SMMF se asoció a resultados adversos perinatales con RR de 2,6 (IC 95 %: 1,5-4,3) y 1,57 (IC 95 %: 1,01-2,44), respectivamente. No se encontró asociación por MFB RR: 1,32 (IC 95 %: 0,8-2,1). Conclusiones: ante un resultado positivo para RCF, el método Delphi se asocia de manera más importante a los resultados perinatales adversos.Los tres métodos tienen una muy alta proporción de falsos negativos en la predicción de mal resultado perinatal. Se requieren estudios prospectivos que reduzcan los sesgos de medición y datos ausentes.

Objectives: To determine the predictive performance of fetal growth restriction by Maternal Fetal Medicine Society (MFMS) definition of ultrasound, the Delphi consensus (DC) and the Barcelona Fetal Medicine (BFM) criteria for adverse perinatal outcomes, and to identify whether there is an association between the diagnosis of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and adverse perinatal outcomes. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including women with singleton pregnancies between 24 and 36 weeks of gestation seen at the maternal fetal medicine unit for ultrasound assessment of fetal growth and delivery care in a public referral hospital in Popayán, Colombia. Pregnancies with ultrasound findings of congenital abnormalities were excluded. Convenience sampling was used. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were measured on admission; additional variables were gestational age, FGR diagnosis and adverse composite perinatal outcome. The predictive ability of three fetal growth restriction diagnostic criteria for poor perinatal outcomes was analyzed and asociation between FGR and adverse perinatlal outcomes. Results: Overall, 228 pregnant women with a mean age of 26.8 years were included; FGR prevalence according to the three criteria was 3.95 %, 16.6 % and 21.9 % for DC, BFM and MFMS, respectively. None of the criteria resulted in an acceptable area under the curve for the prediction of the composite adverse neonatal outcome; FGR diagnosis by DC and MFMS were associated with adverse perinatal outcomes with a RR of 2.6 (95 % CI: 1.5-4.3) and 1.57 (95 % CI: 1.01-2.44) respectively. No association was found for BFM RR: 1.32 (95 % CI: 0.8-2.1). Conclusions: Given a positive result for FGR, the Delphi method is significantly associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. The proportion of false negative results for a poor perinatal outcome is high for the three methods. Prospective studies that reduce measurement and attrition bias are required.

Mortalidade perinatal no Brasil em 2018: análise epidemiológica segundo a classificação de Wiggleworth modificada / Perinatal mortality in Brazil in 2018: an epidemiological analysis according to the modified Wigglesworth classification / Mortalidad perinatal en Brasil en 2018: análisis epidemiológico según la clasificación de Wiggleworth modificada

Resumo: A mortalidade perinatal engloba a mortalidade fetal e a neonatal precoce (0 a 6 dias). Este estudo descreveu os óbitos perinatais ocorridos no Brasil em 2018, segundo a classificação de Wigglesworth modificada. As fontes de dados foram os Sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade e sobre Nascidos Vivos. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade fetal e perinatal por mil nascimentos totais (nascidos vivos mais natimortos) e a taxa de mortalidade neonatal precoce por mil nascidos vivos, e comparadas usando seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Os óbitos perinatais foram classificados nos grupos de causas anteparto, anomalias congênitas, prematuridade, asfixia e causas específicas. Foi calculado, para cada grupo de causas, o número de óbitos por faixa de peso, além das taxas de mortalidade e os respectivos IC95%, e feita a distribuição espacial das taxas de mortalidade por Unidade da Federação (UF). Foram registrados 35.857 óbitos infantis, sendo 18.866 (52,6%) neonatais precoces; os natimortos somaram 27.009. Os óbitos perinatais totalizaram 45.875, perfazendo uma taxa de mortalidade de 15,5‰ nascimentos. A maior taxa de mortalidade (7,6‰; 7,5‰-7,7‰) foi observada no grupo anteparto, seguido da prematuridade (3,6‰; 3,6‰-3,7‰). No grupo anteparto, 14 das 27 UFs (sendo oito na Região Nordeste e quatro na Região Norte) apresentaram as taxas de mortalidade perinatal acima da nacional. A taxa de mortalidade perinatal no Brasil mostrou-se elevada, e a maioria dos óbitos poderia ser prevenida com investimento em cuidados pré-natais e ao nascimento.

Abstract: Perinatal mortality includes fetal mortality and early neonatal mortality (0 to 6 days of life). The study described perinatal deaths in Brazil in 2018 according to the modified Wigglesworth classification. The data sources were the Brazilian Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Information System on Live Births. Fetal mortality and perinatal mortality rates were calculated per 1,000 total births (live births plus stillbirths) and the early neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births, compared using their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Perinatal deaths were classified in groups of antepartum causes, congenital anomalies, prematurity, asphyxia, and specific causes. For each group of causes, the study calculated the number of deaths by weight group, in addition to mortality rates and respective 95%CI, besides the spatial distribution of mortality rates by state of Brazil. A total of 35,857 infant deaths were recorded, of which 18,866 (52.6%) were early neonatal deaths, while stillbirths totaled 27,009. Perinatal deaths totaled 45,875, for a mortality rate of 15.5‰ births. The highest mortality rate (7.6‰; 7.5‰-7.7‰) was observed in the antepartum group, followed by prematurity (3.6‰; 3.6‰-3.7‰). In the antepartum group, 14 of the 27 states (eight of which in the Northeast and four in the North) presented perinatal mortality rates above the national rate. Perinatal mortality in Brazil was high, and most deaths could have been prevented with investment in prenatal and childbirth care.

Resumen: La mortalidad perinatal engloba la mortalidad fetal y neonatal precoz (0 a 6 días). Este estudio describió los óbitos perinatales ocurridos en Brasil en 2018, según la clasificación de Wigglesworth modificada. Las fuentes de datos fueron los Sistemas de Información sobre Mortalidad y sobre Nacidos Vivos. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad fetal y perinatal por 1.000 nacimientos totales (nacidos vivos más mortinatos) y la tasa de mortalidad neonatal precoz por 1.000 nacidos vivos, y se compararon usando sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Los óbitos perinatales se clasificaron en los grupos de causas: anteparto, anomalías congénitas, prematuridad, asfixia y causas específicas. Se calculó, para cada grupo de causas, el número de óbitos por franja de peso, además de las tasas de mortalidad y los respectivos IC95%, y se realizó la distribución espacial de las tasas de mortalidad por Unidad de la Federación (UF). Se registraron 35.857 óbitos infantiles, siendo 18.866 (52,6%) neonatales precoces; los mortinatos sumaron 27.009. Los óbitos perinatales totalizaron 45.875, ascendiendo a una tasa de mortalidad de un 15,5‰ nacimientos. La mayor tasa de mortalidad (7,6‰; 7,5‰-7,7‰) se observó en el grupo anteparto, seguido de la prematuridad (3,6‰; 3,6‰-3,7‰). En el grupo anteparto, 14 de las 27 UFs (estando ocho en la región Nordeste y cuatro en la región Norte) presentaron tasas de mortalidad perinatal por encima de la nacional. La tasa de mortalidad perinatal en Brasil se mostró elevada y la mayoría de los óbitos podría ser prevenido con inversión en cuidados prenatales y en el nacimiento.

Factors associated with neonatal death among adolescent mothers / Fatores associados ao óbito neonatal de mães adolescentes

Abstract Objectives: to analyze factors associated with neonatal death among adolescent mothers. Methods: randomized hospital-based cross-sectional study in a tertiary institution,, data from the Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc), (Live Birth Information System), Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) (Mortality Information System), and medical records. The study population was comprised of 1,341 adolescents aged 10-19 who had assisted childbirth at the institution between 2012 to 2016. The independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics, care, prenatal, childbirth, birth, and newborn's hospitalization, as well as the baby's characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the association between neonatal death and explanatory variables. Results: the factors associated with death were from the countryside or other States (OR=2.68; CI95% =1.24-5.81), Apgar scores lower than 7 in the 1st (OR= 9.52; CI95% = 4.15-21.81) and the 5th (OR=4.17; CI95%=1.53-11.34) minutes of life; and birth weight less than 999g (OR=13.37; CI95% =3, 64-49.04) and between 1,500 to 2,499g (OR=3.43; CI95%=1.37-8.58). Conclusions: apgar and low birth weight were associated with the neonatal death among adolescent mothers, as well as the fact they come from the countryside and other States. These findings show, in addition to classic risks, potential difficulties for adolescents in having access to healthcare services in their hometown. To reduce the risks, there is a need for restructuring the maternal and child healthcare network and ensure a social protection network for these girls.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar fatores associados ao óbito neonatal de mães adolescentes. Métodos: estudo transversal de base hospitalar em instituição terciária, randomizado, com dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc), Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e de prontuários. A população do estudo compreendeu 1.341 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos assistidos durante o parto na instituição entre 2012 a 2016. As variáveis independentes foram características sociodemográficas, assistenciais, relacionadas ao pré-natal, parto, nascimento e internamento do recém-nascido, além das características do bebê. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística para avaliar a associação entre óbito neonatal e variáveis explanatórias. Resultados: os fatores associados ao óbito foram municípios do interior e outros estados (OR=2,68; IC95%=1,24-5,81), índices de apgar menor que sete no 1º(OR=9,52; IC95%=4,15-21,81) e no 5º(OR=4,17; IC95%=1,53-11,34) minutos de vida e peso ao nascer menor que 999g (OR=13,37; IC95%= 3,64-49,04) e entre 1500 a 2499g (OR=3,43; IC95%= 1,37-8,58). Conclusões: o apgar e o baixo peso ao nascer se associaram ao óbito neonatal de mães adolescentes além da procedência de municípios do interior e outros estados. Estes achados mostram além de riscos clássicos, potenciais dificuldade das adolescentes em dispor de assistência nos seus lugares de residência. Para reduzir os riscos há necessidade de reorganizar a rede assistencial materno-infantil e garantir uma rede de proteção social a estas meninas.

Recomendación para disminuir el riesgo de colapso súbito e inesperado posnatal / Guidance to reduce the risk of Sudden and Unexpected Postnatal Collapse

El contacto piel a piel al nacer (COPAP) entre madres y recién nacidos a término sanos es fundamental en los estándares de la Iniciativa Hospital Amigo de la Madre y el Niño de Unicef. El COPAP inmediatamente después del nacimiento favorece la estabilidad cardiorrespiratoria, la prevalencia y duración de la lactancia materna y el vínculo madre-hijo, y disminuye el estrés materno. Existe preocupación por los casos de colapso súbito inesperado posnatal durante el COPAP con el bebé en decúbito prono sobre el torso desnudo materno. Si bien es infrecuente, evoluciona en el 50 % de los casos como evento grave de aparente amenaza a la vida y la otra mitad fallece (muerte súbita e inesperada neonatal temprana). Durante el COPAP y, al menos, las primeras 2 horas después del parto, el personal de Sala de Partos y recuperación debe observar y evaluar cualquier parámetro que implique una descompensación del bebé.

Early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) between mothers and healthy term newborns is a key part of the Unicef Baby Friendly Initiative Standards. SSC immediately after birth provides cardio-respiratory stability, improves prevalence and duration of breastfeeding, improves maternal-infant bonding and decreases maternal stress. There is a concern about cases of sudden unexpected postnatal collapse during a period of SSC with the infant prone on the mother ́s chest. Said collapse includes both severe apparent life-threatening event and sudden unexpected early neonatal death in the first week of life. Even if considered rare, consequences are serious with death in half of the cases and remaining disability in majority of the cases reported. For these reasons during SSC and for at least the first 2 hours after delivery, health care personnel in the delivery and recovery room should observe and assess for any sign of decompensation in the infant

A prospective study of role of doppler in pregnancy and the perinatal outcome

Background: The development of doppler ultrasonographic technology has provided an opportunity to obtain a qualitative and quantitative assessment of maternal and foetal circulation using a non-invasive method. It has been proved by many studies that doppler has a very important role in screening of high-risk pregnancies. Objective of this study was to evaluate the role of colour doppler study in normal and high-risk pregnancy in relation to perinatal outcome.Methods: A prospective study was done including 75 women with high risk pregnancy and 75 normal pregnant women during the period October 2018 to September 2019 in hospitals attached to Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. Doppler examination was done after recording patients’ history, clinical examination and ultrasound. Results were analysed and conclusions were made.Results: Out of the 22 patients with PIH, 20 patients had abnormal umbilical artery S/D ratio and all 22 had abnormal MCA PI. Out of 12 patients with diabetes, 10 had abnormal umbilical artery S/D ratio. All the patients with IUGR had abnormal umbilical artery S/D ratio and abnormal MCA PI.Conclusions: Colour doppler flow velocimetry done repeatedly can predict adverse foetal events with a great degree of accuracy.

Aplicabilidade da Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por intervenção do Sistema Único de Saúde, para análise de óbitos perinatais em municípios dos estados Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, 2011 / Aplicabilidad de la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muertes Evitables por Intervención del Sistema Único de Salud, para análisis de óbitos perinatales en municipios de los estados de Rio de Janeiro y São Paulo, Brasil, 2011 / Brasilian List of Avidable Causes of Death that can be avoided by National Health System interventions, and its applicability for analysis of perinatal deaths in municipalities in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, 2011

Resumo Objetivo avaliara aplicabilidade da Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis (LBE) na mortalidade perinatal, em maternidades públicas dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, 2011. Métodos estudo descritivo de série de casos com dados primários e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) sobre óbitos perinatais; foi aplicada a LBE, com adaptações (códigos P20.9 e P70-74), e no Rio de Janeiro, adicionalmente, a classificação de Wigglesworth expandida (CWe). Resultados dos 98 óbitos perinatais, segundo a LBE, 61,2% seriam evitáveis, principalmente por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação; 'Causas de morte mal definidas' somaram 26,6% dos casos, principalmente óbitos fetais; pela CWe, a categoria de evitabilidade predominante no Rio Janeiro foi 'Morte fetal anteparto', relacionada a falhas no cuidado pré-natal, concordante com a LBE. Conclusão a LBE, após realocação de alguns códigos, pode melhorar a avaliação de óbitos fetais, sendo necessários estudos com maior número de participantes.

Resumen Objetivo evaluar la aplicabilidad de la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muertes Evitables (LBE) en la mortalidad perinatal, en maternidades públicas de los Estados de Rio de Janeiro (RJ) y São Paulo (SP), 2011. Métodos estudio descriptivo de serie de casos (óbitos perinatales) con datos primarios y del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (SIM); se aplicó la LBE, con adaptaciones (códigos P20.9 y P70-74) para muertes fetales e, en RJ, adicionalmente, la clasificación de Wigglesworth expandida (CWe). Resultados de las 98 muertes perinatales, según la LBE, 61,2% serían evitables, principalmente por adecuada atención en la gestación; 'Causas de muerte mal definidas' sumaron 26,6%, principalmente las muertes fetales; por la CWe, la categoría predominante en RJ fue 'Muerte fetal anteparto', relacionada con fallas en la atención prenatal, lo que está de acuerdo con la LBE. Conclusión la LBE, reubicando algunos códigos, puede evaluar mejor las muertes fetales, requiriendo estudios con más participantes.

Abstract Objective to assess the applicability of the Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Death (BAL) to perinatal mortality in public maternity hospitals in the states of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and São Paulo (SP) in 2011. Methods this was a descriptive case series study of perinatal deaths using primary data from the Mortality Information System; the BAL was applied, with adaptations (codes P20.9 and P70-74) and, in addition in Rio de Janeiro the Extended Wigglesworth (EW) Classification was also used. Results according to the BAL, 61.2% of the 98 perinatal deaths were avoidable, mainly by providing adequate attention to women in pregnancy; 'Ill-defined causes of death' accounted for 26.6% of cases, mainly fetal deaths; use of EW in RJ indicated that the 'Antepartum Fetal Death' category was predominant and was related to inadequate prenatal care; this was in line with the BAL. Conclusions after reallocating some codes, the BAL can improve fetal death evaluation, whereby studies with a larger number of participants are needed.

Neonatal mortality in Luanda, Angola: what can be done to reduce it? / Mortalidade neonatal em Luanda, Angola: o que pode ser feito para sua redução?

INTRODUCTION: One of the main health indicators is infant mortality rate, which is a metric of living conditions and population development. The goal of reducing neonatal mortality requires an adequate knowledge of the real factors at each level of health care so that maternal and human resources are efficiently channeled to the constraint. Countries that have paid special attention to improving health services for the entire pregnancy-puerperal cycle have attained the reduction of infant mortality, especially early neonatal mortality. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to describe the profile and analyze the risk factors associated with neonatal mortality in the Angolan context at a tertiary level public maternity hospital, located in Luanda. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, using secondary data, of provincial base in hospital and ministerial registry instruments from January to December 2012. RESULTS: The results show that the neonatal deaths are not mere occurrences, since they indicate failures of the political powers, professionals of the health system and of the families. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the major risk factor for birth mortality in Luanda is the type of delivery (c-section) and that this data is not related to the age of the mother or to premature birth. We also found that there was higher mortality between May and July, during the period of lower rainfall index in the region. However, further studies are needed that may provide a logical framework and arguments for realistic policies to mitigate neonatal mortality.

INTRODUÇÃO: Um dos principais indicadores de saúde é a taxa de mortalidade infantil, que é uma métrica de condições de vida e desenvolvimento populacional. A redução da mortalidade neonatal requer um conhecimento adequado dos fatores reais em cada nível de atenção à saúde, de modo que os recursos maternos e humanos sejam eficientemente avaliados. Os países que deram atenção especial à melhoria dos serviços de saúde para todo o ciclo gravídico-puerperal atingiram a redução da mortalidade infantil, especialmente a mortalidade neonatal precoce. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever o perfil e analisar os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade neonatal em uma maternidade pública de nível terciário localizada em Luanda, Angola. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de corte transversal com abordagem quantitativa, utilizando dados secundários de base provincial em instrumentos de registro hospitalar e ministerial de janeiro a dezembro de 2012. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostram que os óbitos neonatais não são meras ocorrências, pois indicam falhas dos poderes políticos, de profissionais do sistema de saúde e das famílias. CONSLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que o maior fator de risco para mortalidade ao nascimento em Luanda é o tipo de parto (c-section) e que este dado não está relacionado com a idade da mãe ou com o nascimento prematuro. Identificamos também que houve maior mortalidade entre os meses de maio a julho, durante o período de menor índice de chuvas na região. No entanto, são necessários mais estudos que possam fornecer um quadro lógico e argumentos para políticas realistas para mitigar a mortalidade neonatal.

The Influence Of Maternal And Child Health Services On Neonatal Death Of Low Birth Weight Neonates In Aceh Province

@#Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the most crucial problem related to neonatal mortality and infant mortality. The LBW is defined as babies born with a birth weight less than 2500 grams. LBW does not only contribute to neonatal morbidity, but may lead to neonatal mortality. This study aim to determine the influence of maternal and child health services (MCH) services to neonatal death among LBW babies in Aceh province, Indonesia.This study is observational study with mix method, using quantitative (Unmatched case control study) and qualitative (case study). The study was conducted between 2011-2015 in 8 district/municipality in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Total sample for quantitative study was 500 neonates (1:1), 250 neonates who died in neonatal period (case) and 250 LBW neonates who survived in the neonatal period (control group). Meanwhile, the total sample for qualitative study was 22, there were 12 (mother) and 10 (midwife).The result of A simple logistic regression analysis for MCH factors found that 4 of 7 variable were significant association with neonatal death among LBW (P value < 0.05), these variables include: Antenatal care (ANC), place of delivery, level of health facilities and neonatal visit. Multiple logistic regression found the ANC has a strongest influence on neonatal death among LBW babies in Aceh Province (OR=3.6; 95% CI: 2.3-5.7). The LBW neonates who were born to mothers who received number of ANC equal to or less than 3 times had a 3.6 times higher risk of death, than neonates who were born to mothers who received ANC ≥ 4 times. The appropriate of health services in health facilities are needed to reduce the NMR and improve the health of neonate.

Caracterización clínica y microbiológica de niños y adolescentes con infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria / Clinical and microbiological characterization of children and adolescents with infections associated with health care

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 54 pacientes con infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria en el Hospital Infantil Sur Docente Dr Antonio María Béguez César de Santiago de Cuba, que abarcó desde enero de 2015 hasta diciembre de 2016. Las variables analizadas incluyeron edad, sexo, tipo de infección, resultado de los cultivos, microorganismo aislado y servicio de procedencia. Todas las muestras de los cultivos efectuados fueron procesadas en el Departamento de Microbiología de la mencionada institución. En la casuística predominaron el grupo etario de 5-17 años, el sexo masculino, la infección en la herida quirúrgica, la positividad de los cultivos, el aislamiento de la Escherichia coli y la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Solo fallecieron 2 de los lactantes de 0-11 meses, para 3,7 por ciento.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 54 patients with infections associated with the health care in Dr Antonio María Béguez César Southern Teaching Pediatric Hospital was carried out in Santiago from Cuba, from January, 2015 to December, 2016. The analyzed variables included age, sex, infection type, result of the cultures, isolated organism and origin service. All the culture samples were processed in the Microbiology Department of the institution. The age group 5-17 years, male sex, infection in the surgical wound, the positivity of the cultures, isolation of Escherichia coli and the Intensive Care Unit prevailed in the case material. Only 2 of the infants with 0-11 months died, for 3,7 percent.

Prácticas de atención a la familia en duelo ante la muerte del neonato en la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal / Practices in the care of the mourning family after the death of the neonate in the neonatal intensive care unit

Resumen Introducción: La muerte de un hijo es un proceso complejo y dramático; el equipo de salud describe dificultades para abordar esta situación. Objetivos: Identificar en la literatura científica las principales prácticas de los profesionales en la atención de padres o familiares de un recién nacido que fallece en institución hospitalaria y determinar cuáles facilitan el desarrollo del duelo. Metodología de búsqueda: Revisión integrativa de la literatura científica. 33 artículos superaron la evaluación de calidad metodológica y se incluyeron en la revisión. Resultados: Se identificaron dos tipos de prácticas que los profesionales desarrollan con la familia en duelo: de soporte, por ejemplo facilitar el acercamiento al bebé fallecido y la fotografía postmortem; y de no soporte, por ejemplo la ausencia de consentimiento previo antes de que un grupo de estudiantes presencien un procedimiento específico o asumir actitudes hostiles hacia el paciente. Discusión: Como reportan otros estudios, las prácticas de soporte tienen como base una comunicación veraz, adecuada y permanente entre el profesional y los familiares. Las prácticas de no soporte podrían relacionarse con el estrés de los profesionales, ante el fallecimiento de los pacientes y de las características propias de la formación médica. Conclusiones: Los profesionales desarrollan diversas prácticas en el acompañamiento al familiar doliente, algunas de las cuales brindan un mejor desarrollo del duelo, como las prácticas de soporte. MÉD. UIS. 2017;30(3):89-100.

Abstract Introduction: A child's death is a complex and painful process; the health staff describes difficulties to affront it. Objective: To identify the practices performed by the health staff to tackle the family of a newborn death into the hospital and determine which facilitates the grieving process. Searching methodology: Integrative review of scientific literature. 33 articles surpassed the methodological quality assessment and were included in the review. Results: Two kinds of practices were identified: support practices, such as facilitating the approach to the deceased baby and the postmortem photography; and non-support practices, such as the absence of prior consent before a group of students witness a specific procedure or hostile attitudes towards the patient. Discussion: The support practices are based on a truthful, adequate and ongoing communication between family and staff. On the contrary, the non-support practices are in relation with the high stress professionals are feeling, which come from the nature of the death event and the medical education characteristics. Conclusions: Professionals implement practices in the acompaniment to the suffering family member, some of which allow a better development of the grieving process. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(3):89-100.

Caracterización anatomopatológica de los neonatos fallecidos durante el quinquenio 2010-2014 / Pathological characterization of dead neonates during 2010-2014

Se realizó un estudio transversal y retrospectivo de los 55 neonatos autopsiados en el Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital General Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, durante el quinquenio 2010-2014, para identificar las características anatomopatológicas que permitieran determinar las causas de las defunciones y describir los factores maternos y neonatales concurrentes en estas últimas. Entre los principales hallazgos sobresalió el predominio de estos decesos en el 2010, con 16; del sexo masculino (61,81 por ciento); de la muerte neonatal precoz con 32, de los nacidos pretérmino con bajo peso (94,44 por ciento), del parto por cesárea y de la preclampsia como antecedente materno. La causa básica de muerte más frecuente fue nacer antes del término con bajo peso en 30; y la causa directa de muerte, la hipoxia en 15 de ellos

A cross-sectional and retrospective study of the 55 neonates undergoing autopsy was carried out in the Pathology Department of Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, during 2010-2014, to identify the pathological characteristics that allowed to determine the causes of deaths and to describe the maternal and neonatal concurrent factors in the latter. Among the main findings the prevalence of these deaths in 2010 was significant, with 16; from male sex (61.81 percent); 32 with neonatal early death, of preterm birth with low birth weight (94.44 percent), of Caesarean delivery and of pre-eclampsia as maternal history. The most frequent basic cause of death was being born before term with low weight in 30 neonates; and the direct cause of death, hypoxia in 15 of them

Possible Prevention of Neonatal Death: A Regional Population-Based Study in Japan

PURPOSE: The neonatal mortality rate in Japan has currently been at the lowest level in the world. However, it is unclear whether there are still some potentially preventable neonatal deaths. We, therefore, aimed to examine the backgrounds of neonatal death and the possibilities of prevention in a region of Japan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a population-based study of neonatal death in Shiga Prefecture of Japan. RESULTS: The 103 neonatal deaths in our prefecture between 2007 and 2011 were included. After reviewing by a peer-review team, we classified the backgrounds of these neonatal deaths and analyzed end-of-life care approaches associated with prenatal diagnosis. Furthermore, we evaluated the possibilities of preventable neonatal death, suggesting specific recommendations for its prevention. We analyzed 102 (99%) of the neonatal deaths. Congenital malformations and extreme prematurity were the first and the second most common causes of death, respectively. More than half of the congenital abnormalities (59%) including malformations and chromosome abnormality had been diagnosed before births. We had 22 neonates with non-intensive care including eighteen cases with congenital abnormality and four with extreme prematurity. Twenty three cases were judged to have had some possibility of prevention with one having had a strong possibility of prevention. Among specific recommendations of preventable neonatal death, more than half of them were for obstetricians. CONCLUSION: There is room to reduce neonatal deaths in Japan. Prevention of neonatal death requires grater prenatal care by obstetricians before birth rather than improved neonatal care by neonatologists after birth.

O jardim de Julia: a vivência de uma mãe durante o luto / Julia's garden: the experience of a mother during mourning

Nos tempos atuais, a morte de um filho recém-nascido é um fato pouco comum, e geralmente visto como algo contrário à natureza. Justamente pelo sentido que possui, pode agravar a elaboração do luto e influenciar o futuro da respectiva mãe e família. Dessa forma, o presente estudo visa a compreender a vivência de uma mãe durante a elaboração do luto após a perda de um filho no período neonatal. Para isso, foram realizados atendimentos psicoterápicos individuais breves de orientação psicanalítica, e a análise dos conteúdos dos atendimentos resultou neste estudo de caso. Conclui-se que a expressão do luto através de rituais e psicoterapia agiu como facilitadora para a elaboração de um luto saudável.

Nowadays, the death of a newborn child is an unusual fact which is usually considered as something against nature's order. Due to the meaning that it has, it may worsen the development of the mourning process and influence the future of the mother and her family. Taking these considerations into account, this study aimed to understand what a mother experiences during the mourning process for the loss of her newborn child. To this end, short individual psychotherapy sessions of psychoanalytic orientation were realized. The content analysis of these sessions resulted in this case study. The results indicate that the expression of mourning through rituals and psychotherapy acted as a facilitator to the development of a healthy mourning.

Óbitos fetais e neonatais entre casos de near miss materno / Fetal and neonatal deaths among cases of maternal near miss

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência dos óbitos fetais e neonatais entre as pacientes com near miss materno e os fatores associados a esse desfecho fatal. MÉTODOS: Realizou-seumestudo descritivo, tipo corte transversal, analisando-se prontuários das pacientes admitidas na UTI obstétrica de um hospital terciário do Recife (Brasil), entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2010, que apresentavam pelo menos um critério de near miss definido pela OMS. A análise estatística foi realizada com o programa Epi-Info 3.3.2, usando os testes Qui-quadrado de associação e exato de Fisher, considerando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Para análise multivariada foi construído um modelo hierarquizado tendo como variável resposta os óbitos fetais e neonatais. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 246 casos de near miss. Entre as mulheres do estudo, os distúrbios hipertensivos ocorreram em 62,7%, a síndrome HELLP em 41,2% e os critérios laboratoriais de near miss em 59,6%. Ocorreram 48 (19,5%) óbitos fetais e 19 (7,7%) óbitos neonatais. Após a análise estatística as variáveis que permaneceram associadas aos óbitos fetais e neonatais foram: pré-eclâmpsia grave, DPP, endometrite, cesariana, prematuridade e os critérios laboratoriais de near miss materno. CONCLUSÃO: É elevada a ocorrência de óbitos fetais e neonatais entre as pacientes com near miss materno. Entre essas mulheres há uma sobreposição de fatores que contribuem para esse desfecho fatal, em nosso estudo aquelas que apresentaram pré-eclâmpsia grave, DPP, endometrite, parto prematuro ou critérios laboratoriais apresentam associação positiva com os óbitos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of fetal and neonatal deaths among patients with maternal near miss and the factors associated with this fatal outcome. METHODS: The authors conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, analyzing medical records of patients admitted to the ICU of a tertiary obstetric Recife (Brazil), between January 2007 and December 2010, who had at least one criterion of near miss defined by WHO. Statistical analysis was performed with Epi-Info 3.3.2, using chi-square and Fisher's exact test, considering a significance level of 5%. For multivariate analysis was constructed as a hierarchical model with the response variable fetal and neonatal deaths. RESULTS: We included 246 cases of maternal near miss. Among women in the study, hypertensive disorders occurred in 62.7% to 41.2% in HELLP syndrome and the laboratory criteria for near miss in 59.6%. There were 48 (19.5%) stillbirths and 19 (7.7%) neonatal deaths. After analyzing the variables that remained statistically associated with fetal and neonatal deaths were: severe preeclampsia, placental abruption, endometritis, cesarean delivery, prematurity and the laboratory criteria for maternal near miss. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of fetal and neonatal deaths among patients with maternal near miss. Among these women there is an overlap of factors contributing to this fatal outcome, in our study, those who had severe preeclampsia, placental abruption, endometritis, premature birth or laboratory criteria positively associated with deaths.

Significado de la experiencia de dolor para la enfermera ante la muerte de neonatos / Meaning of the experience of pain for the nurse to the death of newborn

OBJETIVO. Describir el significado de la experiencia de dolor para la enfermera ante la muerte de neonatos hospitalizados en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales en la ciudad de Barranquilla. DISEÑO, MUESTRA Y PARTICIPANTES. Este estudio se enmarca dentro de la investigación cualitativa, se utilizó el enfoque particular de interpretación de relatos o narrativas, cuya finalidad era describir el significado de la experiencia de dolor, de los profesionales de enfermería ante la muerte de neonatos hospitalizados. La muestra estuvo conformada por los datos, extraídos de las entrevistas aplicadas a los profesionales de enfermería. Los datos se recolectaron mediante entrevista semiestructurada a 11 Enfermeras. Las entrevistas se grabaron en audio, previo consentimiento informado y firmado por los participantes, las cuales se transcribieron textualmente para conservar la pureza de los datos. Los participantes. RESULTADO. . Surgieron cinco significados: "emociones de los profesionales de enfermería frente a la muerte neonatal", "comportamientos y reacciones de los profesionales de enfermería frente a la muerte neonatal", "actitudes de los profesionales de enfermería relacionadas con la familia", "factores intervinientes frente a la muerte neonatal", "recursos personales, profesionales e institucionales de los profesionales de enfermería frente a la muerte neonatal" CONCLUSIÓN. La pérdida de un neonato es vivida de una manera única e individual para cada uno de los cuidadores, a pesar de que existan elementos comunes. Muchos profesionales de Enfermería se quejan de no saber qué hacer ante el proceso de muerte o ante la muerte como tal, refieren no tener los recursos personales, ni la formación profesional, ni el acompañamiento y orientación proporcionados por las instituciones donde trabajan y sienten dificultades en relacionarse con los familiares, or lo cual urge la necesidad de preparar, formar, acompañar y orientar desde lo individual y colectivo, a través de la orientación de la constitución y creación de equipos especializados para abordar éstas experiencias de dolor, encontrar las vías de afrontamiento de una forma positiva y constructiva de que cómo resultado un buen drenaje emocional y por ende un enriquecimiento personal. Igualmente el beneficio es extensivo en la atención y orientación de los padres afectados, a la profesión y a la institución, al fin y al cabo todo es un valor agregado. RECOMENDAIONES. Estudios como este le permite a la enfermera adquirir conocimientos y elaborar ciertas fantasías en el abordaje de situaciones difíciles como la muerte neonatal, igualmente, le permite un auto evaluación constante de su ejercicio profesional.

OBJECTIVE. Describe the meaning of the experience of pain to the nurse at the death of infants hospitalized in two neonatal intensive care units in the city of Barranquilla. DESIGN, SAMPLE AND PARTICIPANTS. This study is part of the qualitative research approach was used particularly for the interpretation of stories or narratives, which aimed to describe the meaning of the experience of pain, nurses at the death of hospitalized infants. The sample consisted of data drawn from interviews applied to nurses. Data were collected through semi-structured interview to 11 nurses. Interviews were audio recorded, and signed informed consent by participants, which were transcribed verbatim to preserve the purity of the data. Participants RESULT. Was five meanings: "emotions of nurses versus neonatal death," "behavior and reactions of nurses versus neonatal death," "attitudes of nurses related to family," "intervening factors against neonatal death, "" personal resources, professional and institutional nurses versus neonatal death. CONCLUSION. The loss of an infant it is lived in a unique and individual for each of the caregivers, although there are common elements. Many nurses complain of not knowing what to do about the dying process or to death as such, relate not have the personal resources nor training, nor the support and guidance provided by the institutions where they work and felt difficulty in relationships with relatives, or which urges the need to prepare, train, support and guidance from the individual and collective through the guidance of the constitution and creation of specialized teams to address these pain experiences, find ways of coping in a positive and constructive outcome to how good drainage and thus emotional personal enrichment. Another benefit is extended in the care and guidance of the parents concerned, to the profession and the institution, after all everything is an added value. RECOMENDAIONES. Studies such as this allows the nurse to acquire knowledge and develop certain fantasies in dealing with difficult situations such as neonatal death, also allows for a constant self-assessment of their professional practice.