Anatomical basis for the selective block of the nerve to quadratus femoris by way of percutaneous techniques / Bases anatómicas para el bloque selectivo del nervio del músculo cuadrado femoral a través de técnicas percutáneas

SUMMARY: Hip joint chronic pain can severely compromise patients' life quality. Peripheral nerve blocks play an important role as diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The aim of this work is to study the anatomy of the nerve to quadratus femoris (NQF) in view of the possibility of its percutaneous selective block. Forty-three gluteal cadaveric regions fixed in formaldehyde solution were dissected. The quadratus femoris, the obturator internus and superior and inferior gemellus were freed from their lateral insertion, exposing thus the posterior aspect of the hip joint. The NQF was identified, and the horizontal distance to the posterior edge of the greater trochanter at its upper, middle and lower thirds was registered. The number of the articular branches of the NQF was identified. Likewise, the horizontal distance to the posterior edge of the greater trochanter and the longitudinal distance to the line through the distal end of the posterior edge of the greater trochanter were measured. The distance between the NQF and the greater trochanter posterior edge at upper, middle and lower thirds was 46 mm, 41 mm and 35 mm, respectively. In most cases (85 %) the NQF presented one or two articular branches. The longitudinal distances between the line through the distal end of the posterior edge of the greater trochanter and the origin of the first, second and third articular branches of the NQF were 14.7 mm (-19.4 - 40), 16.4 mm (-9.3-42) and 27 mm (0-46), respectively. The distances to the posterior edge of the greater trochanter were 43.1 mm (16.3-66), 37.7 mm (6.5-53) and 39.8 mm (26-52), for the first, second and third articular branches, respectively. In conclusion, the articular branches of the nerve to quadratus femoris have a constant and predictable distribution. Our findings allow for generating a coordinate system for the selective block of the NQF by way of percutaneous techniques.

RESUMEN: El dolor crónico de la articulación coxal puede comprometer severamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Los bloqueos nerviosos periféricos juegan un papel importante como procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la anatomía del nervio del músculo cuadrado femoral (NCF) en vista de la posibilidad de su bloqueo selectivo percutáneo. Se utilizaron 22 cadáveres fijados en solución de formaldehído. Fueron disecadas en total 43 regiones glúteas. Los músculos cuadrado femoral, obturador interno y los gemelos superior e inferior fueron liberados de su inserción lateral, exponiendo así la cara posterior de la articulación coxal. Se identificó el NCF y se registró la distancia horizontal al margen posterior del trocánter mayor en sus tercios superior, medio e inferior. Se identificó el número de ramas articulares del NQF. Asimismo, se midió la distancia horizontal al margen posterior del trocánter mayor y la distancia longitudinal a la línea que pasa por el extremo distal del margen posterior del trocánter mayor. La distancia entre el NCF y el margen posterior del trocánter mayor en los tercios superior, medio e inferior fue de 46 mm, 41 mm y 35 mm, respectivamente. En la mayoría de los casos (85 %) el NCF presentó una o dos ramas articulares. Las distancias longitudinales entre la línea que pasa por el extremo distal del margen posterior del trocánter mayor y el origen de la primera, segunda y tercera ramas articulares del NQF fueron 14,7 mm (-19,4 - 40), 16,4 mm (-9,3-42) y 27 mm (0-46), respectivamente. Las distancias al margen posterior del trocánter mayor fueron 43,1 mm (16,3-66), 37,7 mm (6,5-53) y 39,8 mm (26-52), para la primera, segunda y tercera ramas articulares, respectivamente. En conclusión, las ramas articulares del nervio al cuadrado femoral tienen una distribución constante y predecible. Nuestros hallazgos permiten generar un sistema de coordenadas para el bloqueo selectivo del NCF por medio de técnicas percutáneas.

Variation In The Mode Of Origin And Level Of Formation Of Nerve To Medial And Lateral Head Of Gastrocnemius Muscle

Variations of nerve are not only of anatomic and embryological interest but also of clinical importance. Theiradequate knowledge certainly help in increasing surgical precision and decreasing morbidity. In present studyvariations in mode of origin and level of formation of nerve to medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius wasstudied. The material for the present study comprised of 60 lower extremities belonging to 30 adult humancadavers obtained from Department of Anatomy, PIMS, Jalandhar. Neurectomy of nerve to medial gastrocnemiusmuscle is used to reduce volume of the muscle. For facial reconstruction after total parotidectomy, the facialnerve is being reconstructed by using vascularized sural nerve with free lateral gastrocnemius muscle flap

A Rare Case Of Accessory Nerve To Mylohyoid Communucating With Lingual Nerve And Its Clinical Implications

Nerve to mylohyoid is a branch of inferior alveolar nerve given just before it enters the mandibular foramen. Itcourses inferior to the origin of mylohyoid and supplies both mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric along itssuperficial surface. An accessory branch from inferior alveolar nerve was discovered during routine dissection.The nerve was found only on the left side. Additionally, a communicating branch was seen between lingual nerveand accesoory nerve to mylohyoid. Knowledge of the variations of the mandibular nerve, its branches andcommunications are clinically important especially for attaining adequate local anaesthesia during routineoral and dental procedures.

Bilateral absence of musculocutaneous nerve with unusual branching pattern of lateral cord and median nerve of brachial plexus / 대한해부학회지

A 43-year-old female cadaver showed a complete bilateral absence of the musculocutaneous nerve. The anterior compartment muscles of both arms were supplied by median nerve excepting the coracobrachialis which was innervated by a direct branch from the lateral cord of brachial plexus. The median nerve, after supplying the biceps and brachialis muscles, gave onto the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. The median nerve also showed variation on the left side where it was formed by two lateral roots and one medial root. Variations of the brachial plexus are of great interest to anatomists, clinicians and surgeons, in that they may be incorporated in their day to day practice. Our present case may be noted for its clinical and surgical significance in the variations of brachial plexus which can be useful for diagnostic purposes.

Branching pattern and morphometry of the axillary nerve / 대한해부학회지

The branches of the axillary nerve and branching pattern of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus are not fully described in the anatomy textbooks. The branching pattern of the axillary nerve is needed to understand various symptoms of quadrilateral space syndrome. We studied on the branching patterns and variation of the axillary nerve and posterior cord of brachial plexus in 127 adult cadaver arms. The axillary, radial and thoracodorsal nerves arising from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus were classified into 4 types according to the position of the thoracodorsal nerve. The most common type (42.5%) was that the three nerves directly arising from the posterior cord. The thoracodorsal nerve branched from the axillary nerve in 27.6%. The posterior branches of the axillary nerve were divided into 6 types by the arising point of the nerve to teres minor muscle. The deltoid branch and lateral superior brachial cutaneous nerve were divided after branching of nerve to teres minor muscle in 50.8%. The lower subscapular nerve was branched from the axillary nerve in 70.9%. We measured the distances from the branching point of the axillary nerve to the inferior border of the subscapularis in the quadriangular space and from the coracoid process to the axillary nerve. The length and motor point of the teres minor muscle were measured. The relationship of the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery was observed. The axillary nerve was always medial to the artery and their superoinferior relationship was variable. The clinical significance of the branching pattern of the axillary nerve was discussed.