A bibliometric analysis of coconut sap research

@#Introduction: Coconut sap is a sweet, fragrant liquid obtained from the inflorescence of coconut tree. In this study, a literature search was conducted using the Scopus database to study the trends of coconut sap research. Methods: Data extracted from the Scopus database were analysed and visualised using VOSviewer to determine top authors, papers, countries, collaborations, and research areas. A total of 76 publications up to year 2021 were identified and refined using keywords of “coconut sap”, “coconut sugar”, “coconut inflorescence”, “coconut inflorescence sap”, “coconut neera”, and “Cocos nucifera”. Results: Based on the analysis, research on coconut sap started in 1984, with a total of 53 authors, nine countries, and 12 sources that had published more than two documents. The analysis of countries and sources revealed that India and IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) were the most prolific country and sources, respectively. The most influential document was on the chemical compositions and bacteriology of coconut sap. The results also showed that research on coconut sap was in the field of food processing during the early years, followed by fermentation, agriculture, and bacteriology of coconut sap. Research on coconut sap’s bacteriology started in 1986 and became a major interest, especially among high impact journals. Conclusion: Overall, coconut sap is a potential target for the development of nutraceutical products, especially in the food and beverage industry.

Long COVID : New Treatment Perspective Using Nutraceuticals

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an ongoing worldwide pandemic affecting a large population regardless of gender, age, and ethnicity. The persistence of the COVID-19 symptoms has become a significant health issue and is collectively called “Long COVID.” It can be described as the presence of symptoms of COVID even after the recovery from the viral infection. The prolonged symptoms in the patients could be due to various reasons and factors. Prolonged fatigue is a common symptom of Long COVID in patients even after they have recovered from the viral infection. Currently, only rehabilitation has shown promising results in managing the symptoms of Long COVID. Although pharmaceutical drugs have shown potential in treating the symptoms of Long COVID, more clinical evidence is required to confirm its treatment with less to no side effects; since it’s a new disease, the in-depth knowledge of the same is still evolving. Another healthier approach to treating the symptoms of Long COVID could be dietary supplements or “Nutraceuticals,” identified as an alternative to pharmaceuticals, including nutritional supplements, derived nutrients, and dietary and herbal products that display physiological advantages. Nutritional strategies can also play a role in treating hospitalized patients as maintaining the immune system is critical to combat viral infection.Nutraceuticals may be a practical and healthier approach to managing the symptoms of Long COVID or COVID-19. Although ample clinical evidence is present for the treatment of symptoms of COVID-19, further studies in treating Long COVID or its symptoms are required

Potencial antioxidante de hidrolisados proteicos obtidos a partir de caseinato de ruminantes pela ação de proteases comerciais / Potential antioxidant of protein hydrolysates obtained from ruminant caseinate by the action of commercial proteases

Introdução: a oxidação em sistemas biológicos está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de patologias em humanos. A ingestão de alimentos ricos em compostos químicos que exercem atividade antioxidante contribui para a prevenção e redução dos efeitos deletérios dos radicais livres formados no organismo. Peptídeos derivados das caseínas têm mostrado um elevado potencial como agentes antioxidantes. Objetivos: neste sentido, o presente estudo avaliou a atividade antioxidante de hidrolisados derivados de caseínas de leites das espécies bubalina, bovina e caprina, obtidos pela ação de diferentes proteases. Metodologia: inicialmente, as caseínas foram isoladas dos demais componentes do leite, depois foram submetidas ao processo de proteólise pelas enzimas bromelina, papaína, tripsina e neutrase, individualmente. A atividade antioxidante dos hidrolisados foi avaliada, através da capacidade de eliminação dos radicais: hidroxila (OH­Ë™), superóxido (O2­Ë™), 2,2 difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH˙), 2,2'azinobis-(3-ácido etilbenzotiazolino-6-sulfônico (ABTS˙), e quelante dos íons metálicos cobre (Cu2+) e ferro (Fe2+). Resultados: os resultados mostraram que a caseína bovina apresentou o menor (35,54%) grau de hidrólise e a caseína bubalina apresentou o maior (85,64%) grau de hidrólise pela ação da neutrase e bromelina após 480 minutos, respectivamente. O potencial para o sequestro dos radicais hidroxila variou entre 0 e 100%, superóxido superior a 80%, ABTS superior a 85%, DPPH entre 20 e 95% habilidade de quelar ferro entre 10 e 100% e cobre entre 14 e 80%. Conclusão: assim, a hidrólise das caseínas do leite bubalino, bovino e caprino foram capazes de produzir hidrolisados com elevado potencial antioxidante e que, mediante novos estudos, poderá vir ser incorporado em produtos alimentícios para o consumo humano.

Introduction: oxidation in biological systems is related to the development of pathologies in humans. The ingestion of foods rich in chemical compounds that exert antioxidant activity contributes to the prevention and reduction of the deleterious effects of free radicals formed in the body. Peptides derived from caseins have shown high potential as antioxidant agents. Objectives: the present study evaluated the antioxidant activity of casein hydrolysates derived from bubaline, bovine, and caprine milk obtained by the action of different proteases. Methodology: initially, the caseins were isolated from the other milk components, and then subjected to the proteolysis process by the enzymes bromelain, papain, trypsin and neutrase, individually. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates was evaluated, through the capacity of elimination of the radicals: hydroxyl (OH-˙), superoxide (O2-˙), 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙), 2,2'azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolino-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS˙), and chelating of the metal ions copper (Cu2+) and iron (Fe2+). Results: the results showed that bovine casein showed the lowest (35.54%) degree of hydrolysis and bubaline casein showed the highest (85.64%) degree of hydrolysis by the action of neutrase and bromelin after 480 minutes, respectively. The potential for hydroxyl radical sequestration varied between 0 and 100%, superoxide higher than 80%, ABTS higher than 85%, DPPH between 20 and 95% and the ability to chelate iron between 10 and 100% and copper between 14 and 80%. Conclusion: thus, the hydrolysis of caseins from bubaline, bovine and goat milk were able to produce hydrolysates with high antioxidant potential and that, upon further studies, may be incorporated into food products for human consumption.

Influence of different preparation techniques on the composition and antioxidant action of curcumin and curcuminoids / Influencia de diferentes técnicas de preparación en la composición y acción antioxidante de la curcumina y los curcuminoides

Epidemiological evidence indicates that plant antioxidants activity can treat or help to prevent the development of various diseases. One species with great potential as an antioxidant is Curcuma longa. However, different extraction techniquescan influence isolated chemical compounds. This study investigated chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two rhizome extracts of C. longa: hydroethanolic, obtained by exhaustion (HECLex); and dried by a spray dryer (HECLsd). The phytochemical composition was evaluated by GC/MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Total phenolic compounds and soil analyses were performed. The main components of HECLex were ar-turmerone, γ-curcumene, α-turmerone, and ß-sesquiphellandrene. The main components of HECLsd were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 2, 3-bis([trimethylsilyl]oxy) propyl ester, verrucarol, and 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether. HECLsd had significantly higher levels of phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant capacity compared with HECLex. In conclusion, processes of the preparation of C. longarhizomes alter the chemical components and consequently their biological activity.

La evidencia epidemiológica indica que la actividad de los antioxidantes de las plantas pueden tratar o ayudar a prevenir el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades. Una especie con gran potencial como antioxidante es Curcuma longa. Sin embargo, diferentes técnicas de extracción pueden influir en los compuestos químicos aislados. Este estudio investigó la composición química y la actividad antioxidante de dos extractos de rizoma de C. longa: hidroetanólico, obtenido por agotamiento (HECLex); y se seca con un secador por pulverización (HECLsd). La composición fitoquímica se evaluó mediante GC/MS. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó mediante ensayos DPPH y FRAP. Se realizaron análisis de suelos y compuestos fenólicos totales. Los componentes principales de HECLex fueron ar-turmerona, γ-curcumene, α-turmerone y ß-sesquiphellandrene. Los componentes principales de HECLsd fueron ácido 9,12,15-octadecatrienoico, éster 2,3-bis ([trimetilsilil] oxi) propílico, verrucarol y éter 1-monolinoleoilglicerol trimetilsilil. HECLsd tenía niveles significativamente más altos de compuestos fenólicos y mayor capacidad antioxidante en comparación con HECLex. En conclusión, los procesos de preparación de los rizomas de C. longa alteran los componentes químicos y consecuentemente su actividad biológica.

Behavioral effects of a low molecular weight peptide fraction from Phaseolus vulgaris in rats

Seminal studies stated that bean proteins are efficient neuronal tracers with affinity for brain tissue. A low molecular weight peptide fraction (<3kDa) from Phaseolus vulgaris (PV3) was previously reported to be antioxidant, non-cytotoxic, and capable of reducing reactive oxygen species and increasing nitric oxide in cells. We evaluated the effects of PV3 (5, 50, 100, 500, and 5000 µg/kg) on behavior and the molecular routes potentially involved. Acute and chronic PV3 treatments were performed before testing Wistar rats: i) in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) to assess the anxiolytic-like effect; ii) in the open field (OF) to evaluate locomotion and exploration; and iii) for depression-like behavior in forced swimming (FS). Catecholaminergic involvement was tested using the tyrosine hydroxylases (TH) enzyme inhibitor, α-methyl-DL-tyrosine (AMPT). Brain areas of chronically treated groups were dissected to assess: i) lipid peroxidation (LPO); ii) carbonylated proteins (CP); iii) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities. Neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS) and argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) protein expression was evaluated by western blotting. Acute treatment with PV3 increased the frequency and time spent in the EPM open arms, suggesting anxiolysis. PV3 increased crossing episodes in the OF. These PV3 effects on anxiety and locomotion were absent in the chronically treated group. Acute and chronic PV3 treatments reduced the immobility time in the FS test, suggesting an antidepressant effect. TH inhibition by AMPT reverted acute PV3 effects. PV3 decreased LPO and CP levels and SOD and CAT activities, whereas nNOS and ASS were reduced in few brain areas. In conclusion, PV3 displayed central antioxidant actions that are concomitant to catecholaminergic-dependent anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.

Alimentos con potencial efecto inmunomodulador y antiviral a propósito de la pandemia COVID-19 / Potential Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Food Effect in The Context of COVID-19 Pandemic

Resumen Antecedentes: los tratamientos con base en medicamentos contra la COVID-19 no han sido aprobados hasta la actualidad. La forma más efectiva de enfrentar este problema de salud pública es la prevención con una adecuada alimentación, medidas de higiene y protección. Los alimentos han sido históricamente utilizados por la población para mejorar su nutrición y complementar el tratamiento o prevención de enfermedades. Se conocen los diversos compuestos bioactivos de algunos alimentos, que en estudios experimentales demostraron su acción antiviral e inmunomoduladora. Objetivo: identificar los compuestos bioactivos o preparados de alimentos con potencial efecto inmunomodulador, inmunoestimulante y antiviral contra el coronavirus. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en Google Scholar, Scopus y en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud en Bases de datos de Medicina Tradicional, Complementaria e Integrativa utilizando los términos food, immunomodulatory, immunostimulatory y antiviral en cuatro búsquedas sucesivas. Resultados: se obtuvieron 93 artículos y se identificó mayor evidencia sobre el efecto antiviral e inmunológico contra el coronavirus en nueve alimentos: Allium sativum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus sinensis, Zingiber officinale, Vitis vinífera, Allium cepa, Curcuma longa, Punica granatum y Sambucus nigra. Los cuatro primeros mostraron actividad contra el SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: se evidenció el efecto inmunológico y antiviral contra el coronavirus de nueve alimentos; sin embargo, son estudios in silico e in vitro, por ello se requiere mayor investigación preclínica y clínica que lo confirmen.

Abstract Background: Up to date drug-based treatments for COVID-19 have not been approved. The most effective way to face this public health problem is prevention with adequate nutrition, hygiene, and protection measures. Food has historically been used by people to improve their nutrition and complement the treatment or prevention of diseases. The various bioactive compounds of some foods are known, which in experimental studies demonstrated their antiviral and immunomodulatory action. Objective: To identify bioactive compounds of foods or food preparations with potential immunomodulatory, immunostimulatory, and antiviral effects against coronavirus. Material and Methods: A search was carried out in Google Scholar, Scopus, and Virtual Health Library on Traditional Complementary and Integrative Medicine using the terms food, immunomodulatory, immunostimulatory, and antiviral in four successive searches. Results: 93 articles were obtained, and further evidence of antiviral and immunological effect against coronavirus was identified on nine foods: Allium sativum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus sinensis, Zingiber officinale, Vitis vinifera, Allium cepa, Curcuma longa, Punica granatum, and Sambucus nigra. The first four of them showed activity against SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: The immunological and antiviral effect against coronavirus of nine foods was evidenced; however, they are in silico and in vitro studies, therefore it is required further preclinical and clinical research to confirm this.

Efecto de un producto natural a base de Amaranto, Quinua y Tarwi sobre el perfil Lipídico en pacientes con obesidad y diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 / Effect of a natural product based on Amaranth, Quinoa and Tarwi on lipid profile in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCCIÓN: la obesidad es una enfermedad crónica que conlleva a la aparición de enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Pacientes con sobrepeso, obesidad o DM2 presentan generalmente un perfil lipídico con niveles sanguíneos elevados de colesterol, triglicéridos, LDL (lipoproteínas de baja densidad) y VLDL-c (lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad unidas al colesterol) y niveles bajos de HDL-c (lipoproteínas de alta densidad). Pseudocereales como Amaranthus caudatus (Amaranto), Chenopodium quinoa (Quinua) y Lupinus mutabilis (Tarwi) presentes en la región Andina de Bolivia, tienen propiedades potencialmente nutracéuticas, con un alto contenido de macronutrientes y diversos fitoquímicos con actividad biológica como alcaloides de quinolizidina, saponinas, triterpenos y γ-conglutina. OBJETIVO: determinar el efecto del consumo de un producto natural elaborado a base de granos de Amaranto, Quinua y Tarwi (AQT), sobre el perfil lipídico en pacientes con obesidad y DM2. MÉTODO: estudio clínico preliminar controlado, prospectivo, doble ciego y cruzado realizado en el Área de Farmacología del Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. RESULTADOS: el consumo de un producto elaborado a base de harinas de Amaranto, Quinua y Tarwi (AQT) durante 3 meses, promovió la disminución significativa de colesterol, triglicéridos, LDL y VLDLc en pacientes diabéticos (DM2) con sobrepeso (IMC>25), sin embargo, los niveles de HDL-c no sufrieron cambios significativos. CONCLUSIÓN: por tanto, el producto AQT tiene efectos beneficiosos sobre el perfil lipídico en pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad y con riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares y DM2.

INTRODUCTION: obesity is a chronic disease that leads to the onset of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Overweight, obese or T2DM patients generally have a lipid profile with high blood levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and VLDL-c (very low-density lipoprotein) and low levels of HDL-c (high-density lipoprotein of cholesterol). Pseudocereals such as Amaranthus caudatus (Amaranth), Chenopodium quinoa (Quinoa) and Lupinus mutabilis (Tarwi) present in the Andean region of Bolivia, have potentially nutraceutical properties, with a high content of macronutrients and various phytochemicals with biological activity such as quinolizidine alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and γ-conglutin. OBJECTIVE: to determine the effect due to natural product intake made with Amaranth, Quinoa and Tarwi (AQT) on the lipid profile in patients with obesity and T2DM. METHOD: controlled, prospective, double blinded and crossed Preliminary Clinical Assay, performed in the Pharmacology Area of Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas from Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. RESULTS: the intake of a product made from Amaranth, Quinoa and Tarwi (AQT) flour for 3 months, promoted a significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL-c in overweight diabetic patients (DM2) (BMI> 25) However, HDL-c levels did not undergo significant changes. CONCLUSION: therefore, the AQT product has beneficial effects on the lipid profile in patients who are overweight or obese and at risk of cardiovascular disease and T2DM.

Aplicación de las propiedades nutracéuticas y estabilizantes del mesocarpio y exocarpio del maracuyá en la obtención de una bebida natural de chinola-piña / Application of the nutraceutical and stabilizing properties of the passion fruit mesocarp and exocarp in obtaining a natural passion fruit-pineapple drink

Introducción: este estudio consistió en el desarrollo de una bebida natural de maracuyá-piña, utilizando el exocarpio, mesocarpio y endocarpio del maracuyá como estabilizante y enriquecedor nutritivo de la bebida, convirtiéndolo así en un producto nutracéutico. El mesocarpio del maracuyá puede ser aprovechado por los macronutrientes y micronutrientes que contiene, por sus pigmentos, y por el contenido de varios nutrientes con propiedades terapéuticas. Material y método: para lograr este objetivo se prepararon pulpas especiales tratadas con biomoléculas que permiten desagregar el material vegetal del cual están compuestas las frutas dejando disponible todos los nutrientes que contiene. Resultado: de este proceso se obtuvo un jugo estable en su turbidez con un color y olor bastante acentuado, relacionado con las frutas que fueron utilizadas en la investigación. Además, se obtuvo un jugo en donde los nutrientes y moléculas bioactivas atrapadas en el mesocarpio y en el pericarpio de la fruta ahora están disponibles para su inmediata absorción en el organismo humano. Conclusión: el producto tratado con biocatalizador presentó mayor estabilidad y mayores propiedades nutracéuticas que el jugo sin ese tratamiento.

Introduction: This study consisted in the development of a natural passion fruit-pineapple drink, taking advantage of the exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp of the passion fruit in the process as stabilizer and nutritive enrichment of the drink, thus turning it into a nutraceutical product. The mesocarp of the passion fruit can be used for the macronutrients and micronutrients it contains, for its pigments, and for the content of various nutrients with therapeutic properties. Material and methods: To achieve this objective, special pulps treated with biomolecules were prepared that allow the disaggregation of the plant material of which the fruits are composed, leaving all the nutrients it contains available. Result: As a result of this process, a stable juice was obtained in its turbidity with a fairly accentuated color and smell, related to the fruits that were used in the research. In addition, a juice was obtained where the nutrients and bioactive molecules trapped in the mesocarp and in the pericarp of the fruit are now available for immediate absorption in the human body. In conclusion, the product treated with a biocatalyst presented greater stability and higher nutraceutical properties than the juice without this treatment

Use of essential oil on digestive health and blood parameters of maintenance horses / [Uso de óleo essencial na saúde digestiva e nos parâmetros sanguíneos de cavalos em manutenção]

Essential oils (EO) such as carvacrol represent a wide range of mainly volatile aromatic plant compounds which hold antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal potential, in addition to other properties of interest to animal health, such as the ability to modulate the microbiome. Current horse care commonly involves an intensive management system with an excessive use of concentrated feed, which can lead to severe digestive and metabolic disorders. Studies with EO in horses are limited, but the use of carvacrol essential oil (CEO) can promote benefits in microbial fermentation. The objective was to investigate the effect of different quantities of CEO on the apparent total digestibility of nutrients, microbial profile in the feces and postprandial blood glucose and insulin response when added to the equine diet. Eight Mini-Horse geldings were used (42±6 months; 135±15 kg BW) and fed with a proportion of 60% concentrate and 40% grass hay. The treatments were: 0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm of CEO. The addition of CEO up to 300 ppm did not influence the apparent digestibility of nutrients or the postprandial plasma glucose and insulin response. The use of CEO maintained the fermentative digestive health of horses fed with concentrate diets.(AU)

Os óleos essenciais (EO), como o carvacrol, são descritos por representarem ampla gama de compostos principalmente voláteis de plantas aromáticas, com potencial antioxidante, antibacteriano, antifúngico, entre outras propriedades de interesse para a saúde animal, como a modulação do microbioma. Atualmente, os cavalos são submetidos a manejo intensivo, com uso excessivo de ração concentrada, o que pode causar graves distúrbios digestivos e metabólicos. Em cavalos, estudos com EO são limitados, mas o uso de óleo essencial de carvacrol (CEO) poderia promover benefícios na fermentação microbiana. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi investigar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de óleo essencial de carvacrol, adicionadas à dieta de equinos, sobre a digestibilidade aparente total de nutrientes, o perfil microbiano por meio das fezes e a resposta sanguínea pós-prandial de glicose e insulina. Foram utilizados oito cavalos castrados, da raça Mini-Horse (42±6 meses), 135±15kg PV, alimentados na proporção de 60% concentrado e 40% feno de capim. Os tratamentos foram: 0, 100, 200 e 300ppm de CEO. A adição de CEO até 300ppm não influencia a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e a resposta de glicose e insulina plasmática pós-prandial. O uso de EO demonstra manter a saúde digestiva fermentativa quando os cavalos são alimentados com dieta rica em concentrado.(AU)

Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) in dog nutrition: influence on diet digestibility and palatability and in the course of urinary tract infections / [Cranberrys (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) na nutrição de cães: influência na digestibilidade e palatabilidade da dieta e no curso de infecções do trato urinário

The objective was to evaluate the effects of cranberry on blood and urinary parameters of dogs (experiment I), digestibility of nutrients (experiment II), palatability of diet (experiment III) and the influence of cranberry on E. coli UPEC-MRHA fimbriae in vitro (experiment IV). For experiment I and II, ten dogs were fed with diets containing 0% or 0.4% cranberry for 30 days. Experiment III compared the diets containing 0% and 0.4% cranberry using 16 adult dogs. There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) in the blood parameters evaluated. Dogs consuming cranberry presented lighter color and appearance of urine, compared to the control group (P<0.05). The diet containing cranberry showed higher digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, higher metabolizable energy (P<0.05) and reduced fecal sialic acid concentration (P<0.05) compared to the control diet. There was no influence of cranberry on the formation of fimbriae of E. coli UPEC-MRHA. There was a lower intake ratio of the diet containing cranberry (P<0.05). The inclusion of 0.4% cranberry increases the digestibility of nutrients and influences the color and appearance of urine of dogs. However, it reduces diet palatability and does not alter the adhesion of E. coli UPEC-MRHA in vitro.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do cranberry nos parâmetros sanguíneos e urinários de cães (experimento I), na digestibilidade dos nutrientes (experimento II), na palatabilidade da dieta (experimento III) e a influência do cranberry sobre E. coli UPEC-MRHA fimbriae in vitro (experimento IV). Para os experimentos I e II, 10 cães foram alimentados com dietas contendo 0% ou 0,4% de cranberry por 30 dias. O experimento III comparou as dietas contendo 0% e 0,4% de cranberry usando 16 cães adultos. Não houve diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05) nos parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados. Cães que consumiram cranberry apresentaram cor e aparência mais claras da urina, em comparação com o grupo controle (P<0,05). A dieta contendo cranberry apresentou maior digestibilidade da matéria seca, extrato etéreo, matéria orgânica, maior energia metabolizável (P<0,05) e menor concentração de ácido siálico fecal (P<0,05) comparada à dieta controle. Não houve influência do cranberry na formação de fímbrias de E. coli UPEC-MRHA. Houve uma menor taxa de ingestão da dieta contendo cranberry (P<0,05). A inclusão de 0,4% de cranberry aumenta a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, influencia a cor e a aparência da urina dos cães. No entanto, reduz a palatabilidade da dieta e não altera a adesão de E. coli UPEC-MRHA in vitro.(AU)

Autocuidado y prevención del cáncer: de los nahuas prehispánicos a los nutracéuticos contemporáneos / Self-care and cancer prevention: from pre-Hispanic Nahuas to contemporary nutraceuticals

RESUMEN Hace unos cuantos siglos, en la materia médica de los nahuas prehispánicos se incluían alimentos curativos. En la actualidad, legitimado por las ciencias experimentales, nace el nutracéutico como un alimento con propiedades curativas que se utiliza en los modelos de salud preventivos del cáncer. En este artículo, comienzo por proponer que el conocimiento prehispánico puede ser validado epistémica y metodológicamente, si se apela al particular marco conceptual de los prehispánicos. Después, arguyo que el consumo de nutracéticos, como anticancerígenos, puede pensarse como parte de medidas preventivas primarias y secundarias, así como en la comprensión de las prácticas de autocuidado en el marco de la ética contemporánea del cáncer. Concretamente, que el consumo de nutracéticos y los alimentos prehispánicos mexicanos pueden legitimarse como prácticas de bienestar y prevención cada vez más pertinentes, en la intersección de la experiencia del enfermo y de su contexto. La responsabilidad de quien padece, dentro de un contexto sociopolítico cada vez más estructurado por las exigencias de vulnerabilidad del mercado terapéutico y de las estrategias confesionarias que otorgan verdad y validez a las figuras de autoridad, se gana en la práctica de conocerse y entenderse a sí mismo en la intersubjetividad contextual.(AU)

ABSTRACT The pre-Hispanic Nahuas had a medical system that included healing foods among their therapeutic practices. Nowadays, a new knowledge is born, legitimated by experimental sciences: the nutraceutical, a food with curative properties used in cancer preventive health models. In this article, I begin by proposing that pre-Hispanic knowledge can be validated epistemically and methodologically, if we appeal to the particular conceptual framework of the pre-Hispanic. Later, that the consumption of nutraceuticals, as anti-cancer drugs, can be thought of as part of primary and secondary preventive measures, as well as in the understanding of self-care practices in the framework of contemporary cancer bioethics. Specifically, that the consumption of nutraceuticals and Mexican pre-Hispanic foods can be legitimized as increasingly relevant wellness and prevention practices, at the intersection of the patient's experience and his or her context. The responsibility of those who suffer, within a sociopolitical context that is increasingly structured by the demands of vulnerability of the therapeutic market and the confessional strategies that give truth and validity to the figures of authority over whom they suffer, is gained in the practice of knowing and understanding oneself within contextual intersubjetivity.(AU)

ATIVIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA E ANTIOXIDANTE DE POLPA E CASCA DO FRUTO DE ENDOPLEURA UCHI (HUBER) CUATREC / ANTIMICROBIAN AND ANTIOXIDATING ACTIVITY OF ENDOPLEURA UCHI (HUBER) CUATREC. FRUIT PULP AND SHELL

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante de polpa e casca do fruto de uxi. As amostras foram coletadas na cidade de Parintins - AM. Ao pesquisar a atividade antimicrobiana, as concentrações estudadas não apresentaram inibição do desenvolvimento microbiano, assim como para a atividade antioxidante, onde através dos extratos em DMSO, não houve inibição satisfatória do radical livre pelos métodos DPPH, ABTS e para compostos fenólicos totais. O estudo servirá como base para refinamentos direcionados ao estudo dessa temática

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of uxi fruit pulp and rind. The samples were collected in the city of Parintins - AM. When investigating the antimicrobial activity, the studied concentrations did not show inhibition of microbial development, as well as the antioxidant activity, where through DMSO extracts, there was no satisfactory inhibition of free radical by DPPH, ABTS methods and for total phenolic compounds. The study will serve as a basis for refinements directed to the study of this theme

Atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante de polpa e casca do fruto de Endopleura uchi (huber) cuatrec / Antimicrobian and antioxidating activity of Endopleura uchi (huber) cuatrec. fruit pulp and shell

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante de polpa e casca do fruto de uxi. As amostras foram coletadas na cidade de Parintins - AM. Ao pesquisar a atividade antimicrobiana, as concentrações estudadas não apresentaram inibição do desenvolvimento microbiano, assim como para a atividade antioxidante, onde através dos extratos em DMSO, não houve inibição satisfatória do radical livre pelos métodos DPPH, ABTS e para compostos fenólicos totais. O estudo servirá como base para refinamentos direcionados ao estudo dessa temática.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of uxi fruit pulp and rind. The samples were collected in the city of Parintins - AM. When investigating the antimicrobial activity, the studied concentrations did not show inhibition of microbial development, as well as the antioxidant activity, where through DMSO extracts, there was no satisfactory inhibition of free radical by DPPH, ABTS methods and for total phenolic compounds. The study will serve as a basis for refinements directed to the study of this theme.

Nutraceutical Potential and Antipsychotic Activity of Local Dry Fruit Waste – Juglans regia

Aim: To identify the biologically active components in shells of Juglans regia and study its nutraceutical potential and antipsychotic activity for effective waste management. Study Design: Biochemical and in vivo analyses of plant extract using established protocols. Place and Duration of Study: Sample extraction at Department of Food Science and technology, School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, India; sample components identification at Sophisticated Analytical Instrument facility (SAIF), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mumbai, India; and in vivo studies for antipsychotic activity using Caenorhabditis elegans at Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai, India between November 2018 and May 2019. Methodology: The shells of Juglans regia were milled and the extract was prepared using Soxhlet extraction at 60oC using methanol as solvent. The GCMS analysis of the extract was carried out using a GC JEOL – The Accu TOF. Antipsychotic activity was studied using pharyngeal pumping assay in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results: GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of shells of Juglans regia revealed the presence of Tridecanoic acid, Acetoxyacetic acid, nonyl ester, 2-hexenal, 2-ethyl, Eicosanoic acid, phenylmethyl ester, Undecane, Benzeneacetic acid decyl ester, (1-pentyl-allyoxymethoxy-methyl)-benzene), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z), phenylmethyl ester, Benzyl oxytridecanoic acid, 6,9,12- octadecatrienoic acid, phenylmethyl ester (Z,Z), 9- octadecanoic acid (Z), phenylmethyl ester, 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, Z [(trimethyl (sil)oxy, 1 – trimethyl (sily)oxy] ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z). Furthermore, behavioural assay done using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism showed that the sample exerted antipsychotic activity at lowest concentration. Conclusion: The shells of Juglans regia being a natural source, can be used as an alternative to the synthetic antipsychotic drugs that have side effects. Our current work suggests that the walnut shells that end up into trash bins are an excellent source of effective natural biologically active compounds.

Effect of Apple Cider Vinegar on Glycemic Control, Hyperlipidemia and Control on Body Weight in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Diabetes mellitus is a world-widely public health issue associated with premature mortality, decreased quality of life and increased health-care expenditures. The aim of the review was to elevate the effect of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and obesity control in type 2 diabetes patients. Many clinical trials showed the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effect of vinegar. Proposed mechanisms action of vinegar for the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic effect are including slow gastric emptying, it promotes uptake of skeleton muscles glucose in the body and acetic acid may inhibit disaccharides activity in the small intestine blocking the complete digestion of starch molecules, suppression of hepatic glucose production and increased glucose utilization. Results of previous studies showed that apple cider vinegar has the potential of anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antiobesity effects in diabetes mellitus patients. Objective of review: The objective of the current review study was to investigate the effect of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and control on body weight in type 2 diabetes patients and other therapeutic and commercial effect of apple cider vinegar. Data sources: To collect data for relevant literature PubMed, Google Scholar, science direct and Cochrane sources were used.

Anti-hemolytic Activity and Antioxidant Studies of Caralluma quadrangula: Potential for Nutraceutical Development in Cancers and Blood Disorders

Background: Since ancient times, plants and its derivatives have been used in traditional medicine to curehuman diseases. In the past few decades, the research on medicinal plants has gained significant attention dueto the medicinal potential of certain phytochemicals against cancer and metabolic disorders. The present studyhas examined the alcoholic extract of Caralluma quadrangula (Ca qu) for its quantitative and qualitativecomposition and its anti-oxidant as well as anti-hemolytic properties. The findings have potential implicationsfor plausible intervention in reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated pathologies. Materials and Methods: An80 % aqueous-methanol extract of areal parts of Ca qu was prepared. It was subjected to qualitative andquantitative phytochemical analysis. Anti-oxidant potential was determined by inhibition of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’ -Azino-bis-3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals; while, antihemolytic activity was determined by the ability of the extract to protect human RBCs from oxidative insult.Results: The extract showed abundance of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds at concentrations of 8.6 GAE% w/w and 0.90 mg QE % w/w, respectively. Tannins, alkaloids and saponins were present at theconcentration of 8.50 mg TAE % w/w, 2.8 mg % w/w and 20.07 mg % w/w, respectively. Qualitative HPLCcolumn chromatography indicated the presence of rutin in the extract. In an increasing concentration rangefrom 31.25 to 2000 μg/ml the extract provided significant protection to RBCs from membrane damage inducedby ROS. In the DPPH and ABTS inhibition assays, the extract showed a dose-dependent inhibition of theradicals in the concentration range of 50 -1000 μg/ml and 10-250 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of Ca qu contains several classes of important phytochemicals with known therapeuticsignificance. The extract possesses significant anti-oxidant and anti-hemolytic potential as demonstrated instandard assays. The findings can be exploited for advanced studies on pharmacological premises forintervention in different diseases that are associated with an imbalanced production of ROS/free radicals incells including certain anemic disorders and cancers. The formulations derived from the plant are expected topossess therapeutic advantage as nutraceuticals or as adjuvants with standard treatment regimen.

Comparison of Phytochemical, Iron Chelating, and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Fresh Ribes Nigrum (Black Currant) and Nutraceutical C24/7

Background:Black currant(RibesnigrumL.Grossulariceae)promotes good health. A lot of researches have been carried out on common fruits but little attention is given to indigenous fruits such as Ribesnigrumwhich promotes good health with its high content of phytochemicals that influences its antioxidant activity in neutralizing free radicals as well asits iron chelating property.Aim of this Study:To compare the phytochemical composition, iron-chelating and the free radical scavenging activity of fresh Ribesnigrumand Nutraceutical C24/7.Place and Duration of Study:Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi,NasarawaState, Nigeria between June 2017 and January 2019.Methodology:Fleshy parts of fresh Ribesnigrumfruit was homogenized using an electrical blender and was macerated with70% ethanol (Sigma Aldrich, 99.8%) for 72 hours and then filtered. The filtrate was condensed using a rotary evaporator and the extract was stored at 4°C. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the extract and the nutraceutical C24/7 caplets using standard procedures and the identified phytochemicals: saponins, tannins, alkaloids and steroids were quantitatively estimated. Iron chelating and total antioxidant activity assay was conducted using the DPPH radical scavenging and spectrophotometric methods respectively on the extract and the nutraceutical C24/7. Values were analyzed using One way analysis of Variance (ANOVA).Values of P<0.05 were considered significant.Resultsand Conclusion:The findings of this study showthat the hydro-ethanol extract of Ribesnigrumcontains a large amount of flavonoids, saponins tannins, alkaloids and steroids compounds and exhibits iron chelating and high antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activity compared to nutraceutical-C24/7 caplets

Effect of Apple Cider Vinegar in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Poor Glycemic Control: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Design

Aim: The aim of the trial was to measure the effect of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control and biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with poor glycemic control. Methods: A single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 110 eligible types 2 DM patients who were selected and allocated into 2 groups. The interventional group was given 15 ml apple cider vinegar in 200 ml water during dinner for 3 months while the other group was placebo. Before and after HbA1C (glycosylated hemoglobin), fasting lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, anthropometrics, and dietary changes were assessed and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20, through statistical tests. Formal ethical approval was obtained from the local institutional review board. Results: Significant mean change was found in interventional group in HbA1c (p<0.001), blood sugar fasting (p<0.001), total cholesterol (p=0.002), triglyceride (p=0.002) and hip-waist ratio (p=0.002). No significant change was observed in the mean of these statistics in the placebo group. No significant change was observed in height, weight, mid-upper arm ratio, and low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and food frequency in intervention and placebo groups before and after. Conclusion: Apple cider vinegar if used regularly is effective in controlling diabetes, lowering hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in DM type 2 patients.

Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the Mahabad (West Azerbaijan) biosphere reserve: ethno-pharmaceutical formulations, nutraceutical uses and quantitative aspects

This study endeavors to overcome the limits of an orally transmitted pharmacopoeia, and tries to utilize the large ethnobotany patrimony of the area to investigate the biological diversity. Thirty-five traditional practitioners from dissimilar ethnic groups including traditional health practitioners (THPs) and indigenous people were interviewed. A total of 35 species of plants, belonging to 20 families were recognized for the treatment of more than 26 types of ailments. Informant consensus factor (FIC) values of this study reflected the high agreement in the use of plants in the treatment of gastro-intestinal complaints, infectious, parasitic diseases and constipation among the informants. Constipation had the highest use-reports and 8 species of plants had the highest fidelity level (FL) of 100%. In addition one of the species showed the highest relative importance (RI) value of 2.00. Priority should be given to phytochemical investigation of plants that scored the highest FL, FIC, RI values; as such values could be considered as a good indicator of potential plants for discovering new drugs. In addition, traditional knowledge of THPs should be taken into consideration in order to smooth continuation and extension of the nutraceutical aspects and biological diversity of the region.

Profilistic Study of Bioactivities of Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Incorporated with Alum on some Clinical Bacteria

Profilistic study of bioactivities of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium in combination with potassium aluminium sulphate (Alum) against some clinical bacterial pathogens were investigated by disc diffusion (DD) and Agar well diffusion (AWD) methods respectively. The leaf extracts at concentrations of 0.1-0.3g were reconstituted in sterile distilled water as well as 1.0-3.0g of alum prior to application. In-vitro bioactivity of various concentrations of the extracts and in combination with alum were evaluated by measuring diameter of inhibition zones (DIZs) respectively. Methanolic leaf extract (MLE) had the largest mean DIZs of 14.5�5 and 11.5�0mm on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, with enhanced bioactivity of 19.5�7 and 17.5�7mm with alum against Bacillus subtilis, Sal. typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by DD and AWD methods respectively. However, aqueous leaf extract (ALE) and ethanolic leaf extract (ELE) and their combinations depicted appreciable antibacterial activity on the pathogens but incomparable to MLE. Generally, there was enhancement of bioactivties with the incorporation of Alum to the leaf extracts (irrespective of solvent of extraction) on a dose response fashion particularly by AWD method. Furthermore, the low MIC values of less than 0.05 to 0.2mg/ml on the bacteria with MLE and ALE, validates their potency and broad spectrum activity. In contrast, the very large DIZs of Ciprofloxacin (CP) reflects the beneficial impact of purified chemotherapeutics against pathogens. Thus, the improved efficacy of these extracts with alum would justify future application in ethnomedicine as well as in nutraceuticals/pharmaceuticals or in food systems as 揼reen chemicals� or 揵iopreservatives�.