ABSTRACT
La meningitis pospunción es una complicación importante y poco frecuente de la anestesia neuroaxial. Describimos el caso de una paciente que ingresa para inducción del parto. Se realiza técnica espinal-epidural para analgesia del parto. Cursando 48 h de puerperio instala cefalea intensa, fotofobia y fiebre. No focalidad neurológica. Sin rigidez de nuca. Al examen, restos cavitarios que impresionan fétidos. Se plantea endometritis puerperal iniciando tratamiento antibiótico. Dado la persistencia del cuadro clínico se plantea punción lumbar para confirmación diagnóstica mediante análisis de líquido cefalorraquídeo; siendo éste turbio, por lo cual ingresa a cuidados intensivos con diagnóstico de meningitis aguda. Bacterióloga informa a los 10 días que el cultivo desarrolla estreptococo mitis oralis. La importancia esta dada porque la meningitis puede ser potencialmente devastadora si no se realiza un diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos, existiendo medidas que se pueden adoptar para prevenir esta complicación.
Post-puncture meningitis is an important and rare complication of neuraxial anesthesia. We describe case of patient who is admitted for induction of labor. A spinal-epidural technique is performed for labor analgesia. During 48 hours of puerperium, she installed intense headache, photophobia and fever. No neurological focus. No stiff neck. On physical exam, cavitary remains that appear fetid. Puerperal endometritis arises starting antibiotic treatment. Given the persistence of the clinical picture, lumbar puncture is considered for diagnostic confirmation by analysis of cerebrospinal fluid; This being cloudy, for which he was admitted to Intensive Care with a diagnosis of acute meningitis. Bacteriologist reports 10 days later develops streptococcus mitis oralis. The importance is given because meningitis can be potentially devastating if early diagnosis and treatment is not performed, and there are measures that can be taken to prevent this complication.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Analgesia, Epidural/adverse effects , Meningitis/etiology , Iatrogenic Disease , Labor, InducedABSTRACT
Resumen: El dolor que experimentan las mujeres durante el trabajo de parto es considerado uno de los dolores más severos e intensos. La Asociación Internacional para el Estudio del Dolor (IASP) declaró al 2007 como el «Año Global Contra el Dolor en la Mujer¼, enfatizando la importancia que tiene el tratamiento del dolor y su impacto en la salud pública si este dolor es mal tratado y descuidado: se ha reportado un incremento alarmante en la incidencia de dolor agudo postparto y postcesárea de moderado a severo, que ha sido asociado con síndrome de estrés postraumático, depresión postparto y dolor persistente con datos de cronificación. El Colegio Americano de Ginecología y Obstetricia (ACOG), la Sociedad de Anestesia Obstétrica y de Perinatología (SOAP), la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiología (ASA) y la Asociación Internacional Para el Estudio del Dolor (IASP) han generado el modelo para manejo de dolor agudo universal (para ver el artículo completo visitehttp://www.painoutmexico.com).
Abstract: The pain that women experience during labor is considered one of the most severe and intense pains. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) declared the year 2007 as «The Global Year Against Pain in Women¼, emphasizing the importance of treating pain in pregnant women in relation to its impact on public health if this pain is poorly treated: there is an alarming increase in the incidence of moderate to severe acute pain postpartum and post-cessation that has been associated with in post-traumatic stress syndrome, postpartum depression and pain persistent with data cronification. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (ACOG), the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), the Obstetric Anesthesia and Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) and the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) have generated a model for pain management that provides universal standard care (full version visithttp://www.painoutmexico.com ) .
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Labor pain is caused by several physiological changes and may cause psychological damage to the parturient and her relatives and, therefore, must be relieved. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of obstetricians concerning pharmacological methods of labor analgesia. METHODS: Cross-sectional study (38 obstetricians working at public maternity hospitals). A structured questionnaire was applied about knowledge, attitude and practice concerning systemic and regional pharmacological methods. The agreement magnitude was assessed by kappa coefficient. RESULTS: We observed adequate knowledge about the indications of all methods (31 to 86%), the contraindications of opioids (92%) and the adverse effects of non-opioid analgesics /antispasmodics on the fetus (76%). Concerning attitude, they agree that non-opioid analgesics/antispasmodics do not minimize labor pain (98%) but should be available at the maternity wards (89%) and that epidural analgesia is effective (100%) and should be available (94%). In practice, the indication of non-opioid analgesics/antispasmodic and epidural analgesia prevailed. In most of the requirements in each dimension (knowledge: K=-0.092 to 0.158; p=0.057 to 1.0 and attitude: K=-0.005 to 0.472; p=0.004 to 1.0), there was minimal agreement with practice, except for the non-opioid analgesics/antispasmodics (K=0.421, p=0.009), and epidural analgesia (K=0.472, p=0.004), with a moderate agreement. CONCLUSION: Knowledge was heterogeneous. The attitude was unanimous concerning the effectiveness and the need of having epidural available, and the ineffectiveness of non-opioid analgesics/ antispasmodics, and the practice of prescribing them. There was a minimal agreement between knowledge and practice, and between attitude and practice on most of the other requirements in each dimension.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor do parto é causada por diversas alterações fisiológicas e pode causar danos psicológicos à parturiente e seus familiares, portanto, deve ser aliviada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento, atitude e prática de obstetras sobre métodos farmacológicos de analgesia de parto. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com amostra de conveniência (38 obstetras que atuam em maternidades públicas). Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado sobre conhecimento, atitude e prática em relação a métodos farmacológicos sistêmicos e regionais. Magnitude de concordância avaliada pelo coeficiente Kappa. RESULTADOS: Observou-se conhecimento adequado nas indicações de todos os métodos (31 a 86%), contraindicações dos opioides (92%) e efeitos adversos de analgésicos simples/antiespasmódicos no feto (76%). Na atitude, concordam que os analgésicos simples/antiespasmódicos não funcionam no alívio da dor do parto (98%), mas devem estar disponíveis nas maternidades (89%), e que a analgesia peridural é eficaz (100%) e deve estar disponível (94%). Na prática, prevaleceu a indicação de analgésicos simples/antiespasmódicos e da analgesia peridural. Na maioria dos quesitos, em cada dimensão (conhecimento: K=-0,092 a 0,158; p=0,057 a 1,0 e atitude: K=-0,005 a 0,472; p=0,004 a 1,0), houve concordância mínima com a prática, excetuando analgésicos simples/antiespasmódicos (K=0,421; p=0,009) e analgesia peridural (K=0,472; p=0,004), com concordância moderada. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento foi heterogêneo. A atitude foi unânime quanto à eficácia e necessidade da analgesia peridural estar disponível, e ineficácia dos analgésicos simples e antiespasmódicos, e a prática de prescrevê-los. Houve concordância mínima entre o conhecimento e a prática, e entre a atitude e a prática, na maioria dos outros quesitos em cada uma das dimensões.
ABSTRACT
Este artículo hace mención a los prejuicios y conceptos equivocados en relación a la salud reproductiva y del conocimiento científico del embarazo y parto hasta principios del siglo XIX, de acuerdo a la sociedad patriarcal vigente hasta entonces. Desde este punto se hace referencia al desarrollo de la analgesia quirúrgica y particularmente a la del alivio del dolor del trabajo de parto, concepto impensable hasta entonces (la maldición de Eva). Se enfatiza el inmenso impacto mediático del hecho fortuito en relación al octavo parto de nadie menos que la Reina Victoria del Reino Unido, que recibió con éxito cloroformo en su octavo parto, lo que contribuyó a la amplia difusión de la práctica.
This article considers the prejudices and erroneous concepts in reproductive health and scientific knowledge of pregnancy and childbirth from the beginning of the nineteenth century. It refers to the development of surgical anesthesia and particularly pain relief in labor, a previously unknown concept (Eve´s curse). We emphasize the tremendous impact of the example of none other than Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom who helped spread the practice when she received chloroform when giving birth for the eighth time.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Currently, epidural analgesia is a common procedure for labor analgesia. Although it is considered a safe technique, it is not without complications. Horner's syndrome and paresthesia within the trigeminal nerve distribution are rare complications of epidural analgesia. We report a case of a pregnant woman who developed Horner's syndrome and paresthesia within the distribution of the trigeminal nerve following epidural analgesia for the relief of labor pain.
Resumo A analgesia peridural é hoje em dia um procedimento comum para analgesia do trabalho de parto. Embora seja considerada uma técnica segura, não está isenta de complicações. A síndrome de Horner e a parestesia do território do nervo trigêmeo são complicações raras da analgesia peridural. Relatamos um caso de uma grávida que desenvolveu a síndrome de Horner e parestesia do território do nervo trigêmeo após analgesia peridural para o alívio da dor do trabalho de parto.
Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Horner Syndrome/etiology , Trigeminal Nerve Diseases/etiology , Anesthesia, Epidural/instrumentation , Analgesia, Obstetrical/methodsABSTRACT
Abstract Background: There is evidence that administration of a programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) compared to continuous epidural infusion (CEI) leads to greater analgesia efficacy and maternal satisfaction with decreased anesthetic interventions. Methods: In this study, 166 women with viable pregnancies were included. After an epidural loading dose of 10 mL with Ropivacaine 0.16% plus Sufentanil 10 µg, parturient were randomly assigned to one of three regimens: A - Ropivacaine 0.15% plus Sufentanil 0.2 µg/mL solution as continuous epidural infusion (5 mL/h, beginning immediately after the initial bolus); B - Ropivacaine 0.1% plus Sufentanil 0.2 µg/mL as programmed intermittent epidural bolus and C - Same solution as group A as programmed intermittent epidural bolus. PIEB regimens were programmed as 10 mL/h starting 60 min after the initial bolus. Rescue boluses of 5 mL of the same solution were administered, with the infusion pump. We evaluated maternal satisfaction using a verbal numeric scale from 0 to 10. We also evaluated adverse, maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results: We analyzed 130 pregnants (A = 60; B = 33; C = 37). The median verbal numeric scale for maternal satisfaction was 8.8 in group A; 8.6 in group B and 8.6 in group C (p = 0.83). We found a higher caesarean delivery rate in group A (56.7%; p = 0.02). No differences in motor block, instrumental delivery rate and neonatal outcomes were observed. Conclusions: Maintenance of epidural analgesia with programmed intermittent epidural bolus is associated with a reduced incidence of caesarean delivery with equally high maternal satisfaction and no adverse outcomes.
Resumo Justificativa: Há evidências de que a administração de um bolus epidural intermitente programado (BEIP) comparada com a infusão epidural contínua (IEC) resulta em maior eficácia da analgesia e da satisfação materna, com redução das intervenções anestésicas. Métodos: Neste estudo, 166 mulheres com gravidezes viáveis foram incluídas. Após uma dose epidural de 10 mL de ropivacaína a 0,16% e adição de 10 µg de sufentanil, as parturientes foram aleatoriamente designadas para um dos três regimes: A - ropivacaína a 0,15% mais solução de sufentanil (0,2 µg/mL) como infusão peridural contínua (5 mL/h, imediatamente após o bolus inicial); B - ropivacaína a 0,1% mais sufentanil (0,2 µg/mL) como bolus epidural intermitente programado; C - solução idêntica à do Grupo A com bolus epidural intermitente programado. Os regimes BEIP foram programados como 10 mL por hora, começaram 60 minutos após o bolus inicial. Bolus de resgate de 5 mL da mesma solução foi administrado com bomba de infusão. A satisfação materna foi avaliada com uma escala numérica verbal de 0 a 10. Também avaliamos os resultados adversos maternais e neonatais. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 130 gestantes (A = 60, B = 33; C = 37). A mediana na escala numérica verbal para a satisfação materna foi de 8,8 no grupo A; 8,6 no grupo B e 8,6 no grupo C (p = 0,83). Encontramos uma taxa mais elevada para parto cesário no grupo A (56,7%; p = 0,02). Não observamos diferenças no bloqueio motor, taxa de parto instrumental e resultados neonatais. Conclusões: A manutenção da analgesia peridural com bolus epidural intermitente programado está associada a uma redução da incidência de parto cesariano com satisfação materna igualmente elevada e sem resultados adversos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Analgesia, Epidural/methods , Analgesia, Obstetrical/methods , Infusion Pumps , Cesarean Section/statistics & numerical data , Double-Blind Method , Prospective Studies , Analgesia, Patient-Controlled , Patient Satisfaction , Endpoint Determination , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Background: Pain in labour is an extremely agonising experience for most women. Unrelieved labour pain produces many physiological changes which are detrimental to both the mother and the foetus. Various methods have been used to alleviate this pain. It is now well recognized that the only consistently effective method of pain in labour is lumbar epidural analgesia. Using a higher concentration of local anaesthetic agent to produce analgesia can be associated with undesirable side effects such as motor block, haemodynamic disturbances or interference with the progress of labour. Hence, various adjutants like adrenaline, clonidine and particularly opioids have been used to reduce the amount of local anaesthetics used and yet provide satisfactory analgesia. In view of the above, the present study assesses the clinical effectiveness of continuous lumbar epidural analgesia for vaginal delivery by using 0.0625% bupivacaine with 2μg/ml of fentanyl. Methods: Forty parturient admitted to Chennai Medical College and Hospital, Trichy, for vaginal delivery and who were in active labor was given 8 ml of 0.0625% bupivacaine with 2μg/ml of fentanyl. The parturient were assessed with respect to onset and duration of analgesia, maximum level of analgesia, pain scores, homodynamic parameters, motor block, side effects, mode of delivery and neonatal outcome. Results: The onset of analgesia was significantly faster in 0.0625% bupivacaine with 0.0002% fentanyl (9.7 minutes). A greater proportion of parturient achieved a maximum level of analgesia unto T8. The duration of analgesia was also significantly longer. The effectiveness of analgesia was better. There were no significant cardiovascular changes or any motor blockade. The side effects were mild sedation and in the parturient who received fentanyl. The mode of delivery and the Apgar scores of the neonates at 1 and 5 minutes were comparable. Conclusions: It was concluded that continuous lumbar epidural analgesia with 8 ml of 0.0625% bupivacaine with 2 μg of fentanyl improved the quality and duration of analgesia without producing any adverse effects on the mother or on the neonate.
ABSTRACT
Para todas las mujeres el trabajo de parto y el parto son experiencias dolorosas, sumado a esto, el miedo y la ansiedad pueden incrementarlo y dificultar su manejo. Así mismo el dolor durante la labor de parto es equiparable con el dolor post-quirúrgico, sin olvidarnos que además la atención del trabajo de parto es un procedimiento médico de alto valor y prevalencia a nivel mundial. En la analgesia obstétrica el estándar de oro es la técnica regional pero cuando esta se encuentra contraindicada o rechazada por la paciente, habitualmente se decide abandonar la analgesia y proseguir la labor de parto con dolor; dejando a un lado toda la información descrita en la literatura con respecto a que el adecuado tratamiento del dolor disminuye la morbilidad y mortalidad materno fetal, además de obtenerse mejorías en relación al costo-beneficio acortando el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria e impactando favorablemente en la economía de los pacientes. El uso de sedantes y narcóticos en la paciente en labor de parto siempre ha sido motivo de controversia ya que estos medicamentos tienden a cruzar la membrana placentaria y pueden tener efectos nocivos sobre el neonato. Sin embargo; los medicamentos más nuevos como remifentanilo debido a sus propiedades farmacocinéticas aunque cruzan la placenta no producen efectos secundarios clínicamente significativos en el binomio madre-feto. Además de que la dexmedetomidina no pasa a la circulación fetal, una razón de valor por la cual puede ser usada en conjunto con remifentanilo para la analgesia en labor de parto y obtener de esta manera un mejor control del dolor, estancia más confortable y hemodinámia estable aún en las pacientes obstétricas en estado crítico; ya que es de carácter imperativo ofrecer la mejor atención y cuidados posibles tanto a la madre como al neonato.
For all women in labor and childbirth are painful experiences, in addition to that, fear and anxiety can increase it and hinder its management. Also pain during labor is equated with pain after surgery, without forgetting also the attention of labor is a medical procedure of high value and prevalence worldwide. In obstetric analgesia the gold standard is the regional technique but when this is contraindicated or refused by the patient, usually you decide to leave analgesia and further labor pain, although there is enough information that the proper approach to pain decreases maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality, in addition to improvements obtained in a cost-effective shortening the length of hospital stay and impacting positively on patients economy. The use of sedatives and narcotics in the patient in labor has always been controversial as these drugs tend to cross the uteroplacental barrier and can have adverse effects on the neonate. But the newer drugs such as remifentanil and dexmedetomidine because of their pharmacokinetic properties do not cross the placenta so significantly further literature refers that dexmedetomidine does not pass into the fetal circulation. One more reason to value which can be used in conjunction remifentanil for analgesia in labor and thereby obtain better pain management, better state of comfort, and hemodynamics in obstetric patients and that it is mandatory to provide the best possible care and attention to both the mother and the neonate.
Subject(s)
Humans , Analgesia, Obstetrical/adverse effects , Dexmedetomidine/therapeutic use , Dexmedetomidine/chemistry , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics , Labor PainABSTRACT
CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A estimulação elétrica transcutânea (EET) é um método não farmacológico utilizado no alívio da dor do trabalho de parto. Sua aplicação representa um método adjuvante que não se propõe a substituir outras técnicas. OBJETIVOS: Desenvolver uma revisão sistemática para avaliar a eficácia da EET comparada à ausência de EET ou placebo, segundo os desfechos: alívio da dor do trabalho de parto (desfecho primário), uso de analgesia complementar, duração do trabalho de parto, satisfação da parturiente, tipo de parto e repercussões fetais (desfechos secundários). MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SCIELO por ensaios clínicos randomizados e quasirandomizados, publicados entre 1966 e 2008. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram 'TENS', 'labor', 'labor pain' e 'labor obstetric'. A seleção de artigos elegíveis e a avaliação de sua qualidade metodológica foram feitas independentemente por dois revisores. Meta-análises de efeitos randômicos foram realizadas quando estudos que investigavam um mesmo desfecho eram suficientemente homogêneos. RESULTADOS: Nove estudos, incluindo 1076 gestantes, foram selecionados. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no alívio da dor do parto (pooled RR=1,09; 95 por centoIC=0,72-1,65) ou na necessidade de analgesia complementar (pooled RR=0,89; 95 por centoIC=0,74-1,08). Não se observou evidência da interferência da EET em nenhum dos desfechos, exceto no desejo da parturiente em utilizar a EET em futuros partos. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização da EET não demonstrou nenhum impacto sobre a mãe ou concepto e nenhuma influência no trabalho de parto. De acordo com os resultados desta revisão, não há evidência de que a EET reduz o uso de analgesia complementar.
BACKGROUND: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological pain relief method. It is an auxiliary method and not intended to replace other techniques. OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic review assessing the effectiveness of TENS compared to no TENS treatment or placebo with the following outcomes: pain relief (primary outcome), analgesic requirements, duration of labor, the mother's satisfaction, type of delivery and fetal repercussions (secondary outcomes). METHODS: The Pubmed, LILACS and Scielo databases were searched for randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized trials published between 1966 and 2008 using the keywords 'TENS', 'Labor', 'Labor pain' and 'obstetric labor'. The selection of eligible items and assessment of methodological quality were performed independently by two researchers. Random effects meta-analysis was performed for studies that were sufficiently homogeneous. RESULTS: Nine studies involving a total of 1076 pregnant women were included. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in pain relief during labor (pooled RR = 1.09, 95 percent CI = 0.72 to 1.65) or the need of additional analgesia (pooled RR = 0.89, 95 percent CI = 0.74 to 1.08). There was no evidence that TENS interfered in any of the outcomes except the mothers' desire to use TENS in future deliveries. CONCLUSIONS: The use of TENS had no impact on mother or child and no influence on labor. According to the results of this review, there is no evidence that TENS reduces the use of additional analgesia.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Analgesia, Obstetrical/methods , Labor Pain/therapy , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Epidural (EA) and combined spinal-epidural (CSE) techniques have both been utilized for labor analgesia. This study compared the effects on the mother and newborn of these techniques in labor analgesia and anesthesia. METHODS: Forty pregnant women received epidural analgesia with 15 mL of 0.125 percent ropivacaine (EA group) and 5 µg of sufentanil plus 2.5mg bupivacaine in the subarachnoid space (CSE group). Pain intensity, sensory blockade level, latency time, motor block intensity, labor analgesia duration, epidural analgesia duration, maternal hypotension, and pruritus were evaluated. The newborns were evaluated by Apgar and the neurological and adaptive capacity score (NACS) developed by Amiel-Tison. RESULTS: There were no significant statistical differences between groups for pain scores, latency time, sensory blockade level, and Apgar score. Motor block, labor analgesia duration, and epidural analgesia duration were greater in the CSE group, whose seven mothers had mild pruritus. The NACS were greater in the EA group after half, two, and 24 hours. Ninety five percent of EA group newborns and 60 percent of CSE group newborns were found to be neurologically healthy at the 24 hour examination. CONCLUSION: EA and CSE analgesia relieved maternal pain during obstetric analgesia, but CSE mothers had pruritus and a longer labor. Newborns of mothers who received epidural analgesia showed the best NACS.
OBJETIVO: A peridural (AP) e a técnica de duplo bloqueio (DB) são utilizadas em analgesia para o trabalho de parto. Este estudo comparou os efeitos na mãe e no feto de ambas as técnicas em analgesia e anestesia para o parto. MÉTODOS: Quarenta parturientes ASA I e II receberam por via peridural 15 ml de ropivacaína a 0,125 por cento (grupo AP) e 5 µg de sufentanil com 2,5 mg bupivacaína por via subaracnóidea (grupo DB). Foram avaliados: intensidade de dor, altura do bloqueio sensitivo, tempo de latência, bloqueio motor, duração da analgesia de parto, tempo para a resolução do parto, hipotensão materna e presença de prurido. Os recém-nascidos foram avaliados pelo índice de Apgar e escore da capacidade adaptativa e neurológica (ECAN), método de Amiel-Tison. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos na intensidade da dor, no tempo de latência, no nível do bloqueio sensitivo e no índice de Apgar. O bloqueio motor, a duração da analgesia e o tempo para resolução do parto foram maiores no grupo DB, do qual sete parturientes apresentaram prurido leve. ECAN foi maior no grupo AP após meia hora, duas horas e 24 horas. Noventa e cinco por cento dos recém-nascidos do grupo AP e 60 por cento do grupo DB foram considerados neurologicamente vigorosos ao exame de 24 horas. CONCLUSÃO: As duas técnicas mostraram-se eficazes para analgesia do trabalho de parto. As parturientes do grupo DB apresentaram prurido e trabalho de parto mais prolongado. Recém-nascidos de mães que receberam analgesia de parto via peridural apresentaram melhor ECAN.