Herbal Textual Research on Olibanum in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting the ancient and moderm literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Olibanum， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this medicinal material. According to the herbal textual research， the results showed that Olibanum was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Xunluxiang in Mingyi Bielu（《名医别录》）， until Ruxiang had been used as the correct name since Bencao Shiyi（《本草拾遗》） in Tang dynasty. The main origin was Boswellia carterii from Burseraceae family. The mainly producing areas in ancient description were ancient India and Arabia， while the modern producing areas are Somalia， Ethiopia and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The medicinal part of Olibanum in ancient and modern times is the resin exuded from the bark， which has been mainly harvested in spring and summer. It is concluded that the better Olibanum has light yellow， granular， translucent， no impurities such as sand and bark， sticky powder and aromatic smell. There were many processing methods in ancient times， including cleansing（water flying， removing impurities）， grinding（wine grinding， rush grinding）， frying（stir-frying， rush frying， wine frying）， degreasing， vinegar processing， decoction. In modern times， the main processing methods are simplified to cleansing， stir-frying and vinegar processing. Nowadays， the commonly used specifications include raw， fried and vinegar-processed products. Among the three specifications， raw products is the Olibanum after cleansing， fried products is a kind of Olibanum processed by frying method， vinegar-processed products is the processed products of pure frankincense mixed with vinegar. Based on the research results， it is recommended to select the resin exuded from the bark of B. carterii for the famous classical formulas such as Juanbitang containing Olibanum， processing method should be carried out in accordance with the processing requirements of the formulas， otherwise used the raw products if the formulas without clear processing requirements.

Exploring Synergistic Mechanism of Processing with Vinegar on Olibanum in Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis Based on Intestinal Flora / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the improving effects and its synergistic mechanism of Olibanum before and after processing with vinegar on glycodesoxycholic acid（GDCA） intervention in mice with ulcerative colitis（UC） based on the perspective of intestinal flora. MethodC57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into the normal group， model group， GDCA group， Olibanum group（1.5 g·kg-1） and vinegar-processed Olibanum（1.5 g·kg-1） group， with 6 mice in each group. Mice in the normal group drank water freely， and mice in the other groups were given 2% dextran sulfate sodium（DSS） periodically to establish a UC mouse model. During the modeling， GDCA group， Olibanum group and vinegar-processed Olibanum group were intervened by intraperitoneally injection of GDCA（0.05 g·kg-1）. From the 13th day after modeling， Olibanum group and vinegar-processed Olibanum group were given the corresponding doses of drugs by gavage， once a day， for 36 d. During this period， the body mass of mice was recorded and the disease activity index（DAI） was assessed. On day 48， faeces were collected for 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing to analyse changes in intestinal flora. On the 49th day， hematoxylin-eosion（HE） staining was used to observe the colon histological lesions， enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） was used to determine serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）， interleukin（IL）-1β and IL-6， and Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between differential bacterial species and inflammatory factor levels. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed a significant decrease in body weight（P<0.01）， a significant increase in DAI（P<0.05）， and a significant increase in TNF-α， IL-1β and IL-6 levels（P<0.01）， and there was partial infiltration of inflammatory cells in the colon. Compared with the model group， mice in the GDCA group showed a significant decrease in body weight， a significant increase in DAI and levels of TNF-α， IL-1β and IL-6（P<0.01）， and severe disruption of colonic crypt structure， extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells， and a significant decrease in goblet cells. Compared with the GDCA group， both the Olibanum and vinegar-processed Olibanum groups showed a significant recovery in body weight， a significant decrease in DAI and levels of TNF-α， IL-6 and IL-1β（P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the modulating effect of vinegar-processed Olibanum was significantly better than that of Olibanum. Alpha diversity showed that Chao1 index of UC mice significantly increased（P<0.01） and Shannon index decreased significantly（P<0.05） in UC mice after GDCA intervention. Beta diversity showed that the microbial community structure of the 5 groups had significant changes， Olibanum and vinegar-processed Olibanum could modulate the changes in the structure of the intestinal flora in UC mice after GDCA intervention. Microbial sequencing results indicated that， compared with the normal group， the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the model group was significantly higher（P<0.05）， and the relative abundance of 3 genera and 5 species of flora changed significantly（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the GDCA group was significantly higher（P<0.05）， the relative abundance of 7 pathogenic bacterial genera and four species was significantly increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the relative abundance of three beneficial bacterial genera and Bacteroides_intestinalis was significantly decreased（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Olibanum group and vinegar-processed Olibanum group could modulate the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio， the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria and beneficial bacteria， and the vinegar-processed Olibanum group was significantly superior to Olibanum group in terms of modulating the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio， the relative abundance of the three genera and five species of bacteria（P<0.01， P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of Bacteroides_intestinalis was negatively correlated with the levels of TNF-α， IL-6 and IL-1β， the relative abundance of Prevotella_sp_CAG873， Bacteroides_sp_CAG927， Bacteroidales_bacterium_52_46 and Bacteroidales_bacterium was positively correlated with TNF-α， IL-6 and IL-1β levels. ConclusionGDCA can exacerbate UC colonic inflammation， and Olibanum and vinegar-processed Olibanum have an ameliorative effect on GDCA-mediated UC， with the vinegar-processed Olibanum showing a stronger ameliorative effect， the mechanism may be related to the regulation the abundance and structure of intestinal beneficial and pathogenic bacteria， and the reduction of inflammatory factor levels.

Exploring Synergistic Mechanism of Vinegar-processed Olibanum in Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis Based on Bile Acid-regulated "Gut-liver" Crosstalk / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the synergistic mechanism of vinegar-processed Olibanum on ulcerative colitis（UC） via the bile acids regulating "gut-liver" crosstalk. MethodRats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， Olibanum group and vinegar-processed Olibanum group. UC model of rats was induced by intracolonic instillation of 2，4，6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid（TNBS）. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry（UPLC-QQQ-MS） was used to perform the qualitative analysis of 30 bile acids in the colon of rats. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） and Western blot were used to detect changes in the expression of farnesoid X receptor（FXR）， fibroblast growth factor 15（FGF15） and FGF receptor 4（FGFR4） in "gut-liver" crosstalk at mRNA and protein levels. And with the help of HcoEpiC cell model intervened by conjugated bile acids， simulating the UC state， and according to the different modes of intervention， they were divided into the blank group， conjugated bile acid group， Olibanum group， vinegar-processed Olibanum group and 3-O-acetyl-9，11-dehydro-β-boswellic acid（ADHBA） group. The effect of Olibanum before and after processing with vinegar and the main differential component ADHBA on the mRNA expression of FXR and FGF19 were explored by Real-time PCR. ResultCompared with the normal group， the levels of conjugated bile acids in the model group increased significantly（P<0.01）， and the mRNA and protein expressions of "gut-liver" crosstalk factors FXR， FGF15 and FGFR4 decreased significantly（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the content of conjugated bile acids in the Olibanum group and vinegar-processed Olibanum group was significantly decreased（P<0.01）， the mRNA and protein expressions of FXR， FGF15 and FGFR4 were significantly elevated（P<0.05， P<0.01）， and vinegar-processed Olibanum exhibited superior effects than Olibanum. In cellular experiments， a significant decrease in mRNA expression of FXR and FGF19 was observed in the conjugated bile acid group when compared with the blank group（P<0.01）. Compared with the conjugated bile acid group， the mRNA expressions of FXR and FGF19 were significantly higher in the Olibanum， vinegar-processed Olibanum and ADHBA groups（P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the effect of vinegar-processed Olibanum was more favorable. ConclusionVinegar-processed Olibanum may enhance the ameliorating effect on UC by enhancing the down-regulation of conjugated bile acids in the colon and the up-regulation of FXR-FGF15/19-FGFR4 "gut-liver" crosstalk pathway， and ADHBA may be the main material basis for the synergy.

Optimal processing technology of Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum with multi-indicator-response surface methodology and anticoagulant effect evaluation / 中国中药杂志

This study first optimized the processing technology for Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum and investigated its in vitro anticoagulant activity. A multi-index-response surface methodology was used, with yield, powder yield, and the relative percentage of the content of six non-volatile components [11-keto-boswellic acid(KBA), 3-acetyl-11-keto-boswellic acid(AKBA), β-elemonic acid, α-boswellic acid(α-BA), β-boswellic acid(β-BA), and α-acetyl-boswellic acid(α-BA)] and three volatile components(octyl acetate, incensole, and incensole acetate) as evaluation indicators. Analytical hierarchy process(AHP) combined with coefficient of variation method was used to calculate the weight of each indicator and calculate the comprehensive score(OD). Furthermore, response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of frying temperature(A), burning time(B), rice vinegar dosage(C), and steaming time(D) on the processing technology of vinegar-processed Olibanum. Vinegar-steamed Olibanum was prepared according to the optimal processing technology for in vitro anticoagulant experiments. The results showed that the weights of octyl acetate, incensole, incensole acetate, KBA, AKBA, β-elemonic acid, α-BA, β-BA, α-ABA, yield, and powder yield were 0.358 2, 0.104 5, 0.146 4, 0.032 9, 0.123 7, 0.044 4, 0.022 1, 0.042 2, 0.110 1, 0.012 2, and 0.0032, respectively. The optimal processing technology for Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum was as follows. Olibanum(50 g) with a particle size of 1-5 mm was continuously stir-fried at a low heat of 150-180 ℃ until in a gel-like state, ignited for burning for 15 s, sprayed with 7.5 g of rice vinegar(15%), and steamed for 3 min without fire. Subsequently, the cover was removed, and the product was continuously stir-fried at 150-180 ℃ until in a soft lump shape, removed, cooled, and crushed. The results of the in vitro anticoagulant experiments showed that compared with the blank group, both Olibanum and vinegar-processed Olibanum significantly prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), thrombin time(TT), and prothrombin time(PT) of rat platelet-poor plasma(PPP), and the effect of vinegar-processed Olibanum was significantly better than that of Olibanum(P<0.05). The optimized processing technology for Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum is stable, feasible, and beneficial for the further development and utilization of Olibanum slices. At the same time, using the content of volatile and non-volatile components, yield, and powder yield as indicators, and verifying through pharmacological experiments, the obtained results are more reasonable and credible, and have positive guiding significance for the clinical application of characteristic processed Olibanum products.

Professor ZHANG Boli's Experience in Treating Stubborn Bi （痹） with Ruxiang （Olibanum）-Moyao （Myrrha） Pair / 中医杂志

This paper summarized professor ZHANG Boli's experience in treating stubborn bi （痹） with the herbal pair of Ruxiang （Olibanum）- Moyao （Myrrha）. The basic pathogenesis of stubborn bi is channel and collateral stasis and obstruction. Ruxiang and Moyao are thus used in mutual reinforcement to rectify qi and diffuse bi， activate blood and relieve pain， thereby removing static and obstructed qi and blood， unblocking the obstructed channels and colla-terals， which is especially suitable for stubborn bi caused by channel and collateral obstruction. In clinical practice， the herbal pair of Ruxiang-Moyao is used together with qi-moving and blood-activating medicinals to treat chest bi by expelling stasis and diffusing stagnation， dissipating cold and unblocking vessels. To treat long-term wither and weakness in late stage of stroke， the medicinals of boosting qi and invigorating blood， unblocking channels and venting collaterals can be added to the herbal pair so as to soothe and drain vessels and collaterals， harmonize and regulate qi and blood. Simiao Yongan Decoction （四妙勇安汤） can be integrated in the treatment of vessel bi by moving qi and dissolving stasis， and for the long-term stubborn vessel bi， integrated internal and external treatment is suggested by external use of Ruxiang-Moyao to vent bi with aromatics. Moreover， it is emphasized to use the herbal pair of Ruxiang-Moyao in accordance with indications and cautions.

Analysis of Olibanum and Myrrha by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transform InfraRed / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To distinguish the differences between Olibanum and Myrrha by using modern analytical methods such as Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR). Methods:By collecting Olibanum and Myrrha in different growing areas and different processed prosecures, this paper to analizes the influence of temperature increase and its speed , as well as the particle size on the DSC experiment. The DSC method was used to perform a differential thermal map of Olibanum and Myrrha scanning and analysis; FT-IR was used to scan and analyze 20 batches of Olibanum and Myrrha. Results:TThe results of DSC analysis showed that the DSC experimental condition ranged between 30-600 ℃; the speed of temperature increase was 30 ℃/min; the particle size was 100 mesh. The DSC spectra of of Olibanum and Myrrha were significantly different. Only the processed products of frankincense had endothermic peak near 297 ℃, and there was no characteristic peak in this temperature range. Their exothermic peaks are close at 326 ℃, but their enthalpy values are quite different. The position of endothermic peak near 100 ℃ is close to the size of peak shape. FT-IR test showed that the absorption peaks of Olibanum and Myrrha at wave numbers 2 925, 1 710, 1 454, 1 371, 1 242, 1 029 cm -1 appeared, and the positions of strong peaks were also similar. The intensity of the characteristic peak of Myrrha wave number 1 029 cm -1 is greater than that of Olibanum. Conclusion:The DSC spectra of Olibanum and Myrrha are significantly different, and the difference between the two FT-IR spectra is small. Differential scanning Calorimetry is an effective, fast, and simple way to identify resinous Chinese medicinal materials, and is worthy of further popularization.

Changes of volatile components and their content determination of Olibanum after processing / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To analyze the changes of volatile co mponents in Olibanum and its processed products ，and to determine the contents of 4 components as octyl acetate. METHODS The volatile oil of Olibanum ，fried Olibanum and Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar were extracted. The components of volatile components were identified by GC-MS. The structure identification and data analysis of the chemical components with similarity ≥80％ were performed by using Xcalibur 4.0 software and NIST 2.0 mass spectrum database. The peak area normalization method was used to calculate the relative content of each component. GC method was adopted to simultaneously determine and compare the contents of limonene ，octyl acetate ，linalool and n-octanol in volatile components of Olibanum and its processed products. RESULTS Thirteen components were identified from volatile components of Olibanum ，fried Olibanum and Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar ，mainly including alcohols ，olefins and esters；among them ，relative contents of octyl acetate in Olibanum ，fried Olibanum and Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar were higher，which were 23.86％ ，37.80％ and 53.86％ respectively. The linear ranges of limonene ，octyl acetate ，linalool and n-octanol were 0.006 6-0.066 4，0.179 2 -1.792 0，0.003 7-0.037 0 and 0.032 8-0.328 0（r＞0.999 5）respectively；RSDs of precision，repeatability and stability （24 h）tests were all less than 2％；average recoveries were 98.56％，100.02％，99.13％ and 98.66％，respectively（RSD≤2.16，n＝6）. Average contents of 4 components in Olibanum were 0.15％，16.27％，0.36％ and 2.26％，while those of fried Olibanum were 0.85％，17.58％，0.66％ and 3.47％，respectively；those of Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar were 0.50％，19.75％，0.58％ and 3.34％，respectively. Compared with Olibanum ，average contents of octyl acetate ， linalool，n-octanol and limonene in volatile components of fried Olibanum and Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar were increased significantly（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with fried Olibanum ，average contents of limonene ，linalool and n-octanol were decreased significantly ，while those of octyl acetate were increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS After fried and stir-baked with vinegar ，the volatile components in Olibanum are similar ，but the relative contents are different ，and the contents of octyl acetate and other components are increased.

Ant i-inflammatory mechanism of active components in Olibanum and Myrrha based on network pharmacology and cell experiments / 中国中药杂志

Two terpenes, 3-keto-tirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid(KTDA) and 2-methoxy-5-acetoxy-furanogermacr-1(10)-en-6-one(FSA), are isolated from Olibanum and Myrrha respectively, which are characterized by high yield and easy crystallization during the preparation. The present study explored the regulatory targets and anti-inflammatory mechanism of KTDA and FSA based on network pharmacology and cell viability assay. First, the drug-likeness of KTDA and FSA was predicted by Swiss ADME. The target prediction of active components was carried out by Swiss Target Prediction and Pharmmapper. TTD, Drug Bank, and Gene Cards were searched for inflammation-related target genes of KTDA and FSA. Protein-protein interaction(PPI) analysis was performed on the inflammatory targets of KTDA and FSA by STRING, and Cytoscape was used to conduct topological analysis of the interaction results and construct the PPI network. GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of inflammatory targets of KTDA and FSA were carried out by DAVID, and a " component-target-pathway" network was constructed. Finally, lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced RAW264. 7 cells were treated with KTDA and FSA at different concentrations, and nitric oxide(NO) concentration and protein and m RNA expression levels were detected. The results showed that both KTDA and FSA showed good drug-likeness. A total of 157 and 142 inflammation-related targets of KTDA and FSA were screened out. PPI network analysis showed that MAPK1, AKT1, MAPK8, PIK3 CA,PIK3 R1, EGFR, etc. might be the key proteins for the anti-inflammatory effect. PI3 K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways were obtained by KEGG and GO-BP enrichment. Cell experiment results showed that KTDA and FSA could exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO production, reducing the phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38, and AKT proteins, and down-regulating the m RNA expression of interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-6. Meanwhile, FSA could also inhibit ERK phosphorylation. The results indicated that KTDA and FSA had significant anti-inflammatory activity, which provided a scientific basis and important support for the further research,development, and utilization of Olibanum and Myrrha.

A new cembranoid diterpene from Olibanum / 中国中药杂志

Five compounds were isolated from the alcohol extract of Olibanum by MCI, silica gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). On the basis of spectral data and literature data, the compounds were identified as:(1S,3R,4S,7R,11S,12R)-1:12,4:7-diepoxisonane-8(19)-ene-3,11-diol(1), boscartin A(2),(+)-resinolin(3),(+)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2(5H)-one(4), and acerogenin A(5). Compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 3-5 were isolated from Olibanum for the first time. The structure of compound 1 was determined by spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for PC12 neurotoxicity, and the results showed that they were both safe compounds.

GC-MS analysis of volatile oil components of Mastiche and Olibanum and study on antibacterial activity of Helicobacter pylori / 中国中药杂志

The volatile oil from Mastiche and Olibanum medicinal materials was extracted by steam distillation, and the chemical components of the volatile oil were analyzed by GC-MS technology. The differences of the volatile oil components were compared and study on the Helicobacter pylori in vitro antimicrobial activitiy was conducted. The results showed that the yields of the volatile oil from Mastiche and Olibanum were 11.93% and 2.40%, respectively. A total of 46 compounds(91.31%) were identified from the volatile oil from Mastiche annd 35 compounds(92.49%) from Olibanum. The classification and comparison study of the components showed that the content of monoterpenes in the volatile oil from Mastiche was the highest(40.69%), followed by alcohols(28.48%); while the content of alcohols in the volatile oil from Olibanum was the highest(35.81%), followed by esters(24.92%). There were significant differences in the components of volatile oil from Mastiche and Olibanum, which might be one of the reasons for the difference in efficacy and application. In vitro bacteriostatic experiments showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of the volatile oil from Mastiche against H. pylori was 1 mg·mL~(-1), and the MIC of the volatile oil from Olibanum against H. pylori was more than 1 mg·mL~(-1). In combination with the results of the oil yield experiment, Mastiche had the advantage of inhibiting H. pylori activity. The research results provide scientific basis for the rational application of Mastiche and Olibanum.

Mechanism of Olibanum-Myrrha in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, network pharmacology method and molecular docking technique were used to investigate the target genes of Olibanum and Myrrha compatibility and the possible mechanism of action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA). Our team obtained the main active components of Olibanum-Myrrha based on literatures study, relevant traditional Chinese medicine systematic pharmacological databases and literature retrieval, and made target prediction of the active components through SwissTargetPrediction database. At the same time, RA-related targets were collected through DrugBank, GeneCards and Therapeutic Target Database(TDD) databases; and VENNY 2.1 was use to collect intersection targets to map common targets of drug and disease of Venn diagram online. The team used STRING database to construct PPI protein interaction network diagram, and screen out core targets according to the size of the interaction, and Cytoscape 3.6.0 software was used to construct network models of "traditional Chinese medicine-component-target" "traditional Chinese medicine-component-target-disease" and core target interaction network model. The intersection target was analyzed by using DAVID 6.8 online database for GO function analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and Pathon was used to visualization. AutoDock Vina and Pymol were used to connect the core active components with the core targets. Sixteen active components of Olibanum-Myrrha pairs were found and collected in the laboratory, and 320 relevant potential targets, 468 RA-related targets and 62 intersection targets were obtained through the Venn diagram. It mainly acted on multiple targets, such as IL6, TNF, IL1 B and MAPK1, involving TNF signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in RA treatment. Finally, in this study, possible targets and signaling pathways of Olibanum-Myrrha compatibility therapy for RA were discussed, and molecular docking between core targets and core active components was conducted, which could provide scientific basis for the study on the mechanism of Olibanum-Myrrha compatibility.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Olibanum / 中草药

As a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, chemical components of olibanum are mainly triteterpenes, diteterpenes, monoterpenes, which exhibit a range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifibrosis and so on. It is commonly used in the treatment of rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of olibanum are summarized in order to provide a reference for the further development and rational utilization of this plant resource.

Herbalogical study on olibanum(Ruxiang) / 中国中药杂志

As a representative foreign medicinal material, olibanum(Ruxiang) was imported to China since the Qin and Han Dynasties. Olibanum was first described as a medicinal by the name "Xunluxiang" in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians(Ming Yi Bie Lu). This study investigated historical records on olibanum and conducted the herbalogical study. It was found that olibanum came from the resin mainly obtained from the bark of Pistacia lenticus before the Tang Dynasty. With the prosperity of the Maritime Silk Road, instead, the resin obtained from the bark of Boswellia carterii was mainly used as olibanum. In ancient time, the oleo-gum-resin secreted from the cut bark was collected in spring and summer, and the quality was judged based on transparency and shape. The processing methods of olibanum went through many evolutions, which changed from simple methods such as grinding and frying to complex methods such as levigating and grinding with wine, and now to frying and processing with vinegar. The usage of olibanum included alchemy, folk and religious incense, bathing, cosmetic and medicinal since ancient times. From the Song Dynasty, olibanum had been mainly used as medicinal because of its good effect to treat wounds. In traditional Chinese medicine, olibanum unblocks menstruation, relieves pain and reduces swelling and generated muscles. The medicinal efficacy of olibanum is not much different from ancient to modern. Only the efficacy of replenishing energy and promoting the movement of Qi was rarely mentioned in modern reference. In this article, the historical evolutions of olibanum about original plants, processing and medicinal efficacy were sorted out. The results could provide historical basis for the further development and clinical utilization of olibanum.

Study on HPLC Fingerprints of Olibanum from Different Habitats / 中国药师

Objective: To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Olibanum. Methods: The column was Agilent ZORBAX SBC18(250 mm×4. 6 mm,5 μm) with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0. 1% phosphoric acid (gradient elution) at a flow rate of 1. 0 ml·min-1, the detection wavelength was 270 nm,the column temperature was 30℃,and the injection volume was 10 μl. Olibanum samples from different regions were detected for the characteristic fingerprint. Similarity evaluation software for chromatographic fingerprint of tradi-tional Chinese medicine (2012 edition) was used for the common peaks identification and similarity evaluation. Results: The HPLC fingerprint analysis method for Olibanum was established. The fingerprint consisted of 10 common peaks. The similarities of the finger-prints of twelve samples from different regions were above 0. 95. Conclusion: The method is simple and rapid with good reproducibili-ty, which provides basis for the quality control and evaluation standard of Olibanum.

Combination of musk and olibanum promotes proliferation of prostate stem cells in mice: An experimental study / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To study the effects of muskolibanum combination on the proliferation and differentiation of prostate stem cells.@*METHODS@#We cultured prostate epithelial cells and urogenital sinus mesenchymal (UGSM) cells from 7－10 d old C57BL/6 mice and 16－18 d old pregnant C57BL/6 mice, transplanted the mixed suspension of the two types of cells under the kidney envelope of SCIDCB.17 male mice, and harvested the transplants 30 days later. We randomly divided the SCIDCB.17 mice into four groups to be treated intragastrically with musk (n = 8), olibanum (n = 8), musk+olibanum (n = 7), and normal saline (blank control, n = 8)) respectively, all for 14 days. Then we collected the kidney tissue for observation of the morphology of the glandular tubes and differentiation of different subsets of stem cells by HE staining and determination of the expressions and distribution of P63, CD133, CD117 and Sca1 by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.@*RESULTS@#A system was successfully established for the isolation and mixed culture of Sca1 Lin+ CD49f+ (LSC) cells of prostate stem cells and UGSM cells of the mouse embryonic prostate. Immunohistochemistry showed positive expressions of P63, CD133, Sca1, and CD117 in the prostatic acinar epithelia and proved the presence of prostatic acinar epithelial structure in the transplants. Compared with the blank control group, the expressions of CD133, Sca1 and CD117 were significantly increased in the musk, olibanum, and musk+olibanum groups (P< 0.05), higher in the musk+olibanum than in the musk or olibanum group (P< 0.05), and their protein expressions were even more elevated in the musk+olibanum group (P< 0.01), with statistically significant difference from the olibanum group (P< 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The combination of musk and olibanum can improve the proliferation and differentiation of prostate stem cells.

Rapid Identification and Quality Analysis of Olibanum by TGA-DTA Thermal Analysis / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to quickly identify Chinese medicine Olibanum.Thermal analysis method was used on the quality analysis of Chinese materia medica (CMM).A total of 25 batches of Olibanum on the market were collected.This study examined three important factors of temperature range,heating rate,powder mesh on the TGA and DTA thermal analysis experiments.And a method of rapid authentication of medicinal materials using TGA and DTA feature maps was built.Methods of the first-order points,connection on thermogravimetric analysis and heat enthalpy calculation were adopted in the quantitative analysis of Olibanum.The results showed that the best condition of TGA and DTA experiment on Olibanum was confirmed.The temperature range is 50-750℃.The heating rate is 20℃· min-1.The powder mesh is 100 mesh.Under these conditions,good quality goods of Olibanum,counterfeit Olibanum and adulterants of Olibanum could be distinguished through the characteristic peak (T1=447 ± 5℃,T2=549 ± 5℃,T3=350 ± 5℃),thermogravimetric analysis (TV-max,△W2+△W3) and thermal enthalpy analysis (△H).It was concluded that the TGA-DTA technology was simple.It was thought to be a rapid,accurate and simple new method for Olibanum identification and quality analysis.

Cardioprotective and antioxidant effects of oleogum resin "Olibanum" from Bos Boswellia carteri Birdw. (Bursearceae) / 中国天然药物

One of the leading causes of death worldwide is cardiovascular disease, hence searching for a cure is an important endeavor. The totally safe, edible, and inexpensive Boswellia plant exudate, known as olibanum or frankincense, is considered to possess diverse medicinal values in traditional medicine and from recent biological studies. Investigating the cardioprotective and antioxidant activities of olibanum from a Boswellia species, family Bursearaceae, namely Boswellia carteri Birdw. was the aim of this study. Cardioprotective activity was evaluated using a model of myocardial infarction induced by isoprenaline (ISO), while antioxidant activity was tested adopting nitric oxide scavenging (NOS) and azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. The results revealed a mild cardioprotective effect and weak antioxidant activity.

Determination of Octylacetate in Jing-Fu-Kang Granules by GC / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to establish a method for the determination of octylacetate in Jing-Fu-Kang (JFK) granules. The content was determined by GC with Agilent HP-5 (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25μm) capillary column, with hydrogen flame ionization (FID) as detector. The injector temperature was 220℃. The detector temperature was 260℃. The split ratio was 20:1. At first, the temperature should be maintained to 80℃for 2 min, and then heating up to 200℃with the speed of 10℃·min-1. This temperature was maintained for 10 min. The results showed that the good linear relationship of octylacetate was within the range of 0.156 5-7.824 2 mg·mL-1, r=0.999 9. The average recovery rate was 100.00%, and RSD was 1.91%(n=9). The lowest detection limit of octylacetate was 1.633 6 ng. It was concluded that the established method was simple and reproducible with no interference. It can be applied to the quality control of JFK granules.

Study on quality standards of Huoxue Zhitong Preparations / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To improve the quality standards of Huoxue Zhitong Powders and Huoxue Zhitong Capsules. METHODS: Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Olibanum and Borneolum Syntheticum were identified simultaneously by TLC method. Ferulic acid was detected by HPLC method. RESULTS: Clear spots were obtained with good separation in TLC identification. For the HPLC determination of ferulic acid, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.2-200 μg · mL-1, the limit of detection was 0.054 μg · mL-1 and recoveries were between 95%-105%. CONCLUSION: The proposed method is specific, accurate, simple and applicable for better control of Huoxue Zhitong Preparations' quality.

Olibanum Extract Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Proliferation in Response to Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Olibanum (Boswellia serrata) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti- cancer effects. This study determined the role of a water extract of olibanum in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated proliferation and migration of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). PDGF-BB induced the migration and proliferation of RASMCs that were inhibited by olibanum extract in a dose-dependent manner. The PDGF-BB-increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); the heat shock protein (Hsp) 27 was significantly inhibited by the olibanum extract. The effects of PDGF-BB-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 was not altered by the olibanum extract. Treatment with olibanum extract inhibited PDGF-BB-stimulated sprout out growth of aortic rings. These results suggest that the water extract of olibanum inhibits PDGF-BB-stimulated migration and proliferation in RASMCs as well as sprout out growth, which may be mediated by the inhibition of the p38 MAPK and Hsp27 pathways.