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Ophiopogonis Radix is an important Yin-nourishing drug in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), with the effects of nourishing Yin, promoting fluid production, clearing away heart-fire, and relieving restlessness. It is widely used in clinical practice due to its multiple chemical components and pharmacological effects. The technique "mapping knowledge domains" is an effective tool to quantitatively and objectively visualize the development frontiers and trends of certain disciplines. In this study, TCM research papers related to Ophiopogonis Radix were retrieved from Web of Science(WoS) and CNKI, and the research institutions, journals, and keywords involved were visualized and analyzed using the scientometric software CiteSpace. The co-occurrence network of related research on Ophiopogonis Radix was constructed, and the Ophiopogonis Radix-disease-target network was plotted using Cytoscape 3.8.2. The hot topics in Chinese and English papers were analyzed and the shortcomings in the research on Ophiopogonis Radix were summed up. Furthermore, the development trends were discussed. A total of 1 403 Chinese papers and 292 English papers were included in this study. The analysis of research institutions showed that Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and China Pharmaceutical University were the two research institutions with the largest numbers of papers published. The analysis of journals showed that Hebei Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Journal of Asian Natural Products Research were the two journals with the highest numbers of papers concerning Ophiopogonis Radix. The keyword analysis showed that the research contents of Chinese papers focused on the analysis of medication regularity and clinical observation trials, while the English papers focused on component analysis and pharmacological investigation. Data mining and apoptosis-based pharmacological mechanism might be the research trends in the future.
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Humans , China , Data Mining , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Plant Roots , PublicationsABSTRACT
Objective::To investigate the correlation between the characteristics and internal quality of Ophiopogonis Radix from Sichuan province through various quality evaluation, and provide reference for the formulation of grading standard of this herb. Method::For 28 batches of Ophiopogonis Radix, the characters, microscopic characteristics, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), the content of moisture, ash content, acid insoluble ash content, residues of sulfur dioxide, heavy metals, hazardous elements and paclobutrazol, water-soluble extract, contents of total saponins and three major components [ophiopogonin D (OPD), methylophiopogonanone A (MPOA) and methylophiopogonanone B (MPOB)] were determined.The relationships between various indicators and the grade of Ophiopogonis Radix were analyzed. Result::Ophiopogonis Radix exhibited specific properties in characters, microscopic characteristics and TLC.The contents of impurity, moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water-soluble extract existed differences in four grades of Ophiopogonis Radix from Sichuan province.For grade Ⅰ, grain number was 80-120 grains per 50 g, the moisture content was 11.1%-14.9%, total ash content was 1.6%-2.1%, acid-insoluble ash content was 0.03%-0.14%, water-soluble extract content was 77.0%-86.5%.For grade Ⅱ, grain number was 120-160 grains per 50 g, the moisture content was 13.1%-14.2%, total ash content was 1.3%-2.2%, acid-insoluble ash content was 0.06%-0.22%, water-soluble extract content was 75.9%-83.3%.For grade Ⅲ, grain number was 160-300 grains per 50 g, the impurity was 0.2%-8.4%, the moisture content was 12.6%-14.0%, total ash content was 1.2%-1.5%, acid-insoluble ash content was 0.06%-0.22%, water-soluble extract content was 74.0%-86.5%.For grade Ⅳ, grain number was 80-300 grains per 50 g, impurity was 1.2%-22.6%, the moisture content was 13.0%-15.4%, the total ash content was 1.4%-2.0%, acid-insoluble ash content was 0.03%-0.15%, water-soluble extract content was 79.8%-85.2%. Conclusion::It is reasonable and feasible to classify the grade of Ophiopogonis Radix from Sichuan province according to the appearance characteristics such as the grain number per 50 g and internal indexes such as impurity and water-soluble extract, which can be used as a reference for grading standards of Ophiopogonis Radix from Sichuan province.
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Objective:There were 92 kinds of compound preparations containing Ophiopogonis Radix in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， but there was no effective method to identify these compound preparations. Because Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix are similar in appearance， it is easy to be confused in application. The aim of this study was to set up a thin layer chromatography （TLC） to identify compound preparations containing Ophiopogonis Radix and distinguish Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix in the forms of decoction pieces and standard decoction. Method:In this study， decoction pieces of Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix were collected and separately prepared as standard decoction. TLC was used to qualitatively identify decoction pieces and standard decoction of Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix， and compound preparations containing Ophiopogonis Radix. In the TLC， the lower solution of chloroform-methanol-water （65∶35∶10） was selected as the developing agent and 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution as the chromogenic agent. Result:The resolution of this TLC was good. Decoction pieces， standard decoction and preparations of Ophiopogonis Radix had the same characteristic strips， which were two bright white fluorescent strips under ultraviolet lamp （365 nm）. But these two characteristic strips were not existed in the TLC of decoction pieces and standard decoction of Liriopes Radix. The corresponding components of both of these two strips were identified as mixture containing saponins by LC-MSn， including ophiopogonin Ra， Tb， ophiopogonin D'， borneol glycoside， ophiopogonin C and Liriope muscari baily saponins C. Conclusion:The established TLC method， which has significant advantages such as high specificity and sensitivity， can be applied to the characteristic identification of decoction pieces and standard decoction of Ophiopogonis Radix， the identification of compound preparations containing Ophiopogonis Radix， and the distinction of Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix， thus serving as an effective method to qualitatively identify Ophiopogonis Radix and its compound preparations.
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Objective@#To excavate the mechanism of the combination of Radix Ophiopogonis and Schisandra chinensis to treatatherosclerosisbased on network pharmacology to discuss its mechnism.@*Methods@#This paper excavated the associated proteins with Radix Ophiopogonis and Schisandra chinensis from the TCMGeneDIT database, and constructed the multicomponent protein network of Radix Ophiopogonis, Schisandra chinensis and proteins ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, low, medium, high dose group and atorvastatin calcium group. Except the control group, other groups were fed with H10540 high fat diet for 12 weeks. From the 4th week, the atrovastatin calcium group was given atrovastatin calcium liquid 6 mg/kg by gavage. The low, medium and high dose groups were administed 4.68, 2.34 and 1.17 g/kg, respectively, once a day by gavage for 8 weeks. The oil red staining was applied to observe the pathological changes of atherosclerotic aortic wall. Western blot was subjected to detect the expression change of mitogen activated protein kinases p38 (p38), ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1), Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), heat shock protein 90 alpha family class a member 1 (HSP90AA1), MMP-9 and arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) in liver tissue, as well as nuclear factor related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in brain tissue.@*Results@#It was found that eleven components were interacted with 37 proteins, forming a protein interaction network with 48 nodes and 190 boundaries without isolated nodes. Compared to the model group, the level of p-p38/p38 (2.12 ± 0.12, 1.76 ± 0.11, 1.69 ± 0.10 vs. 2.45 ± 0.16), TLR4 (1.98 ± 0.10, 1.64 ± 0.11, 1.55 ± 0.12 vs. 2.68 ± 0.06), HSP90AA1 (1.79 ± 0.10, 1.66 ± 0.09, 1.59 ± 0.11 vs. 2.06 ± 0.07), MMP9 (1.84 ± 0.11, 1.75 ± 0.12, 1.66 ± 0.08 vs. 2.68 ± 0.10) in liver tissue of low, medium and high dose groups significantly decreased, the level of ABCG1 (0.53 ± 0.08, 0.78 ± 0.09, 0.81 ± 0.10 vs. 0.45 ± 0.04), ALOX5 (0.59 ± 0.04, 0.67 ± 0.09, 0.88 ± 0.07 vs. 0.47 ± 0.02) in liver tissue of low, medium and high dose groups significantly increased (P<0.05). The expression of Nrf2 (1.62 ± 0.12, 1.32 ± 0.09, 1.14 ± 0.06 vs. 2.12 ± 0.08) in cytoplasm of brain tissue significantly decreased, and Nrf2 (1.12 ± 0.09, 1.61 ± 0.07, 1.68 ± 0.11 vs. 1.07 ± 0.08) in cell nucleus of brain tissue significantly increased. The expression of HO-1 (1.16 ± 0.09, 1.73 ± 0.11, 1.82 ± 0.08 vs. 1.05 ± 0.04) in brain tissue significantly increased.@*Conclusions@#Network pharmacology and molecular biology were used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the combination of Schisandra chinensis and Ophiopogon japonicus in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, also to validate the related mechanism via Nrf2 pathway, which provided a reference for the further study of the combined prescription.
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The chemical constituents in Shenmai Injection(SMI) were qualitatively analyzed by using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(LC-Q-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry(LC-IT-MS). The analysis was performed on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) and gradient elution was carried out with 0.05% formic acid solution-acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min~(-1) and a column temperature of 30 ℃. Mass spectrometry data of the components in SMI were collected in negative ion mode. The structures of components were speculated and identified by analyzing mass spectrometry data, comparing with standards, and referring to related literature. A total of 64 components in SMI were estimated, and the structures were confirmed in 16 of them by comparison with standards. Fifty-six compounds derived from Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra included 34 protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, 19 protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, 1 oleanane ginsenosides and 2 other glycosides. Eight compounds derived from Ophiopogonis Radix included 7 steroidal saponins, and 1 monoterpene glycoside. The results of this study would provide an important theoretical basis for the improvement of the quality control standards and the discovery of effective constituents in SMI.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drug Combinations , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish the detection method of Liriopes Radix in Niuhuang Qingwei pills to uncover the adulteration situation of Ophiopogonis Radix in Niuhuang Qingwei pills. METHODS: Liriopesides B and liriope muscari baily saponins C in Niuhuang Qingwei pills were analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS in MRM mode. RESULTS： In the 18 batches of Niuhuang Qingwei pills, liriopesides B and liriope muscari baily saponins C, the index compounds of Liriopes Radix, were detected in 15 batches of samples in the concentrations of 0.10-1.19 μg·g-1. CONCLUSION： The adulteration of Ophiopogonis Radix with Liriopes Radix should be paid more attention to.
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The project was launched to analyze the effects of sulfur-fumigated Ophiopogonis Radix on endogenous metabolites in rats by metabonomics. The preparation method of sulfur-fumigated Ophiopogonis Radix in laboratory was established. Then the blood samples of SD rats in blank group,Ophiopogonis Radix extract group and sulfur-fumigated Ophiopogonis Radix extract group were investigated by UHPLC-Q-Exactive. The differential metabolites were screened and identified by PCA(principal component analysis),OPLSDA(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis) and variable importance projection(VIP),and the metabolic pathways were analyzed. Finally,a total of 15 potential biomarkers were identified. Compared with the samples of Ophiopogonis Radix extract group,sulfur-fumigated Ophiopogonis Radix mainly affected the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids in normal rats. Its mechanism may be related to the biosynthesis of phenylalanine,tyrosine,tryptophan and aminoacyl-tRNA as well as the metabolism of phenylalanine and tryptophan. Based on UHPLC-HRMS metabonomics,this paper discussed the effects of sulfur-fumigated Ophiopogonis Radix on endogenous metabolites in rats,which provided an idea for the metabolic study of other sulfur-fumigated traditional Chinese medicines.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Metabolomics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , SulfurABSTRACT
Standard decoction is the core of the pharmacodynamics for water-soluble substance of Chinese materia medica. Its research is of great significance to the research and development of some single ingredients and the classical prescriptions,and it is the only way to transform traditional medication experience into industrial products. In this article,standard decoction research strategies were used for the comparison analysis of Ophiopogonis Radix from Zhejiang province(ZMD),Ophiopogonis Radix from Sichuan province(CMD),and Liriopes Radix(SMD). Regularities were present among different grades of CMD; potential quality markers and pH differences associated with SO2 residues were also found. Finally,the extract powder of Ophiopogonis Radix prepared by mass production process was analyzed and validated,and the results showed that the standard system could be used for the quality control of intermediates and final products. In conclusion,this study can provide reference for the clinical application of Ophiopogonis Radix medicines and provide testing method for higher quality with higher price.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Materia Medica , Plant Roots , Quality ControlABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the change features of Ophiopogonis Radix in the development process, and to find the accumulation rules of effective components in Ophiopogonis Radix. Methods: The method of chlorfluazuron formulation was analyzed by HPLC. DAD detector, column temperature was set at 30 ℃ and detection wavelength was 203 nm; Flow rate was set at 0.8 mL/min and sample size was 15 μL and the mobile phase was acetonitrile (A)-water (B) with gradient elution mode (0~20 min, 25% A →40% A; 20~50 min, 40%~50% A; 50~60 min, 50%~70% A; 60~70 min, 70% A; 70~80 min, 70%~100% A, 80~90 min, 100% A), at the volume flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. ELSD detector, column temperature was set at 35 ℃, drift tube temperature at 100 ℃ and the gas flow rate was set at 3.0 L/min. The sample size was 15 μL and the mobile phase was acetonitrile (A)-0.1% phosphoric acid water (B) with gradient elution mode: 0~60 min, 35%~65% A, at the volume flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Results: The main components in the chromatogram were both separated well under the two conditions. At 203 nm, there were 14 effective peaks, the main components were flavones whose representative was methylophiopogonanone A. There were 11 effective peaks in the condition of ELSD, and the main peak represent saponins whose representative was Ophiopogonin D. It could be judged that the accumulation law of the each component in Ophiopogonis Radix was inconsistent in the different growth phase according to the peaks area. The overall change tendency of the components is increase to peak value and keep balance and to a slight decrease after the balance. Conclusion: The accumulation rules of effective components in Ophiopogonis Radix could be reflected comprehensively by HPLC specific chromatogram.It could provide abundant information for the produce of Ophiopogonis Radix and quality control.
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An analytical method based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS was established for simultaneous determination of thirty-three components including steroidal saponins, homoisoflavonoids, amino acids and nucleosides in Ophiopogonis Radix. Thirty-three target components of commercial medicinal materials of Maidong were comparative analysis. Synergi™ Hydro-RP 100 column (2.0 mm × 100 mm, 2.5 μm) was used with 0.1% formic acid solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile for gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min⁻¹. In addition, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was employed. The data were comprehensively processed and analyzed with hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) methods. All components showed good linearity(>0.999 0) within the tested ranges. The average recoveries were between 96.23%-102.0%, and the relative standard deviation(RSD) were less than 5%. The results showed that there were significant differences in components between Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix, with seven components obviously different. This method was useful for providing basis for the comprehensive evaluation and intrinsic quality control of Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix , and may provide a new method reference for the identification of Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Liriope Plant , Chemistry , Ophiopogon , Chemistry , Phytochemicals , Plant Roots , Chemistry , Saponins , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To provide a theoretical basis for scientific and rational use of paclobutrazol in the production of Ophiopogonis Radix. METHODS: Different concentrations of paclobutrazol were applied to Ophiopogonis Radix plants, and medicinal samples were colleted. The efficacy of Ophiopogonis Radix were comprehensively analyzed from the appearance of the herb and the contents of three kinds of effective components: flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides. Residues of paclobutrazol were detected. The effect of paclobutrazol use on the safety of Ophiopogonis Radix was evaluated according to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of paclobutrazol in the GB2763-2014 and the amount of usage of paclobutrazol required by Chinese Pharmacopoeia. RESULTS: Paclobutrazol had no significant effects on the Ophiopogonis Radix appearance; and the contents of polysaccharides and flavonoid were increased in varying degrees, and saponins content were decreased. The daily intake of paclobutrazol was far less than the ADI (0.1 mg·kg-1 × body weight) when calculated using the maximum residue of paclobutrazol at the usage of 3 kg·acres-1 and the maximum usage amount of Ophiopogonis Radix in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. CONCLUSION: Paclobutrazol can be used within limits according to the actual situation in Ophiopogonis Radix production.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the qualities of Ophiopogonis Radix from four main producing areas in China to provide scientific basis for its quality control and clinical use. METHODS: The characteristics of the samples was compared according to the description in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The contents of heavy metals, harmful elements and residual sulfur dioxide were measured by the methods recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The contents of residual paclobutrazol and polysaccharide were respectively determined by GC and UV. The contents of ophiopogonin D, methylophiopogonanone A, and methylophiopogonanone B were measured by HPLC. RESULTS: Differences in the characteristics of the samples from the four producing areas were shown in the length, color, and smell.Ophiopogonis Radix from Hubei and Shandong was longer than those from Sichuan and Zhejiang.The color and smell of the samples from Zhejiang were darker and stronger than the samples from the other three provinces.The contents of heavy metal and harmful elements of all the samples were all less than the limit standards.Sulfur dioxide existed in the samples from Sichuan and Hubei.Paclobutrazol existed in the Sichuan samples.The differences in the contents of ophiopogonin D,methylophiopogonanone A, and methylo-phiopogonanone B in the samples from the four producing areas were significant.Ophiopogonin D could be detected in all the samples, but its content in the Zhejiang samples was lower. Methylophiopogonanone A and methylophiopogonanone B could be detected only in the samples from Sichuan and Zhejiang, and the contents in the Zhejiang samples were the highest.The fingerprint characteristics of the four samples was obvious.The number of effective component peaks of Sichuan sample was the greatest (7 peaks).Zhejiang samples took the second place(6 peaks).The samples from Hubei and Shandong both had 4 peaks.CONCLUSION: There is prominent difference in the qualities of Ophiopogonis Radix samples from different producing areas.Individualized quality control standards should be established.
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Objective: Using chemical component content determination and fingerprint analysis to evaluate the effects of different drying methods on quality of Ophiopogonis Radix. Methods: The contents of total saponin, total flavonoids, and total polysaccharide were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and ophiopogonin D and methylophiopogonanone A were determined using HPLC; the chromatograms fingerprint was established by HPLC. Results: The influence of different drying methods on the chemical components in Ophiopogonis Radixa was significantly different, and the coefficient of variation fell in the range of 6.9%-20.8%. Among them, the damage degree of dried in the shade, dried in the sun, freeze drying and dried after semi-died in the sun is small on chemical component of Ophiopogon japonicus. However, the far infrared drying and microwave drying have the most serious effect; Ophiopogonis Radix samples have 18 characteristic peaks through HPLC. The 14 kinds of drying methods were divided into three types by cluster analysis, and a class of drying methods has similar drying conditions. Conclusion: The difference of drying method can be effectively reflected by the change of the content of chemical compositions and the feature of HPLC spectrum, which can be used as indicators of O. japonicus origin screening method. In the producing area, it is best to combine drying in the sun with in air source heat pump dryer in processing of Ophiopogonis Radix.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the accumulation rules of the effective constituents in Ophiopogonis Radix to provide theoretical support for its production and quality control. METHODS: Ophiopogonis Radix samples in different growth phases were harvested, and the total polysaccharides, total flavones, and total saponins in the sampleswere measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Methylophiopogonanone A, ophiopogonin C, ophiopogonin D, and ophiopogonin D'were determined by HPLC. RESULTS: The contents of total polysaccharides, total flavones, and total saponins in Ophiopogonis Radix were positively correlated with root growth time. The contents of three categories of constituents increased with the prolongation of root growth time, but the accumulative rate was inconsistent in different growth phases, which had a slight decrease after reaching the maximum at the end of March. The accumulation trend of six single components were basically the same to the three categories of constituents. For samples with same harvest time, the content of the main constituents was higher in the samples treated by paclobutrazol than those without paclobutrazol treatment. CONCLUSION: The variation trend of the main chemical components in Ophiopogonis Radix is basically the same to that of the root growth. Methylo-phiopogonanone A and phiopogonin D are the most representative, and they could be taken as evaluation index to guide production and quality control of Ophiopogonis Radix.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of methylophiopogonone A, methylophiopogonanone A, and methylophiopogonanone B. METHODS: Comatex C18 column (4.6 mm×50 mm, 5 μm) was used for the HPLC analysis. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (58:42) and was eluted at the flow rate of 1 mL·min-1. The column temperature was maitained at 30℃. The detection wavelength was set at 280 nm. The injection volume was 15.0 μL. RESULTS: The linear regression equations of methylophiopogonone A, methylophiopogonanone A and methylophiopogonanone B were Y=493321p+31262 (r=0.9999), Y=605744p+40941 (r=0.9999), and Y=586672p+39657 (r=0.9999), respectively. The average recovery rates of the three flavones respectively were 100.59% (RSD=1.51%), 99.27% (RSD=1.28%), and 100.04% (RSD=1.33%). CONCLUSION: The established method for simultaneous determination of flavone constituents in Ophiopogonis Radix is accurate and sensitive, with good repeatability. It can be applied to the quality evaluation of Ophiopogonis Radix.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of relay intercropping Ophiopogonis Radix and vegetables by measuring the yield and contents of effective components and fingerprint analysis. METHODS: The field capacity when relay intercropping Ophiopogonis Radix and vegetables was evaluated, taking Ophiopogonis Radix monoculture as control. The contents of major compound of Ophiopogonis Radix were measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography, and the HPLC fingerprint of Ophiopogonis Radix was established. RESULTS: Relay intercropping vegetables reduced the yield of Ophiopogonis Radix to some extent, but the land equivalent ratios were all more than 1, indicating that it is advantageous to intercrop Ophiopogonis Radix and vegetables. Relay intercropping vegetables did not reduce the contents of chemical constituents in Ophiopogonis Radix significantly. The similarities of all the HPLC fingerprint chromatograms were greater than 0.990. CONCLUSION: Relay intercropping Ophiopogonis Radix and vegetables is a feasible pattern to solve the contention for land between Ophiopogonis Radix and vegetables in the main producing areas of Ophiopogonis Radix, and can be applied and generalized.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the composition of homoisoflavones in Shengmai injection. METHODS: On the basis of studies on the chemical constituents of Ophiopogonis Radix extract, the chemical constituents in Shengmai injection from eight enterprises were identified by LC-MS. RESULTS: Ophiopogonone B, ophiopogonanone B, ophiopogonanone A, methylophiopogonanone A, and methylophiopogonanone B were the common components among the eight identified constituents in Ophiopogonis Radix extract. CONCLUSION: The analytical method for homoisoflavones in Shengmai injection is established, which can be used as the basis for further study and quality control. Copyright 2012 by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.