Utilidad de los anticuerpos anti-células parietales gástricas y anti-factor intrínseco en el estudio de la deficiencia de vitamina B12 asociada a gastritis autoinmune y anemia perniciosa / Usefulness of anti-gastric parietal cell and anti-intrinsic factor antibodies in the study of vitamin B12 deficiency associated with autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia / Utilidade de anticorpos anti-células parietais gástricas e anti-fator intrínseco no estudo da deficiência de vitamina B12 associada à gastrite autoimune e à anemia perniciosa

Resumen La gastritis autoinmune (GAI) es una afección inflamatoria progresiva de la mucosa oxíntica caracterizada por la destrucción de células parietales, pérdida de factor intrínseco, malabsorción de vitamina B12 (cobalamina), hierro y otros micronutrientes y puede progresar hacia un estado avanzado de anemia megaloblástica conocida como anemia perniciosa (AP). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la deficiencia de vitamina B12 debida a malabsorción utilizando la detección de anticuerpos anti-células parietales gástricas (ACPG) y anti-factor intrínseco (AFI). Se analizaron 2050 sueros de pacientes con un inmunoanálisis quimioluminiscente para vitamina B12 total y 2,8% de éstos con las pruebas de inmunofluorescencia indirecta para ACPG y enzimoinmunoanálisis para AFI. La deficiencia de vitamina B12 (<200 ng/mL) fue del 13,1%. En la detección de anticuerpos se encontró: 2 doble positivos ACPG/AFI, 17 simple positivos ACPG y 4 simple positivos AFI. Todas las muestras ACPG y/o AFI positivas tuvieron valores de vitamina B12 total <200 ng/mL. En 5 pacientes con ACPG positivos se diagnosticó gastritis crónica confirmada por biopsia. En los 6 pacientes AFI positivos se realizó el diagnóstico de AP y en 2 de ellos se confirmó por histopatología. La positividad de ACPG y/o AFI permitió la clasificación de pacientes con sospecha de GAI en candidatos para la examinación histológica y la aplicación de esquemas terapéuticos adecuados. Se destaca la importancia de las pruebas de laboratorio como parte de una estrategia de diagnóstico temprano y vigilancia endoscópica, para evitar las manifestaciones relacionadas con la deficiencia de hierro y vitamina B12 y las complicaciones de la enfermedad avanzada.

Abstract Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a progressive inflammatory condition of the oxyntic mucosa, characterised by gastric parietal cell destruction, loss of intrinsic factor, and malabsorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), iron and other micronutrients; conditioning progress to a state of megaloblastic anemia known as pernicious anemia (PA). The aim of this study was to determine vitamin B12 deficiency due to malabsorption utilizing anti-parietal cell (APCA) and anti-intrinsic factor (IFA) antibodies detection. 2050 patient serum samples were analised by chemiluminescent immunoassay for vitamin B12. A total of 2.8% of them were tested for APCA by indirect immunofluorescence and for IFA by enzyme immunoessay. Vitamin B12 deficiency (<200 ng/mL) was 13.1%. Regarding antibody detection: 2 APCA/IFA double positives, 17 APCA simple positives and 4 IFA simple positives were found. APCA and/or IFA positive samples had total vitamin B12 values <200 ng/mL. Chronic gastritis confirmed by biopsy was diagnosed in 5 patients with positive ACPG antibodies. All 6 IFA positive patients were diagnosed with PA, while 2 of them also received histopatologic confirmation. APCA and/or IFA confirmation allowed for the classification of patients with suspicion of AIG as possible candidates for histologic examination and application of appropriate therapeutic schemes. Importance of laboratory testing is to be noted; as part of a strategy that enables early diagnosis and adequate endoscopic surveillance, to avoid manifestations related to iron and vitamin B12 deficiency and the complications of advanced disease.

Resumo A gastrite autoimune (GAI) é uma doença inflamatória progressiva da mucosa oxíntica, caracterizada pela destruição das células parietais gástricas, perda do fator intrínseco, má absorção de vitamina B12 (cobalamina), ferro e outros micronutrientes pode progredir para um estado avançado de anemia megaloblástica conhecida como anemia perniciosa (AP). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a deficiência de vitamina B12 por má absorção usando a detecção de anticorpos anti-células parietais gástricas (ACPG) e anti-fator intrínseco (AFI). Foram analisados 2050 soros de pacientes com um imunoensaio quimioluminiscente para vitamina B12 total, 2,8% deles com testes de imunofluorescência indireta para ACPG e enzimaimunoensaio para AFI. A deficiência de vitamina B12 (<200 ng/mL) foi de 13,1%. Na detecção de anticorpos foram encontrados: 2 duplo positivos ACPG/AFI, 17 simples positivos ACPG e 4 simples positivos AFI. Todas as amostras ACPG e/ou AFI positivas apresentaram valores de vitamina B12 total <200 ng/mL. Gastrite crônica confirmada por biópsia foi diagnosticada em 5 pacientes positivos para ACPG. Nos 6 pacientes AFI positivos o diagnóstico de AP foi feito e em 2 deles foi confirmado por histopatologia. A positividade para ACPG e/ou AFI permitiu a classificação de pacientes com suspeita de GAI em candidatos para exame histológico e a aplicação de esquemas terapêuticos adequados. Destaca-se a importancia dos testes laboratoriais, como parte de uma estratégia de diagnóstico precoce e vigilância endoscópica, para evitar manifestações relacionadas à deficiência de ferro e vitamina B12 e complicações da doença avançada.

Refractory iron deficiency anemia as an early manifestation of autoimmune gastritis in a teenager / Anemia ferropénica refractaria como presentación temprana de gastritis autoinmune en un adolescente

Abstract Autoimmune gastritis is an underdiagnosed disease in the pediatric population due to the absence of specific signs and symptoms and late clinical manifestations. Iron deficiency anemia has recently been identified as an early hematological manifestation, allowing an early diagnostic approach. We present the case of a Colombian teenager, with no history of autoimmunity, with refractory iron deficiency. He underwent extension studies; biopsies and serology compatible with autoimmune gastritis were documented, requiring parenteral iron in its evolution. This pathology is underdiagnosed in our context since early diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion to prevent associated complications.

Resumen La gastritis autoinmune es una enfermedad subdiagnosticada en la población pediátrica. Lo anterior se debe a la ausencia de signos y síntomas específicos y manifestaciones clínicas tardías. Recientemente se ha identificado la anemia ferropénica como una manifestación hematológica precoz, lo que permite un enfoque diagnóstico temprano. Se presenta el caso de un adolescente colombiano, sin antecedentes de autoinmunidad, con ferropenia refractaria, en el que se realizaron estudios de extensión y se documentaron biopsias y serología compatible con gastritis autoinmune, con requerimiento de hierro parenteral en su evolución. Esta patología es subdiagnosticada en nuestro medio, ya que el diagnóstico temprano requiere un alto índice de sospecha, lo que permite la prevención de las complicaciones asociadas.

Mucosa gástrica heterotópica en duodeno: características clínicas endoscópicas e histológicas / Heterotopic gastric mucosa in duodenum: endoscopic and histological features

Objetivo: Caracterizar la mucosa gástrica heterotópica en duodeno en nuestro medio. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron dos instituciones, los casos de mucosa gástrica heterotópica que cumplieran los criterios histológicos establecidos para el diagnóstico durante los años 2014-2015. Las láminas con el diagnóstico de mucosa gástrica heterotópica en duodeno fueron revisadas por 3 patólogos, se recolectó información clínica, endoscópica e histológica en cada caso. Resultados: Se encontraron 45 casos de mucosa gástrica heterotópica en duodeno, 91,1% se localizaron en bulbo duodenal y 73,2% se presentaron endoscópicamente como pólipos. En todos los casos se identificó células parietales como criterio para hacer el diagnóstico histopatológico, en ningún caso se identificó Helicobacter pylori ni displasia en la biopsia duodenal. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos confirman su naturaleza benigna. El diagnóstico de mucosa gástrica heterotópica, aunque infrecuente, debe tenerse en cuenta en el estudio de pólipos duodenales, siendo la identificación de células parietales en mucosa duodenal fundamental para el diagnóstico diferencial histológico especialmente con la metaplasia gástrica de duodenitis péptica

Objective: The aim of this study was characterized sin duodenum the heterotopic gastric mucosa. Materials and methods: The slides with the diagnosis of heterotopic gastric mucosa during 2014-2015, were reviewed, and clinical, histological and endoscopic data was to collected for every case. Results: 45 cases of heterotopic gastric mucosa in duodenum were found, 91.1% were located in duodenum bulb and 73.2%, presenting as polyps in 73.2% of cases. In all cases, parietal cell was identified as main criteria for the diagnosis. Neither Helicobacter pylori nor dysplasia were identified. Conclusions: Our data confirm its non neoplastic nature. Heterotopic gastric mucosa should be taken into account in diagnosis of duodenal polyps. Parietal cells identification in duodenal mucosa is essential in differential diagnosis with peptic duodenitis

Effect of Aging on Histology and Ultrastructure of Gastric Fundic Gland in Beagle Dogs / 胃肠病学

Background:It has been demonstrated that acid secretion-related gastric fundic structures do not degenerate in elderly individuals. As specimens obtained from human body are greatly influenced by environmental factors,the results need to be further verified by standard animals. Aims:To investigate the aging-related changes of histology of gastric fundus and ultrastructure of fundic gland in beagle dogs. Methods:Nineteen healthy beagle dogs were divided into three age groups,8 in younger group(aged 1-5 years),5 in junior elderly group(aged 6-8 years)and 6 in senior elderly group (aged ≥9 years). Gastric specimens obtained from the fundus were examined by light microscope,the thickness of lamina propria and percentage of parenchymal area of fundic gland in lamina propria were measured,and the parietal cells,chief cells and endocrine cells were counted. Ultrastructure of fundic gland cells were observed by electron microscopy,and the area percentages of related organelles were calculated. Results:The thickness of lamina propria in gastric fundus of beagle dogs showed a decline tendency with aging,but no significant differences were found among the three age groups(P >0. 05);in senior elderly group,a marked decrease in density of fundic gland was observed and with an increase of interstitial tissues. The amount of parietal cells and the area percentages of mitochondria and tubulovesicle in parietal cells showed no aging-related reduction(P > 0. 05),while the amount of chief cells,area percentages of zymogen granule in chief cells,and mucous granule in mucous neck cells were significantly decreased in senior elderly group(P < 0. 05). The amount of endocrine cells increased gradually with aging(P < 0. 05). Conclusions:Aging-related degeneration is not existed in acid secretion-related parietal cells and organelles in gastric fundus of beagle dogs. Furthermore,endocrine cells which secret histamine,gastrin,and somatostatin,etc. for stimulating acid secretion even increased. These changes might be a compensatory mechanism for acid secretion in elderly individuals.

Inibidores da bomba protônica / Proton pump inhibitors

O uso dos inibidores da bomba protônica (IBPs) no tratamento da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) está bem estabelecido. Esta classe de medicamentos está indicada como primeira linha de tratamento para aliviar os sintomas e/ou cicatrizar as lesões esofágicas, sobretudo em pacientes com doença moderada a grave. Estudos randomizados e controlados têm demonstrado que os IBPs são mais eficazes que os antagonistas do receptores H2 no controle da supressão ácida do estômago. A secreção ácida nas células parietais do estômago cria um fluxo de íons, em que prótons são bombeados de fluidos intracelulares para o lúmen gástrico contra um gradiente. A engenharia enzimática responsável por este transporte ativo é a bomba H+,K+ ATPase, a qual é modulada (estimulação e inibição) por sinais moleculares neuronais e endócrinos. Os IBPs, após a ingestão antes da alimentação, ligam-se apenas às bombas ativadas. São metabolizados pelo complexo enzimático do citocromo P450, CYP 2C19 e CYP 3A4, esta característica contribui para interações medicamentosas com outros fármacos que também possuem o mesmo mecanismo de metabolização. Os IBPs, geralmente, são bem tolerados pelo organismo. Até o momento, estudos descreveram que as reações adversas mais comuns relatadas são dor de cabeça, diarreia e náusea, com incidência de < 10%, valores semelhantes quando comparados com placebo e antagonistas dos receptores H2. A terapia de supressão ácida com IBP está associada a benefícios no manejo de doenças ácido-pépticas. O sucesso desta supressão farmacológica para o processo de cicatrização de úlcera e DRGE está refletindo-se na redução de cirurgias eletivas como tratamento destas enfermidades, além da redução da gastropatia associada a utilização de AINEs...

The observation of the expression changes of protein gene product9.5 in neurons from the gastric walls of rats with gastritis / 中国医师杂志

Objective To discuss the possible enteric nervous pathogenesis in gastritis related GI motor disorders on the expression changes of protein gene product9. 5 in neurons from the gastric walls of gastritis rat model. Methods 35 clean grade Wister rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, which included gastritis group A (n =10), gastritis group B(n =15) and control group(n =10). Rats in gastritis group A and B received gastric perfusion of HP and the mixture of 2% aspirin and 0. 6N hydrochloric acid respectively. The control group only received gastric perfusion of saline. All of the rats were killed and the gastric mucosal tissues were obtained for the pathological and HP examination. After immunohistochemical pretreatment, the tissues were stained with PGP9. 5 and at the same time the maximum diameter (Dmax, μm), mean area(μm2) and mean optical density (nm) of the neurons from the gastric walls were compared among the groups with Image-Pro Plus professional image analysis system. Results In gastric group A, HP could be found sparsely in the mucous layer or gastric pits, and all of the rapid urease tests were positive. In the other two groups, HP could not be found, and all of the rapid urease tests were negarive. In both gastric group A and B, different grades of inflammatory cell infiltration with active inflammation signs could be found in the deep layers of mucosa, while the control group was normal. The expression mean area, mean optical density of neurons from the gastric wall of rat in group A[(77. 10 ±48. 46) μm2, (53. 25 ±41.40) nm] or B [(73. 92 ± 39. 60) μm2, (45.33 ± 33.20) nm] was obvious lower than control group [(143.51 ± 29. 84) μm2, (85. 00 ± 14. 32) nm], while there was no significant difference between gastric group A and B (P ＞0. 05) (table 1). Conclusions Hp and NSAIDs might cause gastritis and decrease the PGP9. 5 expression of Neurous from gastric walls. The decrease of PGP9. 5 expression of neurons from the gastric wall might contribute to the pathogenesis of GI motor disorders or symptoms of functional dyspepsia.

Inibidores da bomba protônica / Proton pump inhibitors

Os estudos sobre o efeito do controle do ácido gástrico iniciaram-se há mais de 30 anos. Desde então, inúmeros ensaios clínicos bem conduzidos e metanálises mostraram que os inibidores da bomba protônica (IBP) são significativamente mais efetivos que antagonistas dos receptores H2 da histamina para a realização da supressão ácida gástrica. A secreção ácida nas células parietais do estômago cria um fluxo de íons, em que prótons são bombeados de fluidos intracelulares para o lúmen gástrico contra um gradiente. A engenharia enzimática responsável por esse transporte ativo é a bomba H+,K+ ATPase, a qual é modulada (estimulação e inibição) por sinais moleculares neuronais e endócrinos. Os IBP, após a ingestão antes da alimentação, ligam-se apenas às bombas ativadas. São metabolizados pelo complexo enzimático do citocromo P450, CYP 2C19 e CYP 3A4, esta característica contribui para interações medicamentosas com outros fármacos que também possuem o mesmo mecanismo de metabolização. Os IBP, geralmente, são bem tolerados pelo organismo. Até o momento, estudos descreveram que as reações adversas mais comuns relatadas são: dor de cabeça, diarréia e náusea, com incidência de < 10%, valores semelhantes quando comparados com placebo e antagonistas dos receptores H2. A terapia de supressão ácida com IBP está associada a benefícios no manejo de doenças ácido-pépticas. O sucesso desta supressão farmacológica para o processo de cicatrização de úlcera e DRGE está refletindo-se na redução de cirurgias eletivas como tratamento destas enfermidades, além da redução da gastropatia associada à utilização de AINEs.

The effects of H.pylori and its crude extracted proteins on isolated rabbit parietal cells acid secretion / 中华内科杂志

Objective To explore the effects of H.pylori and crude extracted proteins secreted by H.pylori(broth culture filtrate protein,BCF-P)on acid secretion from isolated rabbit parietal cells.Methods Parietal cells from rabbit gastric mucosa were isolated and enriched with digestion and elutriation.H.pylori(NCTC 11637,CagA+ VacA+)were grown in liquid broth culture and BCF-P was precipitated with ammonium sulfate.The vacuolation activity of BCF-P was evaluated with neutral red dye uptake test in HeLa cell.Isolated parietal cells were incubated with H.pylori(bacteria/cell=100∶1)for 2 h and 16 h,or BCF-P(100μg/ml)for 1 h and 12 h.Acid secretion from parietal cells was studied using 14C-aminopyrine(14C-AP)accumulation indirectly and H+-K+ ATPase α subunit mRNA expression was assessed using RT-PCR.Results (1)BCF-P containing vacuolating cytotoxin(VacA)with vacuolation activity on HeLa cells had positive result on neutral red uptake test.(2)The basal expression of H+-K+ ATPase α subunit mRNA could be detected in isolated parietal cells and 14C-AP accumulation was significantly increased in response to the stimulation of histamine with different concentrations for 30 min(P＜0.05).These results indicated that the isolated parietal cells retain relative intact acid secretion function.(3)The histamine(1.0×104 mol/L)stimulated acid secretion was inhibited sustainedly in response to H.pylori by 81% at 2 h and by 94% at 16 h(P＜0.05).However,H+-K+ ATPase α subunit mRNA expression was up-regulated in tlle acute period(2 h)and was down-regulated in the chronic period (16 h)by H.pylori(P＜0.05).(4)BCF-P significantly inhibited the histamine-stimulated acid secretion by 24% at 1 h and by 58% at 12 h(P＜0.05),and this inhibition was accompanied by the down-regulated expression of H+-K+ATPase α subunit mRNA.Conclusions Intact H.pylori and VacA secreted by H.pylori could directly inhibit histamine-stimulated acid secretion from parietal cells and this inhibition may be mediated by the down-regulated H+-K+ ATPase expression.

Helicobacter heilmannii-associated Gastritis: Clinicopathologic Findings and Comparison with Helicobacter pylori-associated Gastritis

The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinicopathologic features of Helicobacter heilmannii-associated gastritis and to compare H. heilmannii-associated gastritis with H. pylori-associated gastritis. We reviewed 5,985 consecutive gastric biopsy specimens. All cases of chronic gastritis with Helicobacter infection were evaluated with the Updated Sydney System, and the grades of all gastritis variables were compared between H. heilmannii-associated gastritis and H. pylori-associated gastritis groups. There were 10 cases of H. heilmannii-associated gastritis (0.17%) and 3,285 cases of H. pylori-associated gastritis (54.9%). The organisms were superficially located within the mucous layer without adhesion to epithelial cells. Interestingly, in one case many intracytoplasmic H. heilmannii organisms were observed in parietal cells with cell damage. A case of low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma concomitant with H. heilmannii infection was detected. Compared to H. pylori-associated gastritis, H. heilmannii-associated gastritis showed less severe neutrophilic activity (p<0.0001), mononuclear cell infiltration (p=0.0029), and endoscopic findings of chronic gastritis devoid of erosion or ulcer (p=0.0309). In conclusion, we present the detailed clinicopathologic findings of H. heilmanniiassociated gastritis compared to H. pylori-associated gastritis. H. heilmannii-associated gastritis is uncommon and milder than H. pylori-associated gastritis, however it may be noteworthy with respect to the development of MALT lymphoma.

Relationship of gastric mucosal lesion and parietal oxyntic function in rats under stress as a result of seawater immersion / 解放军医学杂志

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of gastric mucosal lesions and the parietal oxyntic function in rats under stress as a result of seawater-immersion after open abdominal injury. Methods Thirty-two SD rats were subjected to open abdominal injury followed by seawater immersion. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: control, 1h, 2h, 3h stress for 1h, 2h, and 3h groups. The pH value of gastric juice and gastric mucosal ulcer index (UI) were measured. The gastric mucosal lesions were observed with light microscopy, and the ultrastructural changes in parietal cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results There was a significantly negative relationship between UI and pH value (r=-0.70,P

SCRAPING METHOD FOR ISOLATION OF RAT PARIETAL CELLS / 解放军医学杂志

Isolation of rat gastric mucosal cells was performed with scraping method followed by protease and collagenase digestion. Parietal cells were observed and identified with phase-contrast microscopy, light microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin staining, electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and also immunocytochemistry technique. The diameters of parietal cells were measured. The results showed that the mucosal cells were successfully isolated, and it was confirmed that the parietal cells were the biggest cells among all the mucosal cells.

Morphological Adaptive Responses of Gastric Parietal and Colonic Surface Epithelial Cells to Chronic Changes in Dietary Potassium / 대한해부학회지

Potassium (K+) balance is achieved by the control of urinary K+ excretion and by the control of K+ absorption from the digestive tract. It has been established that chronic potassium depletion is associated with a remarkable hypertrophy of the collecting duct of the kidney. But, there is no morphological studies regarding the stomach and distal colon during the chronic changes of potassium diet. Electron microscopy was performed to observe the morphological alterations of the stomach and distal colon in response to chronic changes of potassium diet in rat. Electron microscopy of normal parietal cells revealed the presences of many mitochondia, tubulovesicles, and short basal cytoplasmic processes and microvilli in the intracellular canaliculi. In potasium-depleted parietal cells, mito-chondria were increased in size and number, and tubulovesicles almost disappeared, and microvilli in the intracellular canaliculi were increased in number and length, and short basal cytoplasmic processes were also increased in size and number. Parietal cells of potassium-loading after restriction were found to be almost normal. Two types of surface columnar epithelial cells were present in normal distal colon. Type I cells had many mitochondria and abundant coated vesicles in the supranuclear region. Type II cells had moderate amount of mitochondria and relatively fewer coated vesicles. In comparison with normal, potasium-depleted surface columnar epithelial cells had more abundant and larger mitochondria and more numerous and longer (1.4~1.6 times than normal) microvilli. Surface columnar epithelial cells of potassium-loading after restriction were recovered almost to normal. These results suggest that gastric parietal cells and surface columnar epithelial cells of distal colon adapt through morphological changes to preserve potassium balance during chronic changes of potassium diet.

Activity of H~+-K~+-ATPase in gastric parietal cells under stress in rats and analysis of electron microscopic enzyme cytochemistry / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To demonstrate the changes of activity and electron microscopic enzyme cytochemistry staining of H+-K+-ATPase of gastric parietal cells under stress in rats.METHODS: Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,stress group and stress+omeprazole(OM) group.Water immersion-restraint stress(WRS) model in SD rats was performed.The ulcer index(UI) of gastric mucosa and H+-K+-ATPase activity of gastric parietal cells were measured.The changes of ultrastructure and electron microscopic enzyme cytochemistry staining of parietal cells were observed under transmission electron microscope(TEM).RESULTS: Compared with control group,the UI of gastric mucosa and H+-K+-ATPase activity of gastric parietal cells increased(P

DISTRIBUTION, CLONING AND AMPLIFICATION SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF GnRH GENE IN CULTURED GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS OF RATS / 解剖学报

Objective To study the distribution and sequence analysis of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) gene in cultured gastric parietal cells of rats. Methods The distribution of GnRH molecule and GnRH mRNA were observed out through immunohistochemical ABC methods and in situ hybridization methods in cultured gastric parietal cells of rats. After isolation of the total RNA from the parietal cells, RT PCR was conducted to obtain GnRH cDNA. Then, the products of PCR was purified, digested by the restriction enzyme of Hind Ⅲ and EcoR Ⅰ, and DNA fragments interests were cloned into pUC19 vector. The products of PCR were analyzed by sequenceing with Sanger's method after identified by PCR and digestion of restriction enzyme. Results Gastric parietal cells showed GnRH immunoreactivity, positive material was located in cytoplasm with negative nuclei. GnRH mRNA hybridized signals were also detected in cytoplasm with negative nuclei. The specific amplified band of GnRH mRNA was detected through agarose gel electrophoresis and gene sequence is identical to the GnRH which has been reported in rat hypothalamus.Conclusion Our data suggest that GnRH could be produced by gastric parietal cells of rats and may modulate physiological function of gastric parietal cells of rats.\;[

ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON PARIETAL CELLS OF MOUSE STOMACH USING CL~- LOCALIZATION AND POLYSACCHARIDES STAINING TECHNIQUES / 解剖学报

Cl~- localization and periodic acid-silver methenamine techniques have been used for ultrastructural studies on parietal cells of mouse stomach. Cl~- is located only in the intracellular canaliculi (IC) and intercellular space (IS)of parietal cells. The tubulovesicular system (TS) shows various reactions in periodic acid-silver methenamine staining. The positive reaction was demonstrated in the TS which is located near the apical membranes. This indicates that acid secretion is accompanied by polysaccharides secretion in which the TS takes part, and the polysaccharides secretory activity shows its cyclicity which is characterized by the changes of amounts of secretion. The cycle of parietal cells do not synchronize.