Association of periodontal health with physical and emotional well-being among pre and postmenopausal women in Bangalore: a cross sectional study

Background: Menopausal transition is frequently accompanied by physical, emotional as well as periodontal health changes in pre and postmenopausal women due to the decline in circulating blood oestrogen levels. Aim was to investigate the association of periodontal health with physical and emotional well-being among pre and postmenopausal women aged 35-65 years. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 150 pre and 150 postmenopausal women in Bangalore urban district Women Health Questionnaire was used to assess physical and emotional well-being. WHO Oral Health Assessment form for adults 2013 along with plaque and gingival indexes were used to assess the periodontal health status. Descriptive, bivariate, multiple linear regression analysis were carried out. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age among pre and postmenopausal women were 40.09�24 years and 55.42�7 (p<0.001). The mean scores of depression/anxiety mood; somatic symptoms; memory/concentration; vasomotor symptoms; sleep problem was significantly higher in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal group (p<0.001). The mean number of teeth with gingival bleeding (12.93�0 and 6.94�68); deep periodontal pocket (2.05�61 and 0.44�97) were higher in postmenopausal group in comparison to the other group respectively (p<0.001). Depression was significantly associated with periodontal health of women in both the groups. Conclusions: Women after menopause experienced more physical and emotional changes. Periodontal health status was found to be poor among postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women.

Efecto de talleres de técnica de cepillado monitoreados y supervisados con la técnica "ver-repetir" sobre higiene oral en niños con discapacidad auditiva

Introducción. La salud bucodental de poblaciones vulnerables como aquellas con discapacidad auditiva se enfrenta a barreras de salud por la falta de habilidad para la comunicación resultando en una alta prevalencia de caries, enfermedad periodontal y pérdida dentaria. Objetivo. Disminuir el Índice de O´Leary posterior a talleres de técnica de cepillado monitoreados y supervisados con la técnica "ver-repetir". Materiales y Métodos. Estudio de intervención en estudiantes de una escuela para personas con discapacidad auditiva de Asunción-Paraguay, durante el 2022-2023. Los participantes recibieron entrenamiento de cepillado con la técnica de Bass en modelos y maquetas previo a cada sesión de cepillado. En cada sesión se proveyó a cada participante de cepillo y pasta dental. Se instruyó a padres y maestros para fomentar la técnica en el hogar y en la escuela. Se estableció el Índice de O´Leary previa aplicación de una sustancia reveladora de placa bacteriana. Resultados. Participaron del estudio, 46 niñas y 25 varones entre 4 a 13 años; 12 con dentición temporaria, 41 mixta y 18 permanente. Se realizaron 11 sesiones, siendo 8 la mediana de participación. El índice de O´leary fue al inicio 81,86% ± 26,09% que se redujo significativamente a 11,69% ± 3,94%; en el 100% se redujo a menos de 25%. Los primeros molares permanentes inicialmente cariados fueron restaurados y permanecieron sin recidivas hasta el final. Conclusión. La cantidad de placa bacteriana oral en niños con discapacidad auditiva se puede mantener bajo control siguiendo estrategias de higiene que sean supervisadas y monitoreadas.

Introduction. The oral health of vulnerable populations such as the hearing-impaired face barriers due to lack of communication skills resulting in a high prevalence of caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss. Objective. To decrease O'Leary index after monitored and supervised brushing technique workshops with the "see-repeat" technique. Materials and Methods. Intervention study in students of a school for people with hearing disabilities in Asunción-Paraguay, during 2022-2023. The participants received brushing training with the Bass technique on models and mock-ups prior to each brushing session. In each session, each participant was provided with a toothbrush and toothpaste. Parents and teachers were instructed to promote the technique at home and at school. The O'Leary Index was established after applying a substance that reveals bacterial plaque. Results. 46 girls and 25 boys between 4 and 13 years old participated in the study; 12 with temporary teeth, 41 mixed and 18 permanent. 11 sessions were held, with a median participation of 8. The O'leary index was 81.86% ± 26.09% at the beginning, which was significantly reduced to 11.69% ± 3.94%; in 100% it was reduced to less than 25%. The initially decayed first permanent molars were restored and remained recurrence-free until the end. Conclusion. The amount of oral bacterial plaque in hearing impaired children can be kept under control by following hygiene strategies that are supervised and monitored.

Clinical observation of antibacterial photodynamic therapy assisted subgingival curettage for the treatment of chronic periodontitis / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the efficacy of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to subgingival scaling and root planning in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.@*Methods@#This study followed medical ethics guidelines, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Sixteen patients were recruited for this randomized split-mouth controlled trial. The control group underwent subgingival scaling and root planning (SRP), while the experimental group received subgingival scaling and root planing plus aPDT treatment using Perowave® with a toluidine blue O solution photosensitizer. The probing pocket depth (PD), recession, plaque index (PLI), bleeding index (BI) and proportion of positive sites of bleeding on probing (BOP) (BOP%) at all sites were examined at baseline (before treatment) and at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment.@*Results@#Follow-up was completed for 13 patients. On the control side, 356 teeth were tested at 2 136 sites. A total of 360 teeth on the test side and 2 160 sites were included in the study. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the baseline indicators between the two groups. After treatment, both groups showed significant improvement in clinical parameters, including PD, PLI, BI, and BOP%,compared with baseline. At 3 months, the BOP% and PLI in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The improvement in BOP% and PLI in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group 3 months after treatment (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#aPDT, as an adjuvant treatment to SRP for chronic periodontitis, can improve gingival bleeding and control periodontal inflammation in the early stage.

Clinical study of polyetheretherketone resin-bonded bridge for restoring anterior missing teeth in patients with periodontitis / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To study the clinical effect of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) bonding bridge on the loss of 3 internal incisors in patients with periodontitis.@*Methods@#This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. Thirty-eight patients with periodontitis and 3 missing central or lateral teeth were selected to undergo restoration with a PEEK bonding bridge and then returned to the hospital 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the restoration was completed. The survival rate of the restorations was assessed by the modified USPHS/Ryge criteria. The plaque index, gingival index, periodontal probing depth and attachment loss of the abutments were recorded, and the changes in periodontal tissues after restoration were observed and compared.@*Results@#Over 24 months of clinical follow-up observation of 38 patients, only 1 patient underwent secondary bonding after partial debonding (evaluated as grade B), while bonding was successful in the other 37 cases (evaluated as grade A). The plaque index, gingival index and periodontal probing depth were significantly lower after restoration than before (P<0.05). There was no significant change in attachment loss between before and after restoration (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#For periodontitis patients missing 3 internal incisors, short-term PEEK bonding bridge repair has good clinical efficacy.

Clinical effect of Piezocision combined with a microporous technique on periodontal tissue reconstruction during anterior displacement of mandibular molars in adults / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical effectiveness of Piezocision combined with a microporous technique in accelerating periodontal tissue reconstruction during the anterior migration of mandibular molars in adults.Methods:A prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted on 30 adult orthodontic patients recruited from Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between January 2020 and September 2022. The inclusion criteria were patients who were unable to retain their first molars due to severe caries or long-term absence and were not suitable for implantation. Using the random number table method, the patients were randomly assigned to two groups: a simple orthodontic control group (Group A, n = 15) and a group that received Piezocision combined with a microporous technique (Group B, n = 15). After treatment, a comparison was made between the two groups in terms of mesial movement distance of the mandibular second molar, plaque index, gingival index, periodontal pocket depth, width of keratinized gingiva, gingival recession, clinical attachment loss, mesial root resorption of the mandibular second molar, alveolar bone height (measured as the distance from the center of the lower incisor to the anterior margin of the chin, referred to as the LM-AC distance), mandibular bone height (measured by the distance from the distal or mesial surface of the root to the alveolar bone margin, denoted as the CEJ-AC distance), and orthodontic satisfaction. Results:The mesial movement distances of the mandibular second molar in Group A patients were (0.86 ± 0.13) mm, (2.75 ± 0.24) mm, (3.54 ± 0.24) mm, and (4.67 ± 0.13) mm at 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. These values were significantly greater than those observed in Group B, which were (0.43 ± 0.06) mm, (1.27 ± 0.14) mm, (1.85 ± 0.53) mm, and (2.65 ± 0.06) mm ( t = 6.83, 14.13, 18.24, 23.78, all P < 0.001). Prior to treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in plaque index, gingival index, periodontal pocket depth, width of keratinized gingiva, gingival recession, or clinical attachment loss between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After treatment, Group A did not exhibit statistically significant differences in plaque index, gingival index, width of keratinized gingiva, and gingival recession compared with baseline values (all P > 0.05). However, in Group A, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss significantly increased compared with pretreatment levels ( t = -2.57, -7.50, both P < 0.05). After treatment, Group B exhibited significantly increased values for periodontal pocket depth, width of keratinized gingiva, gingival recession, and clinical attachment loss compared with baseline levels ( t = -8.66, -5.57, -45.33, -9.72, all P < 0.001). Furthermore, these values were significantly higher in Group B compared with those in Group A ( t = -4.28, -3.18, 10.00, 10.69, all P < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was also observed between the two groups in terms of mesial root resorption of the mandibular second molar ( t = 4.14, P < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in LM-AC distance between the two groups after treatment ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:The combination of Piezocision and a microporous technique can effectively accelerate the anterior migration of mandibular molars in adults while maintaining the health of periodontal tissues. This approach holds great potential for clinical promotion.

Enjuagues bucales convencionales y herbales en el tratamiento de la enfermedad periodontal / Conventional and Herbal Mouthwashes in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease

Introducción: Existen datos controversiales y pocas revisiones acerca del efecto de los enjuagues herbales como complemento en la higiene bucal de pacientes con enfermedad periodontal. La reducción en costos y efectos secundarios de estos enjuagues, en comparación con los convencionales, los colocan en una posición prometedora para el cuidado de la salud. Objetivo: Comparar el efecto de los enjuagues bucales convencionales con los enjuagues herbales en la mejora de los siguientes parámetros periodontales: índice gingival, de placa, sangrado al sondaje, profundidad al sondaje y nivel de adherencia clínica en pacientes adultos con gingivitis o periodontitis. Métodos: Se realizó la revisión en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, BVS y EBSCO, para identificar ensayos clínicos donde se comparen enjuagues bucales comerciales vs. herbales, publicados entre 2018 y 2022. Siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA, se utilizó el sistema PICO para determinar la pregunta clínica y una ecuación de búsqueda con criterios de elegibilidad. Resultados: De 485 estudios identificados inicialmente se analizaron 25 ensayos clínicos, de los cuales la mayoría se realizaron en la India (11) y en pacientes sin problemas sistémicos (23). Las muestras evaluadas fueron desde 19 hasta 318 sujetos, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 74 años. El menor tiempo de seguimiento fue de siete días y el mayor de 180 días. Con respecto a los enjuagues evaluados, 20 ensayos usaron clorhexidina y 18 enjuagues a base de plantas herbáceas. Así mismo, seis estudios reportaron efectos adversos y tres reportaron conflictos de interés. Conclusiones: Los aceites esenciales combinados con curcumina redujeron el índice de placa en mayor medida que el enjuague de clorhexidina, que es el estándar dorado. Así mismo, la mayoría de los enjuagues herbales estudiados tuvieron un efecto similar a este último para mejorar los parámetros periodontales(AU)

Introduction: There are controversial data and few reviews about the effect of herbal rinses as an adjunct in oral hygiene in patients with periodontal disease. The reduction in costs and side effects of these rinses, in comparison with conventional rinses, place them in a promising position for health care. Objective: To compare the effect of conventional mouthwashes with herbal rinses in the improvement of the following periodontal parameters: gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and level of clinical adherence in adult patients with gingivitis or periodontitis. Methods: A review was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, BVS and EBSCO databases to identify clinical trials comparing commercial vs. herbal mouthrinses, published between 2018 and 2022. Following PRISMA recommendations, the PICO system was used to determine the clinical question and a search equation with eligibility criteria. Results: Out of 485 studies initially identified, 25 clinical trials were analyzed, of which the majority were conducted in India (11) and in patients without systemic problems (23). The samples evaluated ranged from 19 to 318 subjects, aged 18-74 years. The shortest follow-up time was seven days and the longest was 180 days. Regarding the rinses evaluated, 20 trials used chlorhexidine and 18 used herbal rinses. Also, six studies reported adverse effects and three reported conflicts of interest. Conclusions: Essential oils combined with curcumin reduced plaque index to a greater extent than the gold standard chlorhexidine rinse. Most of the herbal rinses studied had a similar effect to the latter in improving periodontal parameters(AU)

Salivary immunoglobulin levels and periodontal indices in Brazilian children with and without type 1 diabetes

Abstract This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between salivary immunoglobulins, plaque index, and gingival index in Brazilian children with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for the reporting of observational studies was followed. The DM1 group had 38 children, and an equal number of volunteers matched by sex and age were recruited as controls. Clinical examination was performed for plaque index and gingival index determination. Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected. Concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IgM were determined by ELISA test. Data were tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman tests and a multiple linear regression model (p<0.05) was performed. Gingival index was higher in the Control (DM1: 0.16±0.17; Control: 0.24±0.23, p=0.040). In DM1, there was a correlation between IgA and age (rho=0.371, p=0.024), IgM and IgG (rho=0.459, p=0.007), and IgM and gingival index (rho=0.394, p=0.014). In DM1, multiple linear regression showed that age (p=0.041; β=0.363), gingival index (p=0.041; β=0.398), and plaque index (p=0.008; β=-0.506) were good predictors of IgA levels in saliva. Thus, IgA was the only researched immunoglobulin that was directly associated with plaque and gingival indices in Brazilian children with DM1, but not in control subjects.

Comparative evaluation of effectiveness of calibrated inter-dental brushes in maintaining oral hygiene and periodontal health: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: Effective oral hygiene is a crucial factor in maintaining good oral health, which is associated with overall health and health-related quality of life. The control of biofilm is the common pillar of the prevention and control of periodontal disease. The interdental brush (IDB) currently represents the primary and most effective method available for interproximal cleaning compared with brushing alone or the combined use of tooth brushing and dental floss. Methods: A total of 40 participants, with 10 each in control and test group, participated in the study. Clinical examination of gingival index, full mouth bleeding scores and plaque index were recorded supra gingival scaling was performed. Test group- interdental brushes were given and oral hygiene instructions were given through Touch-to Teach method (TOP). At 4 week and 6 week follow up oral hygiene instructions were repeated to respective groups. After 3 months, clinical examination was done and exit survey on patient-reported outcome measures was administered. Results: Intergroup comparison of gingival index, plaque index and pocket probing depth showed statistically significant difference between test and control group. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, we concluded that the appropriate use of interdental brushes along with effective oral hygiene maintenance using TOP permitted proper cleaning of the area with a significant reduction in plaque and gingivitis.

Evaluation of plaque index, gingival index and oral health-related quality of life in obese patients / Evaluación del índice de placa, índice gingival y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal en pacientes obesos

Obesity is a chronic disease that may be related to caries, periodontitis, xerostomia, and dental erosion, as well as increasing morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plaque index (Silness & Löe, 1964), the gingival index (Löe & Silness, 1963), and the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in obese patients. The study included 45 extremely obese, 45 obese, and 45 normal-weight individuals between the ages of 18 and 58. The plaque index and gingival index of the individuals were determined by clinical examination by probing. In addition, the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire was used for the OHRQoL. The IBM SPSS Statistic 22.0 software program was used for the statistical evaluation of the study data. The plaque index and gingival index values were statistically higher in obese compared to normal weight individuals (p0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the OHIP-14 total scores of the groups (p>0.05). Increased apparent plaque index and gingival index values in obese patients may adversely affect periodontal health.

La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica que puede estar relacionada con caries, periodontitis, xerostomía y erosión dental, además de aumentar la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el índice de placa, el índice gingival y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal (CVSB) en pacientes obesos. El estudio incluyó a 45 individuos extremadamente obesos, 45 obesos y 45 de peso normal entre las edades de 18 y 58 años. El índice de placa y el índice gingival de los individuos se determinaron mediante examen clínico y sondaje periodontal. Además, se utilizó el cuestionario Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) para la evaluación CVSB. Se utilizó el programa informático IBM SPSS Statistic 22.0 para la evaluación estadística. Los valores del índice de placa y del índice gingival fueron estadísticamente más altos en obesos en comparación con los individuos de peso normal (p0,05). No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las puntuaciones totales de OHIP-14 de los grupos (p>0,05). El aumento del índice de placa aparente y los valores del índice gingival en pacientes obesos pueden afectar negativamente la salud periodontal.

Efficacy of minocycline hydrochloride ointment combined with metronidazole film in the treatment of periodontitis and their effects on C-reactive protein and elastase levels in gingival crevicular fluid / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of minocycline hydrochloride ointment combined with metronidazole film in the treatment of periodontitis and their effects on C-reactive protein and elastase levels in the gingival crevicular fluid.Methods:76 patients with periodontitis who received treatment in Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from May 2019 to January 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly allocated to undergo treatment with metronidazole film (control group, n = 38) or minocycline hydrochloride ointment plus metronidazole film (observation group, n = 38) for 4 weeks. We compared clinical efficacy, periodontal system examination indexes (gingival index, periodontal probing pocket depth, gingival bleeding index, plaque index, loss of attachment), gingival crevicular fluid biochemical markers (C-reactive protein, elastase in the pellet, elastase in the supernatant) measured before and after treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions, and the recurrence rate within half a year after treatment between the two groups. Results:The total response rate was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group [97.37% (37/38) vs. 78.95% (30/38), χ2 = 6.17 , P < 0.05]. Gingival index, periodontal probing pocket depth, gingival bleeding index, plaque index, and loss of attachment measured after treatment were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (all P < 0.001). C-reactive protein, elastase in the pellet, and elastase in the supernatant measured after treatment were (5.31 ± 1.19) μg/L, (0.70 ± 0.20) Abs/mL, (0.48 ± 0.19) Abs/mL respectively in the observation group, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(7.92 ± 1.27) μg/L, (1.15 ± 0.52) Abs/mL, (1.12 ± 0.31) Abs/mL, t = 9.24, 4.97, 10.85, all P < 0.001]. The recurrence rate within half a year in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [2.63% (1/38) vs. 20% (6/38), χ2 = 3.93, P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Minocycline hydrochloride ointment combined with metronidazole film is safe and effective in the treatment of periodontitis. The combined therapy help downregulate the levels of C-reactive protein, elastase in the pellet, elastase in the supernatant of the gingival crevicular fluid, alleviate inflammation, improve the periodontal status, and reduce the recurrence rate.

Endoscope-assisted subgingival scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis: systematic evaluation of effects / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To evaluate the clinical effect of endoscopic-assisted subgingival scaling and root planning (SRP) in the treatment of periodontitis. @*Methods@#PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang Data, and VIP databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to endoscopy-assisted SRP. The search time limit was from the establishment of the database to September 15, 2021. The outcome indicators included in the study included the plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), and bleeding index (BI). Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 12.0 software were used for the meta-analysis.@* Results@#A total of 111 studies were retrieved, and 5 quantitative studies were included after screening. Meta-analysis showed that for sites with 4 mm ≤ PD < 6 mm, 3 and 6 months after treatment, there was no significant difference in the PD value between the endoscope assisted group and the simple SRP group (P > 0.05); for sites with PD ≥ 6 mm, the PD value of the endoscope assisted group was smaller than that of the simple SRP group 3 and 6 months after treatment. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in PLI, Al or BI between the two groups (P > 0.05). @*Conclusion@#Compared with simple SRP, the auxiliary use of endoscopy has a better effect on reducing PD in deep periodontal pockets (PD ≥ 6 mm). However, for clinical indicators such as PLI, AL, and BI, there was no difference between the therapeutic effects of the two methods.

Therapeutic effects of Guchisan combined with orthodontics therapy on chronic periodontitis with syndrome of excessive stomach fire in 33 patients / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of Guchisan combined with orthodontics therapy on serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. Methods:Sixty-six patients with chronic periodontitis who received treatment in Zhejiang Xin'an International Hospital between July 2013 and July 2019 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into control group ( n = 33) and treatment group ( n = 33). Both control and treatment groups received conventional interventions. The control group was treated with orthodontics therapy. The treatment group was treated with Guchisan (0.5 g once, twice a day, 2-3 minutes once) based on orthodontics therapy for 1 month. Gingival index, probing depth, attachment loss, plaque index, gingival bleeding index, and latency to symptom improvement were compared between the two groups. Clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups. Serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels were measured in each group. Results:After treatment, gingival index [(0.51 ± 0.06) vs. (1.12 ± 0.15), t = 21.69], probing depth [(2.01 ± 0.22) mm vs. (2.67 ± 0.30) mm, t = 6.50], attachment loss [(1.10 ± 0.13) mm vs. (1.70 ± 0.18) mm, t = 9.90], plaque index [(0.47 ± 0.05) vs. (1.08 ± 0.13), t = 25.57], and gingival bleeding index [(0.58 ± 0.07) vs. (1.09 ± 0.13), t = 19.84] were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.01). Latency to tooth loosening [(8.81 ± 0.96) days vs. (13.03 ± 1.62) days, t = 15.01], halitosis [(3.04 ± 0.33) days vs. (7.03 ± 0.76) days, t = 27.66], and swollen gums [(2.21 ± 0.24) days vs. (4.55 ± 0.51) days, t = 23.85] were significantly shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.01). Total response rate in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group (93.94% vs. 69.70%, χ2 = 4.99, P = 0.025). After treatment, serum levels of TNF-α [(4.01 ± 0.44) ng/L vs. (5.31 ± 0.58) ng/L, t = 10.26] and IL-1β [(16.04 ± 1.97) mg/L vs. (18.30 ± 2.55) mg/L, t = 4.03] in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group (both P < 0.01). Conclusion:Based on conventional treatment, Guchisan combined with orthodontics therapy for treatment of chronic periodontitis with syndrome of excessive stomach fire can greatly improve symptoms of periodontal disease and enhance clinical efficacy. Lowering serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels may be one of effective action ways of this combined therapy.

Análisis Comparativo de la Eficacia, Comodidad y Seguridad del Cepillo Eléctrico Oscilante-Rotatorio Oral-B en Pacientes Portadores de Ortodoncia Fija: Un Ensayo Clínico Aleatorizado / Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy, Comfort and Safety of the Oral-B Oscillating-Rotary Electric Toothbrush in Patients with Fixed Orthodontia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

La higiene oral es fundamental en pacientes en tratamiento de ortodoncia. Actualmente hay una oferta amplia de cepillos eléctricos con este fin. El objetivo del presente estudio, fue determinar la eficacia y la comodidad del cep illo eléctrico Oral-B® Professional Care 500 en pacientes portadores de ortodoncia. Se realizó un ensayo clínico, randomizado, doble ciego, unicéntrico, con una muestra de 90 pacientes, divididos en dos grupos: 45 pacientes utilizaron cepillo eléctrico y 45 sujetos utilizaron cepillos manuales durante 90 días. Se determinó la efectividad con los índices O'leary, índice de placa de bracket e índice de Eastman al inicio, a los 30 y a los 90 días de uso de los cepillos y se evaluó la comodidad del cepillo eléctrico mediante una encuesta de satisfacción al término del estudio. Al analizar los datos, se observó una disminución significativa en los índices de O'leary y de placa de bracket en ambos grupos,mientras que se observó una disminución significativa en el índice de Eastman sólo en el grupo que utilizó el cepillo eléctrico. El resultado de la encuesta, indica qu e, en opinión de los participantes del estudio, el cepillo eléctrico es cómodo, fácil de usar y recomendable para pacientes con aparatología fija. En conclusión, el cepillo eléctrico Oral-B® Professional Care 500 resultó ser efectivo y cómodo al ser usado por pacientes portadores de ortodoncia fija y puede ser recomendado para este tipo de pacientes.

Oral hygiene is essential in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Currently there is a wide offer of electric brushes for this purpose. The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy and comfort of the Oral-B® Professional Care 500 electric toothbrush in orthodontic wearers. A double-blind, single-center clinical trial was carried out, in which the sample was 90 patients, these were randomized into two groups: 45 patients with electric toothbrush treatment and 45 subjects with manual toothbrush treatment. The effectiveness was determined with the O'leary indexes, the bracket plate index and the Eastman index. For the evaluation of comfort, a survey was used. Statistical analysis was performed with the Shapiro-Wilks test and the Mann-Whitney U test, in which a significant decrease was found in the O'leary index and bracket plate index in the group that used the electro-oscillating brush rotary and a greater decrease in the Eastman index was observed in the same group. In conclusion, the electric toothbrush is comfortable and easy to use, recommended for patients with fixed appliances.

Índice de Placa Bacteriana, Índice Gingival y Prueba de Silometría en Pacientes con Síndrome de Sjögren Primario y Secundario / Bacterial Plate Index, Gingival Index, and Silometry Testing in Patients With Primary and Secondary Sjögren's Syndrome

El síndrome de Sjögren (SS) es una enfermedad crónica autoinmune presente en el 0.1 - 3.0 % de la población, en la que se encuentran involucradas las glándulas salivales, trayendo consigo manifestaciones orales como caries dental y enfermedad periodontal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el índice de placa, el índice gingival y la prueba de sialometría en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren primario y secundario. Fueron evaluados clínicamente 40 pacientes con SS primario (n=20) y SS secundario (n=20), ambos grupos diagnosticados con periodontitis crónica. Se registró el índice de placa de Quigley-Hein modificado por Turesky, el índice gingival de Löe y la prueba de silometría estimulada, recolectando saliva parotídea con el dispositivo Carlson-Crittenden. Los pacientes con SS primario tuvieron un índice de placa de (3,53±0,5954) e índice gingival (2,41±0,2608). En pacientes con SS secundario el índice de placa fue (1,62±0,3795) y el índice gingival (1,48±0,3994), con diferencia significativa (p=0,0001) entre ambos grupos. El flujo salival se elevó en pacientes con SS secundario. El presente estudio concluye que el índice de placa y el índice gingival fueron mayores en pacientes con SS primario comparados con pacientes con SS secundario. La prueba de sialometría fue mayor en pacientes con SS secundario.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease present in 0.1 - 3.0 % of the population, in which the salivary glands are involved, bringing with it oral manifestations such as dental caries and periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the plaque index, gingival index and the sialometry test in patients with primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Forty patients with primary SS (n = 20) and secondary SS (n = 20), both groups diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, were evaluated clinically. The Quigley-Hein plaque index modified by Turesky, the gingival index of Löe and stimulated sialometry test collected from parotid gland by using Carlson-Crittenden device were recorded. The patients with primary SS had plaque index (3.53 ± 0.5954) and gingival index (2.41 ± 0.2608). The patients with secondary SS had a plaque index (1.62 ± 0.3795) and gingival index (1.48 ± 0.3994), with significant difference between both groups. The present study concludes that plaque index and gingival index were higher in patients with primary SS than patients with secondary SS. Sialometry test were higher in patients with secondary SS.

The effectiveness of apple, sugar-free chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and tooth brushing in the reduction of plaque index: Crossover randomized clinical trial

Background: The implementation of the self-cleaning practice is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of oral health and to remove the human dental biofilm which is considered the main etiological factor for the development of caries and periodontal diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apples as forms of mechanical control and removal of the dental biofilm in the absence of brushing. Materials and Methods: Eighteen volunteers were submitted to plaque index evaluation after a period of 24 hours of no oral hygiene. Then, they would use one of the methods: chewing gum, Rolly Brush®, apple or tooth brushing, chosen by a draw, for one minute, and then, plaque index was evaluated again. This stage was repeated until all participants were submitted to all selected methods, in periods of 24 hours each. Results: Dental brushing was more effective when compared to each of the other methods applied and there was a statistically significant reduction of dental plaque index after apllying all methods of cleaning in all groups. Conclusion: Chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apple may be used as auxiliary to dental brushing or when such method is impossible to be performed. Clinicaltrials.gov: number of protocol NCT 03.601.585.

Fundamento: A implementação da prática de autolimpeza é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da saúde bucal e remoção do biofilme dental humano que é considerado o principal fator etiológico para o desenvolvimento de cáries e doenças periodontais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã como formas de controle mecânico e remoção do biofilme dental na ausência de escovação. Materiais e Métodos: Dezoito voluntários foram submetidos à avaliação do índice de placa após um período de 24 horas sem higiene bucal. Em seguida, utilizariam um dos métodos: goma de mascar, Rolly Brush®, ingerir uma maçã e escovar os dentes, escolhida por sorteio, por um minuto, e então, o índice de placa era novamente avaliado. Essa etapa foi repetida até que todos os participantes fossem submetidos a todos os métodos selecionados, em períodos de 24 horas cada. Resultados: A escovação dentária foi mais eficaz quando comparada a cada um dos outros métodos aplicados e houve redução estatisticamente significativa do índice de placa dentária após a aplicação do método de limpeza em todos os grupos. Conclusão: Goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã podem ser utilizados como auxiliares da escovação dentária ou quando tal método for impossível de ser realizado. Clinicaltrials.gov: Número do protocolo NCT 03.601.585.

Comparison of the efficacy of parental brushing using powered versus manual tooth brush A randomized, four-period, two-treatment, single-blinded crossover study

Background: Children <5 years of age need parental assistance with tooth brushing. Purpose: The aim is to compare the efficacy of manual and powered toothbrushes for plaque removal when used by parents to brush their children's teeth. Methods: This randomized, four-period, two-treatment, examiner-blinded, crossover clinical trial comprised children aged 3–5 years. Tooth brushing was performed by the parent using a manual or powered toothbrush. Pre- and post-brushing plaque assessments were performed using the Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index. Differences in plaque scores were calculated using the paired t-test. Results: A significant difference (P < 0.001) in the reduction of the plaque score was observed between the manual and powered tooth brushing groups. Conclusion: Powered toothbrushes performed significantly better than manual toothbrushes in terms of plaque removal when used by parents to brush their child's teeth.

Índice de higiene oral simplificado en escolares de 6 años de edad, Ecuador, 2016 / Simplified oral hygiene index in schoolchildren of 6 years of age, Ecuador, 2016

Resumen Introducción: La salud bucal tiene una relación dinámica con la salud general y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo del estudio realizado fue determinar el índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado en niños de 6 años de edad de la parroquia Chiquintad del cantón Cuenca, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se manejó una muestra de 51 escolares de ambos sexos, se utilizó el Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado de Greene y Vermillion aplicado en dentición decidua que consta de un índice de placa blanda y el índice de placa calcificada. Conclusiones: La media de IHO-S en la parroquia Chiquintad fue 0,458 sin presentar una diferencia significativa entre los sexos. El nivel de higiene oral fue bueno en ambos sexos (90%), no se presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos (valor p 0,389).

Abstract Introduction: Oral health has a dynamic relationship with the general health and quality of life of patients. Objective: of the study was to determine the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in 6-year-old children of the Chiquintad of the Cantón Cuenca, in the year 2016. Methods: A sample of 51 schoolchildren of both sexes was used, the Hygiene Index was used Simplified oral of Greene and Vermillion applied in deciduous dentition consisting of a soft plaque index and calcified plaque index. Conclusions: The mean of IHO-S in the Chiquintad parish was 0.458 without presenting a significant difference between the sexes. The level of oral hygiene was good in both sexes (90%), there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p value 0.389).

Gingival Health Related to Intake of Different Types of Foods and Body Mass Index in 12-year-old Schoolchildren / Salud gingival y su relación con la ingesta de diferentes tipos de alimentos y el índice de masa corporal en escolares de 12 años

Abstract: Research on gingival health of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Costa Rica is scarce. Since nutrition is an integral component of oral health, this study aimed to determine gingival status of 12-year-olds at Carmen Lyra Public School, San José, Costa Rica, and correlate these variables with the frequency of intake of different types of food and body mass index (BMI (kg/m2)). Sixty-two 12-year-old schoolchildren were recruited. A periodontist assessed Plaque Index (Silness and Löe,1964), presence of calculus, and Gingival Index (Löe and Silness, 1967). Gingivitis was defined as the presence of bleeding on probing (BOP) on at least one site, and the extent was classified according to the percentage of teeth whose gingiva presented BOP limited: 25-49% of teeth tested; extensive >50% of teeth tested. A semi-quantified food consumption frequency questionnaire was administered. BMI was calculated for each participant. Overall Plaque Index was 1.18. Calculus was present on 40.40% of the sample, 19.4% had supragingival calculus and 21% had either supragingival/subgingival calculus or both. Presence of calculus was related with number of bleeding surfaces (p=0.030). Number of teeth with calculus was related to bleeding(p=0.029), and number of bleeding surfaces (p=0.009). Gingival Index was 0.97, mild gingivitis. Gingivitis was present on 96.8% of children examined. Limited gingivitis was present in 11.5% of children and extensive gingivitis in 88.5%. None of the variables measured differed by gender. No relationships were found between the consumption of starchy foods, animal and vegetable protein sources, fruit, vegetables, fast foods, sugar sweetened beverages and desserts with Plaque Index, calculus, Gingival Index, and BOP. Teeth calculus was related with being overweight (chi- square=0.038). BMI for males was 20.21 and females 20.11. BMI was not related to BOP or calculus. Within the limitations of this pilot study, we concluded the prevalence of gingivitis and calculus is high in the sample examined. A greater sample is needed to determine correlations between the frequency of foods evaluated and gingival health.

Resumen: La investigación sobre la salud gingival en escolares de 12 años en Costa Rica es escasa. Dado que la nutrición es un componente integral de la salud oral, este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el estado de salud gingival de los niños de 12 años de la escuela Carmen Lyra, San José, Costa Rica, y correlacionar estas variables con la frecuencia de ingesta de diferentes tipos de alimentos y el índice de masa corporal (IMC (kg/m2)). Sesenta y dos escolares de 12 años fueron reclutados. Una periodoncista calibrada, evaluó el índice de placa (Silness y Löe, 1964), la presencia de cálculo y el índice gingival (Löe y Silness, 1967). La gingivitis se definió como la presencia de sangrado al sondaje en al menos un sitio. La extensión se clasificó de acuerdo con el porcentaje de dientes que presentaba sangrado al sondaje. Entre un 25-49% de los dientes con sangrado al sondaje, gingivitis limitada y extensiva, si presentaba más del 50% de dientes con sangrado al sondaje. Se administró un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. El IMC se calculó para cada participante. El índice de placa fue de 1,18. El cálculo estuvo presente en el 40.40% de la muestra, el 19.4% tenía cálculo supragingival y el 21% tenía cálculo supragingival / subgingival o ambos. La presencia de cálculo se relacionó con el número de superficies sangrantes (p=0.030). El número de dientes con cálculo, se relacionó con el sangrado (p=0.029) y el número de superficies sangrantes (p=0.009). El índice gingival fue de 0.97, gingivitis leve. La gingivitis estuvo presente en el 96,8% de los niños examinados. La gingivitis limitada estuvo presente en el 11.5% de los niños y la gingivitis extensa en el 88.5%. Ninguna de las variables evaluadas difirió por género. No se encontraron relaciones entre el consumo de harinas, fuentes de proteínas animales y vegetales, frutas, verduras, comidas rápidas, bebidas azucaradas y postres con el índice de placa, cálculo, índice gingival y sangrado al sondaje. El cálculo se relacionó con el sobrepeso (chi-cuadrado=0.038). El IMC para los hombres fue 20.21 y las mujeres 20.11. El IMC no estaba relacionado con el sangrado al sondaje o cálculo. Dentro de las limitaciones de este estudio piloto, concluimos que la prevalencia de gingivitis y cálculo es alta en la muestra examinada. Se necesita una muestra mayor para determinar las correlaciones entre la ingesta de los diferentes tipos de alimentos evaluados y la salud gingival.

Investigation of dental caries and periodontal conditions in maintenance hemodialysis patients / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To compare the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease in patients with end-stage renal disease treated with maintenance hemodialysis with that in healthy controls and to investigate the relationship between end-stage renal disease, dental caries and periodontal disease.@*Methods @#A total of 82 maintenance hemodialysis patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected as the case group, and 86 healthy persons who underwent oral examination in the physical examination center were selected as the control group. Dental caries and periodontal conditions were examined in the two groups. The dental caries examination was conducted by determining the number of decayed-missing-filled teeth, which was recorded as recommended by the World Health Organization. The periodontal condition parameters included the plaque index, calculus index, bleeding on probing, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss.@*Results@#The prevalence of dental caries in the case group and healthy control group was 87.8% and 81.4%, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The periodontal indexes, including the plaque index, calculus index, probe bleeding index, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level, in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the prevalence of periodontitis in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (97.6% vs 88.4%, P < 0.05).@*Conclusion@#The dental caries conditions were comparable between the case group and the control group, but the prevalence and severity of periodontitis were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group.

Application of three-dimensional printed digital surgical guide in the anterior maxillary dental implant / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Conventional implantation at anterior aesthetic region is difficult to achieve ideal three-dimensional position, and needs high implantation accuracy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical application effect of three-dimensional printed digital guide technology in anterior dental implant. METHODS: Eighty-six cases of dental implants were divided into two groups. Control group (n=43, 52 implants) received conventional dental implantation. Trial group (n=43, 52 implants) received implantation under three-dimensional printed digital guides. The accuracy of the three-dimensional position of the implants was measured. The modified plaque index, modified bleeding index, probing depth and the satisfaction of patients with implant denture were measured at 6 months after implantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The errors of vertical and horizontal directions at the top and the root after implantation in the trial group were significantly fewer than those in the control group (P < 0.05). (2) The modified plaque index, modified bleeding index, and probing depth in the trial group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). (3) The satisfaction of patients in the trial group was 98% (42/43), which was higher than 86% (37/43) in the control group. (4) In summary, three-dimensional printed digital guide plate used in dental implant dentures can improve the three-dimensional position accuracy after implantation and improve the postoperative clinical effect.