Actualización del análisis de los movimientos mandibulares a través de articulografía electromagnética / Updating the analysis of mandibular movements through electromagnetic articulography

El objetivo de registrar los movimientos mandibulares es obtener parámetros relevantes que permitan evaluar el estado de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) y de los músculos involucrados en la masticación. El movimiento mandibular se debe a un conjunto complejo de rotaciones y traslaciones tridimensionales realizadas por la ATM, limitado por los ligamentos y las superficies articulares de estas, y por la morfología y la alineación de los dientes, cuando la mandíbula se desplaza sobre estos límites, se llaman movimientos bordeantes mandibulares. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una descripción actualizada de los movimientos mandibulares a través de articulografía electromagnética. Los movimientos mandibulares bordeantes se clasifican según el plano del espacio en que se muevan, de esta manera tenemos movimientos bordeantes en el plano sagital, en el plano horizontal y el plano frontal, y en cada plano dibujan un polígono distinto, llamados polígonos de Posselt. Estos polígonos pueden ser registrados mediante Articulografía electromagnética, gracias a esta tecnología también se pueden extraer algunos parámetros interesantes, como por ejemplo: la trayectoria total recorrida por la mandíbula al describir cada polígono, rangos de desplazamiento en cada plano, área total de cada polígono de Posselt. La apertura mandibular se mide como la distancia entre los márgenes incisales de los incisivos centrales superiores e inferiores en apertura máxima más la sobremordida. El análisis de esta es una parte importante del examen clínico en odontología, ya que una apertura limitada puede ser resultado de trastornos en la articulación temporomandibular, fibrosis oral submucosa, enfermedad reumática o trauma facial. Las mediciones tridimensionales que se obtienen gracias a la Articulografía electromagnética, son apropiados para determinar los rangos normales de apertura, su exactitud permite la realización de investigaciones en el área, abriendo un amplio campo en el análisis de los movimientos mandibulares.

SUMMARY: The objective of recording mandibular movements is to obtain relevant parameters that allow the evaluation of the state of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and of the muscles involved in mastication. Mandibular movement is due to a complex set of three-dimensional rotations and translations performed by the TMJ, limited by the ligaments and their articular surfaces, and by the morphology and alignment of the teeth, when the mandible moves over these limits, they are called mandibular border movements. The aim of this article is to provide an updated description of mandibular movements through electromagnetic articulography. Mandibular border movements are classified according to the plane of space in which they move, thus we have border movements in the sagittal plane, in the horizontal plane and the frontal plane, and in each plane they draw a different polygon, called Posselt polygons. These polygons can be recorded by electromagnetic articulography, thanks to this technology some interesting parameters can also be extracted, such as: the total trajectory covered by the mandible when describing each polygon, displacement ranges in each plane, total area of each polygon of Posselt. Mandibular opening is measured as the distance between the incisal edges of the upper and lower central incisors at maximum opening plus the overbite. The analysis of mandibular opening is an important part of the clinical examination in dentistry as a preliminary evaluation, since limited opening can be the result of temporomandibular joint disorders, submucous oral fibrosis, rheumatic disease or facial trauma. The three-dimensional measurements that are obtained thanks to the electromagnetic Articulography, are appropriate to determine the normal ranges of opening, its accuracy allows the realization of investigations in the area, opening a wide field in the analysis of mandibular movements. Analysis of mandibular opening is an important part of the clinical examination in dentistry, since limited opening can be the result of temporomandibular joint disorders, oral submucous fibrosis, rheumatic disease, or facial trauma. Analysis of mandibular opening is an important part of the clinical examination in dentistry, since limited opening can be the result of temporomandibular joint disorders, oral submucous fibrosis, rheumatic disease, or facial trauma. The three-dimensional measurements that are obtained thanks to the electromagnetic Articulography, are appropriate to determine the normal ranges of opening, its accuracy allows the realization of investigations in the area, opening a wide field in the analysis of mandibular movements.

Application of nasal aesthetic polygon theory in reconstruction of new domes by costal cartilage on nasal tip / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To explore the application of nasal aesthetic polygon theory in the reconstruction of new domes on nasal tip with autogenous costal cartilage.Methods:From June 2019 to June 2021, 116 patients (26 males and 90 females) received rhinoplasty, CT-assisted examination of the costal cartilage, nasal bone and nasal cartilage was performed, and the autogenous costal cartilaginous cortex was used to make dome reconstruction grafts that were transplanted to the original alar cartilage and partially fixed to the original nasal septum cartilage to form a satisfactory and natural nasal shape.Results:All the patients were followed up for 6-24 months. No cartilaginous, overrotated or underrotated appearance was found in nasal tip. The shape of nasal tip was clear and good, with an obvious performance point and full lower lobule. The nose was tall and straight, and looked natural and beautiful in three dimensions.Conclusions:The nasal aesthetic polygon theory is used to guide the reconstruction of new domes with autogenous costal cartilage in nasal tip surgery. Compared to the cap and shield grafts, the nasal tip is more close to the normal anatomical structure, the shape and texture are more similiar to the natural state and the nasal tip is softer by using autogenous costal cartilage, and so it is an ideal surgical procedure for nasal tip reconstruction.

Caracterización espacial de la ganadería bovina en la Orinoquia colombiana / Spatial characterization of the bovine livestock in the Colombian Orinoquia

RESUMEN Objetivo. Utilizar los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) como herramienta complementaria para caracterizar la ganadería bovina realizada en la región de la Orinoquia. Materiales y métodos. A través del uso de tecnologías espaciales se recopiló la información concerniente a la orientación ganadera, fisiografía, cobertura vegetal y catastro de la zona de estudio para su posterior análisis a través del software ACCESS de Microsoft. Resultados. En un alto porcentaje de los predios ganaderos ubicados en los cuatro departamentos de la Orinoquía (Casanare:72.7%, Meta:49.5%, Arauca:42% y Vichada:32%) predominan las coberturas de pastos, herbazales y vegetación secundaria, confirmando la expansión en la frontera agropecuaria que es promovida por la actividad ganadera en el país. Conclusiones. El uso de los SIG, permite realizar una mejor planificación y distribución eficiente de los recursos destinados a mejorar el funcionamiento de los sistemas de producción. Por ejemplo, en zonas donde la matriz de coberturas predominante son los pastizales y herbazales, las estrategias en pro de la sostenibilidad pueden enfocarse en la implementación de sistemas silvopastoriles, contrario a lo que pasaría en zonas donde la matriz de coberturas tenga un alto porcentaje de bosques naturales.

ABSTRACT Objective. Use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a complementary tool to characterize cattle farming in the Orinoquia region. Materials and methods. Through the use of space technologys, information concerning the livestock orientation, physiography, vegetation cover and land registry of the study zone was collected for further analysis over Microsoft ACCESS software. Results. In a high percentage of the cattle ranches located in the four departments (Casanare: 72.7%, Meta: 49.5%, Arauca: 42% and Vichada: 32%) the cover of pastures, grasslands and secondary vegetation predominates, confirming the expansion in the agricultural border that has had the cattle activity in the country. Conclusions. The use of complementary tools such as GIS allows for better planning and efficient distribution of resources to improve the functioning of production systems, for example, in zones where the predominant coverage matrix is grasslands, strategies in pro of sustainability can focus on the implementation of silvopastoral systems, contrary to what would happen in areas where the matrix has a high percentage of natural forests.

Polígonos de Voronoi como alternativa aos problemas das Áreas Mínimas Comparáveis: uma análise das mudanças populacionais na Região Norte do Brasil / Polígonos de Voronoi como alternativa a los problemas de las Áreas Mínimas Comparables: un análisis de los cambios poblacionales en la región norte de Brasil / Voronoi poligons as an alternative for problems in minimum comparable areas: an analysis of demographic changes in Northern Brazil

Este artigo propõe uma metodologia alternativa para construção de Áreas Mínimas Comparáveis - AMC e um método de ponderação de variáveis socioeconômicas para essas AMC. A análise empírica - em particular na área de economia - das mudanças populacionais, econômicas e sociais em nível municipal é tarefa razoavelmente complexa. Isso ocorre devido às constantes emancipações de distritos a partir do desmembramento de outros municípios. O método de agregação comumente utilizado segue a mesma lógica da divisão territorial, o qual gera viés nos testes estatísticos. Neste trabalho, propõe-se um método alternativo de construção de AMC, aplicando os Polígonos de Voronoi - PV e agregando os dados por ponderação. Para testar o método proposto, avaliaram-se as mudanças populacionais ocorridas na Região Norte, entre 1980 e 2000, à luz da Nova Geografia Econômica - NGE, comparando-o com o método de AMC adotado pelo Ipea. O modelo de AMC com PV apresentou melhor ajustamento dos dados e coerência no comportamento das variáveis de acordo com a teoria. Com esse desempenho, trabalhos futuros que visem análises espaciais com o uso de PV, seguramente, deverão apresentar resultados mais satisfatórios, haja vista que por esta metodologia os dados são agrupados seguindo a lógica dos efeitos espaciais de vizinhança.

Este artículo propone una metodología alternativa para la construcción de Áreas Mínimas Comparables, en lo sucesivo AMC, y un método de ponderación de variables socioeconómicas para esas AMC. El análisis empírico, en particular en el área de economía, de los cambios poblacionales, económicos y sociales en el nivel municipal es una tarea razonablemente compleja. Esto se produce debido a la constante formación de distritos a partir del desmembramiento de otros municipios. El método de agregación utilizado habitualmente sigue la misma lógica de división territorial, que genera sesgos en los tests estadísticos. En este trabajo, se propone un método alternativo de construcción de AMC, aplicando los Polígonos de Voronoi, en adelante PV, y agregando datos por ponderación. Para comprobar el método propuesto, se evaluaron los cambios poblacionales ocurridos en la región norte entre 1980 y 2000, a la luz de la Nueva Geografía Económica, en adelante NGE, comparándolo con el método de AMC adoptado por el Ipea. El modelo de AMC con PV presentó un mejor ajuste de datos y coherencia en el comportamiento de las variables, de acuerdo con la teoría. Con este desempeño, los futuros trabajos que tengan por objeto análisis espaciales con el uso de PV, seguramente, deberán presentar resultados más satisfactorios, considerando que por esta metodología los datos se agrupan siguiendo la lógica de los efectos espaciales por semejanza.

This article presents an alternative methodology for constructing minimum comparable areas (MCAs) and a method for weighting socioeconomic variables for such MCAs. Empirical analysis - especially in the area of economics - of demographic, economic and social changes at the municipal level is a reasonably complex task. This is so because of the constant creation of new districts produced by the division of present municipalities. The method of aggregation normally used follows the same logic of territorial division, which generates biases in statistical tests. In this article the authors propose an alternative method for constructing MCAs by applying Voronoi polygons and aggregating the data by weighting. To test the method proposed, demographic changes that took place in the Northern Region of Brazil between 1980 and 2000 were evaluated in the light of New Economic Geography (NEG), comparing it with the MCA method adopted by IPEA. The MCA model with Voronoi polygons showed the best adjustment of the data and consistency regarding the behavior of the variables according to the theory. With this performance, further research aimed at carrying out spatial analyses with the use of Voronoi polygons will most likely present more satisfactory results since, by means of this methodology, the data is grouped according to the logic of neighboring spatial effects.