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Abstract Background: Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) deficiency has great implications on graft survival in kidney transplant patients. This systematic review investigated the diagnostic pattern, treatment approach, and kidney transplant outcomes among kidney transplant patients with adenine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency. Material and methods: Articles reporting the APRT enzyme deficiency and kidney allograft dysfunction were retrieved from PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Cochrane library and Google scholar databases. Descriptive analysis was used to draw inferences. Results: The results from 20 selected studies covering 30 patients receiving 39 grafts had an average age of 46.37 years are presented. Graft survival time of more than 6 months was reported in 23 (76.7%) patients, while other 7 (23.3%) patients had graft survival time of less than 6 months. Only 4 (13.3%) patients had APRT deficiency before transplantation. After follow-up, one-third of the patients 10 (33.3%) had stable graft function, 1 patient had allograft loss, 8 (26.6%) patients had delayed graft function while the remaining 11 (36.6%) patients had chronic kidney graft dysfunction. Conclusions: APRT deficiency is an under-recognized, treatable condition that causes reversible crystalline nephropathy, leading to loss of allograft or allograft dysfunction. The study results showed that inclusion of genetic determination of APRT deficiency in the differential diagnosis of crystalline nephropathy, even in the absence of a history of nephrolithiasis, can improve renal outcomes and may improve allograft survival.
Resumo Antecedentes: A deficiência de adenina fosforibosiltransferase (APRT) tem grandes implicações na sobrevida do enxerto em pacientes transplantados renais. Esta revisão sistemática investigou o padrão diagnóstico, a abordagem de tratamento e os desfechos do transplante renal entre pacientes transplantados renais com deficiência de adenina fosforibosiltransferase. Material e métodos: Os artigos que relatam sobre a enzima APRT e a disfunção do aloenxerto renal foram recuperados do PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Biblioteca Cochrane e bancos de dados do Google Acadêmico. Utilizou-se a análise descritiva para extrair inferências. Resultados: Foram incluídos participantes que receberam 39 enxertos, a maioria dos quais provenientes de doadores vivos seguidos por doadores falecidos e doadores cadáveres. Foi relatado tempo de sobrevida do enxerto superior a 6 meses em 23 (76,7%) pacientes, enquanto outros 7 (23,3%) pacientes tiveram tempo de sobrevida do enxerto inferior a 6 meses. Apenas 4 (13,3%) pacientes apresentaram deficiência de APRT antes do transplante. Após acompanhamento, um terço dos pacientes, 10 (33,3%) apresentaram função do enxerto estável, 1 paciente teve perda do aloenxerto, 8 (26,6%) pacientes apresentaram função retardada do enxerto, enquanto os 11 (36,6%) pacientes restantes tiveram disfunção crônica do enxerto renal. Conclusões: A deficiência de APRT é uma causa subestimada e reversível de nefropatia cristalina que leva à disfunção do aloenxerto renal ou à perda total do aloenxerto. Os resultados deste estudo pedem a inclusão desta condição no diagnóstico diferencial de nefropatia cristalina, mesmo na ausência de um histórico de nefrolitíase.
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Over the past 70 years, kidney transplantation has become not only the most mature but also the highest-success-rate surgery among all organ transplantation surgeries. However, the long-term survival of kidney transplant recipients is still challenged by such key factors as ischemia-reperfusion injury related to kidney transplantation, rejection, chronic renal allograft dysfunction, renal allograft fibrosis, immunosuppressive therapy, infections and others. Relevant fundamental and clinical studies have emerged endlessly. At the same time, the research related to kidney transplantation also becomes a new hot spot accordingly in the context of the normalization of novel coronavirus pneumonia. This article reviewed the cutting-edge hot spots in relation to the fundamental and clinical aspects of kidney transplantation together with relevant new techniques and new visions. The studies included in this article focused on the reports published by Chinese teams that are more applicable to the current situation of kidney transplantation in China, for the purpose of providing new thoughts and strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney transplantation related issues in China.
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In recent years, pediatric kidney transplantation has developed rapidly in China. However, clinical data related to the long-term survival of renal allografts are still lacking. The production of de novo donor specific antibody (dnDSA)and its mediated chronic rejection after adult kidney transplantation are pivotal risk factors affecting the long-term survival of renal allografts. Nevertheless, immune system in children has not fully developed. Hence, the production of dnDSA after kidney transplantation and its influence upon renal allografts and recipients might differ from those of adult. In this article, the characteristics of pediatric immune system, the production and influence of donor specific antibody (DSA) after pediatric kidney transplantation and the risk factors of the production of DSA after pediatric kidney transplantation were reviewed and certain suggestions were proposed for prevention strategies, aiming to provide reference for prolonging the long-term survival of renal allografts after pediatric kidney transplantation and promote the development of pediatric kidney transplantation in China.
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Early detection of renal allograft dysfunction plays a critical role in the management of immunosuppression and the survival of renal allograft. However, early detection of renal allograft dysfunction still has certain challenges because no significant changes could be observed in clinical manifestations and biochemical parameters during the early stage. As a novel ultrasound examination tool in recent years, shear wave elastography has been successfully applied in the detection of thyroid, breast, liver and alternative organs. In addition, it also has promising application prospect in the examination of renal allograft due to multiple advantages of real-time, dynamic, accuracy and repeatability. In this article, the classification, principle, advantages, influencing factors of shear wave elastography and its application in the field of kidney transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for clinicians to make accurate decisions in the prevention and monitoring of renal allograft diseases.
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Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and the experience of multi-disciplinary team (MDT) on recurrence of primary hyperoxaluria (PH) type I after renal transplantation. Methods One case presenting with unexplained rapid decline of renal allograft function after allogeneic renal transplantation was discussed by MDT. The role of MDT in diagnosing rare hereditary diseases and improving the long-term survival of renal transplant recipients was summarized. Results After MDT consultation, the patient was diagnosed with recurrence of PH type I. Routine immunosuppressive regimen was initiated after the exclusion of rejection. The patient was instructed to drink a large quantity of water, and given with high-quality protein and low-phosphorus diet, vitamin B6, calcium and other conservative therapies to actively prevent and treat postoperative complications. The deterioration of renal graft function was delayed. Nevertheless, regular hemodialysis was resumed at 5 months after renal transplantation until the submission date of this manuscript. Conclusions Recurrence of PH type I after renal transplantation is relatively rare. The main clinical manifestations are recurrent kidney stones and decreased renal function with multiple complications and poor prognosis. The condition of the patient is consulted by MDT for confirming the diagnosis, determining the optimal treatment scheme, delaying the progression and improving the clinical prognosis.
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Objective: To assess the long-term impact (minimum of 3 years follow-up) of polymorphisms in cytokine genes in donor: recipient pairs on the results of the transplant. Methods: We compared genetic cytokine polymorphisms and the primary factors of risk for the development of chronic rejection in paired groups of renal transplant patients with and without chronic allograft nephropathy [CAN]. Results: Multivariate analysis indicated that the presence of the high-production TT genotype (codon 10) of the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) was protective in receptors (p=0.017), contrasting with the increased risk when present in donor samples (p=0.049). On the other hand, in the case of the gamma interferon studied, the greater frequency of the high production allele was protective in the analysis of the donor group (p=0.013), increasing the risk of chronic nephropathy of the allograft when present in the recipients (p=0.036). Conclusion: Our results highlight the importance of TGFB1 genotyping in donors, and indicate that polymorphisms in the gene of this cytokine in donor cells might contribute to the development of chronic allograft nephropathy.
Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de longo prazo (com seguimento mínimo de 2 anos) de polimorfismos em genes de citocinas em pares doador:receptor sobre os resultados do transplante. Métodos: Comparamos os polimorfismos genéticos das citocinas e os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de rejeição crônica em grupos pareados de pacientes transplantados renais com e sem nefropatia crônica do aloenxerto [CAN]. Resultados: A análise multivariada indicou que a presença do genótipo TT (códon 10) de alta produção do fator de crescimento transformador beta-1 (TGFB1) era protetor nos receptores (p=0,017), em contraste com o risco aumentado quando presente nas amostras de doadores (p=0,049). Por outro lado, no caso do interferon gama estudado, a maior frequência do alelo de alta produção foi protetora na análise do grupo de doadores (p=0,013), mas aumentava o risco de nefropatia crônica do aloenxerto quando presente nos receptores (p=0,036). Conclusão: Nossos resultados ressaltam a importância da genotipagem de TGFB1 também em doadores, e indicam que polimorfismos no gene desta citocina em células do doador podem contribuir no desenvolvimento da nefropatia crônica do aloenxerto.
Subject(s)
Transforming Growth Factor beta1 , Genotype , Interferon-gamma , Polymorphism, Genetic , Transplantation, HomologousABSTRACT
PURPOSE: IL-10 and IFN-gamma are amongst important cytokines, which are thought to have influence on organ transplantation outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the IL-10 and IFN-gamma gene polymorphisms in Koreans, and their association with renal transplantation outcome. METHODS: Three SNP sites (-1082 G/A, -819 C/T, -592 C/A) of IL-10 promoter region and CA repeats in intron 1 of IFN-gamma gene were analyzed using PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing methods in 73 controls and 164 kidney allograft recipients. Association between polymorphisms of these genes and transplantation outcome was analyzed using chi square test or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The allele frequencies of the IL-10 and IFN-gamma genes showed no significant differences between the control and patient groups. The frequencies of IL-10 and IFN-gamma high producer alleles were markedly lower than those of Caucasians. The incidence of multiple acute rejection episodes was higher in IL-10low producer (-1082 AA) than intermediate producer (-1082 GA) group (8.6% vs 0%), and in IFN-gamma high producer ([CA]12 positive) than low producer ([CA]12 negative) group (11.9% vs 6.6%). The incidence of chronic renal allograft dysfunction was lower in IL-10 intermediate producer than low producer group (7.7% vs 18.0%), and also lower in the combination of IL-10 intermediate/IFN-gamma low producer type than in other combinations (0% vs 18.2%). However, all these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: IL-10 and IFN-gamma have little influence on renal transplantation outcome in Koreans, probably due to quite limited polymorphisms of these genes in this population. The results of this study would be useful as basic data for renal transplantation in Koreans.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alleles , Allografts , Cytokines , Gene Frequency , Incidence , Interleukin-10 , Introns , Kidney Transplantation , Kidney , Organ Transplantation , Promoter Regions, Genetic , TransplantsABSTRACT
0.05).The expression percentage of IL-4 of CD3+CD8-T lymphocytes cells in peripheral blood of the patients in group A(4.0%?2.8%)was significantly lower than that in group B and C(7.9%?5.5% and 10.2%?7.5%,P0.05).The level of serum sCD30 in the patients of group A(20.2?12.4ng/ml)was significantly higher than that of group B and C(7.8?3.1ng/ml and 7.6?3.0ng/ml,P0.05).ROC curve analysis indicated that when the ratio of Th1/Th2 was at the cut-off value of 1.95,the sensitivity and specificity to identify CRAD caused mainly by immune injury was 80% and 90%,respectively;and when the level of serum sCD30 was at the cut-off value of 10ng/ml,the sensitivity and specificity to identify CRAD caused mainly by immune injury was 93.3% and 86.7%,respectively.Conclusions Disequilibrium of Th1/Th2(drift to Th1)and raised level of serum sCD30 exist in most of the patients with CRAD which was caused mainly by immune injury.It is with high sensitivity and specificity to identify the CRAD by determining the ratio of Th1/Th2 of CD3+CD8-T lymphocytes cells in peripheral blood and the level of serum sCD30.