Combination of 1％ platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improves the recovery of peripheral nerve injury / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Platelet-rich plasma has been shown to enhance the viability and the pro-angiogenesis capacity of mesenchymal stem cells.Extracellular vesicles are one of the key mediators for mesenchymal stem cells to exert their effects,but currently,it is unclear whether platelet-rich plasma affects the functions of extracellular vesicles. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of platelet-rich plasma on the function of extracellular vesicles from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,verify whether platelet-rich plasma can be used as an adjuvant to enhance the healing effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on repairing the peripheral nerve injury. METHODS:For in vitro study,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cultured under normal conditions and with 1%platelet-rich plasma.The ultracentrifugation was used to extract the extracellular vesicles produced by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured under normal conditions(EVs-nor)or the condition supplemented with 1%platelet-rich plasma(EVs-prp).Extracellular vesicles were used to incubate with Schwann cells.The EdU assay,western blot assay,qPCR and light microscopy photography were performed to examine the effects of EVs-nor and EVs-prp on Schwann cell reprogramming,which was characterized by cell proliferation,c-Jun expression,reprogramming-associated gene expression and cell morphology.For in vivo study,the model of sciatic nerve injury in rats was established.Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were grafted with or without 1%platelet-rich plasma into the injured rat sciatic nerve using a chitin nerve conduit.Eight weeks after the surgery,the recovery was assessed by histological and functional indexes,including regenerated nerve fiber density,gastrocnemius wet weight ratio and sciatic function index. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with EVs-nor,EVs-prp was stronger in promoting Schwann cell proliferation.The gene expressions of c-Jun and GDNF were significantly upregulated in EVs-prp treated Schwann cells.The morphology of Schwann cells was significantly longer in EVs-prp group than that in EVs-nor group,indicating that EVs-prp had a stronger ability to stimulate Schwann cell reprogramming than EVs-nor.(2)Sciatic nerve injury animal experiment results revealed that grafting mesenchymal stem cells along with platelet-rich plasma into the injured sciatic nerve showed the best recovery compared with grafting mesenchymal stem cells or platelet-rich plasma alone,demonstrated by the significantly improved density of nerve fibers,gastrocnemius wet weight ratio,and sciatic function index.(3)These results suggested that platelet-rich plasma improved the function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and could be served as a practical and feasible preparation to synergize with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to improve peripheral nerve repair.

Coordinated Regulation of Myelination by Growth Factor and Amino-acid Signaling Pathways / 神经科学通报·英文版

Myelin-forming oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are essential for structural and functional homeostasis of nervous tissue. Albeit with certain similarities, the regulation of CNS and PNS myelination is executed differently. Recent advances highlight the coordinated regulation of oligodendrocyte myelination by amino-acid sensing and growth factor signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss novel insights into the understanding of differential regulation of oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell biology in CNS and PNS myelination, with particular focus on the roles of growth factor-stimulated RHEB-mTORC1 and GATOR2-mediated amino-acid sensing/signaling pathways. We also discuss recent progress on the metabolic regulation of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and the impact of their dysfunction on neuronal function and disease.

Human Platelet-Rich Plasma-Derived Exosomes Promote the Proliferation of Schwann Cells Cultured in Vitro / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the effect of human platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes(PRP-exos)on the proliferation of Schwann cell(SC)cultured in vitro. Methods PRP-exos were extracted by polymerization-precipitation combined with ultracentrifugation.The morphology of PRP-exos was observed by transmission electron microscopy,and the concentration and particle size distribution of PRP-exos were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis.Western blotting was employed to determine the expression of the marker proteins CD63,CD81,and CD9 on exosome surface and the platelet membrane glycoprotein CD41.The SCs of rats were isolated and cultured,and the expression of the SC marker S100β was detected by immunofluorescence staining.The fluorescently labeled PRP-exos were co-cultured with SCs in vitro for observation of their interaction.EdU assay was employed to detect the effect of PRP-exos on SC proliferation,and CCK-8 assay to detect the effects of PRP-exos at different concentrations(0,10,20,40,80,and 160 μg/ml)on SC proliferation. Results The extracted PRP-exos appeared as uniform saucer-shaped vesicles with the average particle size of(122.8±38.7)nm and the concentration of 3.5×1012 particles/ml.CD63,CD81,CD9,and CD41 were highly expressed on PRP-exos surface(P<0.001,P=0.025,P=0.004,and P=0.032).The isolated SCs expressed S100β,and PRP-exos could be taken up by SCs.PRP-exos of 40,80,and 160 μg/ml promoted the proliferation of SCs,and that of 40 μg/ml showed the best performance(all P<0.01). Conclusions High concentrations of PRP-exos can be extracted from PRP.PRP-exos can be taken up by SCs and promote the proliferation of SCs cultured in vitro.

Deciphering the dynamic characteristics of non-neuronal cells in dorsal root ganglion of rat at different developmental stage based on single cell transcriptome data / 生物工程学报

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is an essential part of the peripheral nervous system and the hub of the peripheral sensory afferent. The dynamic changes of neuronal cells and their gene expression during the development of dorsal root ganglion have been studied through single-cell RNAseq analysis, while the dynamic changes of non-neuronal cells have not been systematically studied. Using single cell RNA sequencing technology, we conducted a research on the non-neuronal cells in the dorsal root ganglia of rats at different developmental stage. In this study, primary cell suspension was obtained from using the dorsal root ganglions (DRGs, L4-L5) of ten 7-day-old rats and three 3-month-old rats. The 10×Genomics platform was used for single cell dissociation and RNA sequencing. Twenty cell subsets were acquired through cluster dimension reduction analysis, and the marker genes of different types of cells in DRG were identified according to previous researches about DRG single cell transcriptome sequencing. In order to find out the non-neuronal cell subsets with significant differences at different development stage, the cells were classified into different cell types according to markers collected from previous researches. We performed pseudotime analysis of 4 types Schwann cells. It was found that subtype Ⅱ Schwann cells emerged firstly, and then were subtype Ⅲ Schwann cells and subtype Ⅳ Schwann cells, while subtype Ⅰ Schwann cells existed during the whole development procedure. Pseudotime analysis indicated the essential genes influencing cell fate of different subtypes of Schwann cell in DRG, such as Ntrk2 and Pmp2, which affected cell fate of Schwann cells during the development period. GO analysis of differential expressed genes showed that the up-regulated genes, such as Cst3 and Spp1, were closely related to biological process of tissue homeostasis and multi-multicellular organism process. The down regulated key genes, such as Col3a1 and Col4a1, had close relationship with the progress of extracellular structure organization and negative regulation of cell adhesion. This suggested that the expression of genes enhancing cell homestasis increased, while the expression of related genes regulating ECM-receptor interaction pathway decreased during the development. The discovery provided valuable information and brand-new perspectives for the study on the physical and developmental mechanism of Schwann cell as well as the non-neuronal cell changes in DRG at different developmental stage. The differential gene expression results provided crucial references for the mechanism of somatosensory maturation during development.

Role and mechanism of Schwann cells in peripheral nerve regeneration / 中华神经医学杂志

Recent studies have shown that Schwann cells (SCs) can effectively promote peripheral nerve regeneration under physical modulation of mechanical retraction, electricity, magnetism, light, and extracorporeal shock waves, whose neural signaling pathways involve Janus kinase/signal transduction and transcriptional activator (JAK-STAT) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, Notch pathway, and neuregulin 1 (NRG1) pathway. In this paper, we summarize the role and mechanism of SCs in peripheral nerve regeneration, as well as the therapeutic strategies based on SCs to promote peripheral nerve repair in recent years, aiming to provide references for clinical treatment of peripheral neuropathy.

Cellular Schwannoma of Buccal Mucosa: A Rare Histopathological Variant

Introduction: Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma) is a benign neoplasm that develop from schwann cells in the peripheral nerve sheath. It commonly occurs as an encapsulated, slow-growing and generally solitary lesion. Cellular schwannoma is a rare histopathological variant of schwannoma. Case Presentation: Here, we discuss a case of 44-year-old female patient who reported with the chief complaint of swelling in the left upper back cheek region for the past 2 years. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis as cellular schwannoma. Management and prognosis: Surgical excision of the lesion was performed and no recurrence was reported after 1 year of follow up. Conclusion: Cellular schwannoma a rare intraoral benign tumor, needs to be differentiated from other malignant tumor with a careful approach for a prompt diagnosis and proper management of the lesion

Research status of the role of Schwann cells in leprosy immunity / 公共卫生与预防医学

Mycobacterium leprae is virtually non-toxic. After invading the human body, it can grow and reproduce in large quantities in the tissues but does not cause any clinical symptoms. The manifestations of skin, mucous membrane and peripheral nerve damage of leprosy are mainly caused by the immune response of the body to the leprae. Schwann cells can support and nourish nerve fibers. As an important parasitic site of leprosy bacteria, Schwann cells are closely related to leprosy immunity, and the research on these cells is of great significance.

Protective effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 on repairing sciatic nerve injury in mice / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 on the repair of sciatic nerve injury (SNI) in mice. Methods Seventy-eight adult male Kunming mice were randomly divided into sham group (26), SNI group (26), SNI+Rb1 group (26). The SNI+Rb1 group was given 10 mg/kg ginsenoside Rb1 (i.p.), and the SNI group and the sham group were given the same volume of normal saline. The injury method was established by squeezing the sciatic nerve. Sciatic functional index (SFI) was used to evaluate sciatic nerve function. Growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) immunofluorescent staining was used to detect neural regeneration and repair on day 14, and the structure changes of the myelin sheath of the injured segment were observed under transmission electron microscope. Ki67 and S100β were used to detect the proliferation and migration ability of Schwann cells, and Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels after crush on day 3 and day 7. Results SFI of SNI+Rb1 group was higher than SNI group. The HE result showed that the sciatic nerve was uniform in the SNI + Rb1 group. The result of immunofluorescent staining displayed that Rb1 enhanced GAP43

Signal pathways related to regeneration after peripheral nerve injury / 药学实践杂志

Due to the limited self-repair ability of neurons after injury, there has been a lack of effective treatments for nerve injury in clinical practice. So, to find drugs that promote the repair after nerve injury has become a research hotspot. Schwann cells and neurons play an important role in regeneration of the peripheral nerves after injury. This review summarizes the classification of peripheral nerve injury, the signaling pathways related to peripheral nerve regeneration in Schwann cells and neurons as well as diseases related to peripheral nerve injury, and provides a basis for further exploration of the regeneration mechanism after peripheral nerve injury.

Effect of Syncytin-1 overexpression in skeletal muscle cells on co-culture model of spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons, Schwann cells, and skeletal muscle cells / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of Syncytin-1 overexpression in the skeletal muscle cells on changes of sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter 1 (ASCT1), inflammatory factors and neuroprotective factors in co-culture model of spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons, Schwann cells, and skeletal muscle cells.Methods:(1) Spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons, skeletal muscle cells, and Schwann cells were primarily cultured in vitro; the expressions of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and calcium-binding protein B (S100B) in the neurons, muscle cells, and Schwann cells were detected by immunofluorescence staining, respectively. (2) Plasmids containing Syncytin-1 or control plasmids were transfected into the skeletal muscle cells, respectively; 24 h after that, these transfected skeletal muscle cells were co-cultured with spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons and Schwann cells, respectively (Syncytin-1 recombinant plasmid transfection group or control plasmid transfection group); changes of morphology and junction of co-culture cells were observed under inverted microscope. Forty-eighty h after co-culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in the supernatant of co-culture cells; real-time quantitative (qRT)-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the Syncytin-1, ASCT1, TNF-α, iNOS, and VEGF mRNA and protein expressions in the co-culture cells Results:(1) Immunofluorescent staining showed that more than 95% spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons were with positive CHAT expression, more than 95% skeletal muscle cells were with positive α-SMA expression, and more than 95% Schwann cells were with positive S100B expression; all of which were localized in the cytoplasm. (2) There were no obvious differences in number or morphology of co-culture cells between the Syncytin-1 recombinant plasmid transfection group and control plasmid transfection group. As compared with the control plasmid transfection group, Syncytin-1 recombinant plasmid transfection group had significantly increased concentrations of TNF-α, iNOS and VEGF in the supernatant of co-cultured cells, and statistically increased mRNA and protein expressions of TNF-α, iNOS, syncytin-1 and VEGF, and significantly decreased ASCT1 mRNA and protein expressions ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Syncytin-1 overexpression in the skeletal muscle cells may decrease the ASCT1 expression, induce the inflammatory factor release, and increase the neuroprotective factor VEGF expression.

Intraparotid facial nerve schwannomas

Schwannoma is a benign tumor rarely found in the head and neck and much less commonly found in the intraparotid facial nerve. It is a slow-growing encapsulated tumor originating from the Schwann cells or axonal nerve sheath. It can occur anywhere along the course of the facial nerve. Patients may present with symptoms of facial palsy, but the most common presenting symptom is an asymptomatic swelling. Diagnosis is usually difficult before surgical removal and histopathological examination. We report a rare case of intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma in a 57-year-old female who had sustained a mass of the right preauricular area for 3 years. She reported no pain or facial muscle weakness. Enhanced computed tomography findings revealed the impression of pleomorphic adenoma. However, intraoperative gross findings were not characteristic of pleomorphic adenoma, and a frozen biopsy was performed resulting in the impression of a nerve sheath tumor. We performed an extracapsular surgical excision without parotidectomy. Permanent histopathology and immunohistochemistry reports diagnosed the mass as schwannoma. There were no complications including facial palsy after surgery. No recurrence was found at 6 months after surgery

Apigenin protects schwann cells against the effect of high glucose-induced cell injury through inhibiting NF-κB signal pathway / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of apigenin against the cell injury of schwann cells cultured with high glucose so as to provide preliminary experimental basis for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by apigenin. Methods: RSC96 cells were primarily cultured and randomly divided into three groups respectively treated with 5.6 mmol/L glucose as the control group; with 50mmol /L glucose as high glucose (HG) group; and with HG in the presence of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μmol/L apigenin as Api group. Cell viability of RSC96 cells was detected by CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The effects of apigenin on the expression levels of NGF and TNF-α in RSC96 cells cultured with high glucose were detected by ELISA assay. The protein and mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, and NF-κB were examined by Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Results: Compared with that of HG group, apigenin at low concentrations (≤1.0 μmol/L) significantly increased cell viability in the dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), but apigenin of 10.0 μmol/L had no obvious effect on cell viability of high glucose-induced RSC96 cells; apigenin of 1.0 μmol/L remarkably inhibited high glucose-induced RSC96 cell apoptosis. Apigenin remarkably increased the protein and mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2 in glucose-induced RSC96 cells (P<0.05), but decreased the Bax protein and mRNA expression levels (P<0.05). Moreover, apigenin significantly increased the NGF expression level, and decreased TNF-α expression (P<0.05). In addition, apigenin notably suppressed the phosphorylation level of NF-κB (P<0.05). Conclusion: Apigenin can increase cell viability, inhibit cell apoptosis, and regulate the expression levels of NGF and TNF-α in high glucose-induced schwann cells. Its potential mechanism is possibly related with inhibiting NF-κB signal pathway.

Effect of electroacupuncture combined with Schwann cell transplantation on limb locomotor ability, regional remyelination and expression of spinal CD4 and CD8 proteins in compressive spinal injury rats / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) combined with transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) on limb locomotor, myelin sheath repair and expression of CD4 and CD8 in compressed spinal cord injury (CSCI) rats, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improvement of CSCI. METHODS: A total of 45 female SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, EA, Schwann cell (SC) transplantation, and EA＋SC transplantation groups (n＝9 rats in each group). The CSCI model was established by laminectomy at T12-L2 and clip compression. Rats of the SC transplantation group accepted injection of the cultured SC suspension (2×106/6 µL) into the central, upper and lower sites of the injured spinal cord (5 mm in depth) 7-8 days after CSCI modeling. EA (2 Hz) was applied to bilateral "Zusanli" (ST36) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP6) for 10 min, once daily and 6 days a week for 3 weeks. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB scale) was used to evaluate the function state of CSCI. Morphological changes of the regional injured tissue were observed under light microscope after H．E. staining. The myelin sheath repair state and survival of SCs were detected by Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining and immunofluorescence histochemistry, and the expression of CD4, CD8 and P0 of the injured spinal cord was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, the BBB scores at the time-points of 0 d, and 1, 2, and 3 weeks were significantly decreased in the model group (P0.05). LFB staining showed a disordered arrangement of the nerve fibers in the white matter, myelinociasis and obvious decrease of the medullated fibers in the model group, and these situations were relatively milder in both EA and SC transplantation groups and obviously milder in the EA＋SC transplantation group. H．E. staining displayed that the structure of the injured region of the spinal cord was incomplete, accompanied with a large number of defect cavities and neuronal karyopyknosis in the model group, while the structure was relatively clear, with an increase of the normal neurons and fewer neuronal karyopyknosis in the EA＋SC transplantation group. Compared with the normal control group, MBP in the model group was significantly decreased (P0.05), while after the intervention and in comparison with the model group, the expression levels of P0 protein were significantly increased in the EA, SC transplantation and EA＋SC transplantation groups (P<0.05), and was significantly higher in the EA＋SC transplantation group than in both EA and SC transplantation groups (P<0.05). The expression levels of CD4 and CD8 proteins were significantly lower in the EA＋SC transplantation group than in the SC transplantation group (P<0.05)．. CONCLUSION: EA＋SCs transplantation can improve the locomotor function in CSCI rats, which may be related to its effects in increasing the survival of transplanted SCs to promote the remyelination and in reducing the immune rejecting reaction.

Regulatory effect of glial cells on neuropathic pain / 中华神经医学杂志

The pathophysiological mechanism of neuropathic pain is complicated,and there is no perfect treatment at present.The study on mechanism of neuropathic pain can help to find appropriate therapeutic methods.Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that play crucial roles on maintaining neuronal homeostasis in central nervous system.There are increasing evidences that glial cells play significant roles on the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain,and the pathological state of pain is related to the activation status of different glial cells.In this paper,we review the roles of glial cells in neuropathic pain that could provide new ideas and directions for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

Schwann Cells Enhance Penetration of Regenerated Axons into Three-Dimensional Microchannels

Nerve regeneration after injury requires proper axon alignment to bridge the lesion site and myelination to achieve functional recovery. Transplanted scaffolds with aligned channels, have been shown to induce axon growth to some extent. However, the penetration of axons into the microchannels remain a challenge, influencing the functional recovery of regenerated nerves. We previously demonstrated that the size of microchannels exerts significant impact on Schwann cells (SCs) migration. Here we demonstrate that migration of SCs promotes, significantly, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons to extend axons into three-dimensional channels and form aligned fascicular-like axon tracts. Moreover, the migrating SCs attach and wrap around the aligned axons of DRG neurons in the microchannels and initiate myelination. The SCs release growth factors that provide chemotactic signals to the regenerating axons, similar to the response achieved with nerve growth factor (NGF), but with the additional capability of promoting myelination, thereby demonstrating the beneficial effects of including SCs over NGF alone in enhancing axon penetration and myelination in three-dimensional microchannels.

The effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on sciatic nerve in adult offspring rats / Efecto de la diabetes mellitus gestacional sobre el nervio ciático en ratas adultas

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one form of diabetes affect approximately 7 % of pregnancies. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes that is associated with loss of nerve fibers, myelin abnormalities and significant decrease in the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) in peripheral nerves. This study was done to determine the effect of induced diabetes during pregnancy on sciatic nerve in adult rat offspring. In this study, wistar rats' dams were allocated to control and diabetic groups. Diabetic rats were received 40 mg/kg/body weight of streptozotocin (STZ) on the first day of gestation. Six offspring of each group were randomly selected on 12 weeks postnatal and histopathological changes in their nerve tissue were examined through H&E staining and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the expression of MBP in sciatic nerve was examined by immunohistochemistry. We found that the myelinated fiber number of sciatic nerve in offspring of diabetic rats was reduced compared to the controls, but this difference was not significant. The average thickness of the myelin sheath of sciatic nerve fibers in the control and GDM was 97.1±0.1and 94.1±0.2 µm, respectively that the difference was not statistically significant. The expression of MBP protein in the myelin sheath of both groups was similar. TEM results showed that myelin sheath of diabetic offspring had not any changes compared to control. Atrophy of axons and schwannocytus (Schwann cells) alterations were not observed in diabetic offspring. Induction of diabetes during pregnancy reduced the number of nerve fibers and thickness of the myelin sheath. But it has no effect on MBP expression and schwannocytus morphology.

La diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) es una forma de diabetes que afecta aproximadamente al 7 % de los embarazos. La neuropatía periférica diabética (NPD) es una complicación frecuente de la diabetes asociada a la pérdida de fibras nerviosas, anomalías de la mielina y disminución significativa de la expresión de la proteína básica de mielina (PBM) en los nervios periféricos. Este estudio se realizó para determinar el efecto de la diabetes inducida durante el embarazo en el nervio ciático en descendientes de ratas adultas. Las ratas Wistar madres fueron asignadas a los grupos control y diabéticas. Las ratas diabéticas recibieron 40 mg/kg/peso corporal de estreptozotocina (STZ) el primer día de gestación. Seis descendientes de cada grupo fueron seleccionados al azar en la semana 12 postnatal y los cambios histopatológicos en su tejido nervioso se examinaron a través de tinción H-E y microscopía electrónica de transmisión. Además, la expresión de PBM en el nervio ciático se examinó mediante inmunohistoquímica. Se encontró que el número de fibras mielinizadas de nervio ciático en descendientes de ratas diabéticas se redujo en comparación con los controles, pero esta diferencia no fue significativa. El espesor medio de la vaina de mielina de las fibras nerviosas ciáticas en el control y DMG fue de 97,1±0,1 y 94,1±0,2 µm, respectivamente, y la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. La expresión de la proteína PBM en la vaina de mielina de ambos grupos fue similar. Los resultados del TEM mostraron que la vaina de mielina de la descendencia diabética no tuvo ningún cambio en comparación con el control. La atrofia de los axones y las alteraciones de los schwannocitos (células de Schwann) no se observaron en descendientes diabéticos. La inducción de diabetes durante el embarazo redujo el número de fibras nerviosas y el grosor de la vaina de mielina. Pero no tiene ningún efecto sobre la expresión de PBM y la morfología de las schwannocitos.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone inhibited oxidative stress induced-apoptosis of Schwann cells via mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway in vitro / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the mechanisms of Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) against oxidative stress induced apoptosis in Schwann cells (SCs).@*Methods@#SCs were cultured in vitro, identified by S-100 immunofluorence staining. SCs were divided into control group, H2O2 induced group, H2O2 + PQQ treated group. CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry with Annecin V-FITC/PI staining, mitochondrial transmembrane potential was detected by flow cytometry with JC-1 labeled staining, cytochrome C (CytC), Bax and Caspase-9 protein levels was detected by Western blot analysis.@*Results@#In this study, the S-100 positive cells were more than 95%, cell proliferation was decreased in H2O2 induced SCs, apoptotic rate was increased, mitochondrial transmembrane potential was decreased, CytC, Bax and Caspase-9 protein levels were increased. After PQQ added, cell proliferation was increased, apoptotic rate decreased, mitochondrial transmembrane potential increased, CytC, Bax and Caspase-9 protein levels decreased.@*Conclusions@#PQQ protects SCs from oxidative induced apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial signaling pathway.

Persistencia de epónimos en terminologia histologica / Eponyms persistence in terminologia histologica

El uso de epónimos aún es una práctica frecuentemente utilizada entre médicos clínicos y académicos para referirse a las distintas estructuras en histología. A pesar de los esfuerzos por parte de la comunidad morfológica por desarraigarlos del lenguaje médico, hoy en día se encuentran, inclusive presentes en Terminologia Histologica, tal como en los casos de Schannocytus (H2.00.06.2.02003) referente a la Célula de Schwann; Complexus golgiensis (H1.00.01.3.0146) referente al Aparato de Golgi, Cellula panethensis (H3.04.03.0.00017) referente a la Célula de Paneth, y Neuron purkinjense (H3.11.03.4.01015) referente a la Neurona de Purkinje, que aluden a los investigadores Theodor Schwann, Camillo Golgi, Joseph Paneth y Jan Evangelista Purkinje, respectivamente. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un análisis de los términos antes nombrados desde un punto de vista lingüístico y proponer nuevas denominaciones, siguiendo los parámetros establecidos en la Terminología, en la cual los nombres de las estructuras deben tener un valor informativo, estar escritos en latín como lengua base y eliminar el uso de los epónimos. Los términos analizados, se refieren a nombres de células u organelos frecuentemente utilizados en textos educativos, sin embargo, son poco descriptivos, muchos de ellos con raíces netamente griegas y otros neologismos, cuyas denominaciones, por consenso y en honor a investigadores connotados han perdurado en el tiempo. Proponemos modificaciones con respecto a su denominación, así como a sus derivados, utilizando términos procedentes del latín. En resumen, pretendemos que con estos antecedentes iniciales puedan entregarse argumentos que permitan seguir unificando criterios y que ellos puedan ser considerados por los expertos que conforman el Programa Federativo Internacional de Terminología Anatómica y, como bien se señala, permitir el establecimiento de diálogo con los miembros de la Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Anatomistas e ir mejorando la comunicación científica entre los diferentes actores de las ciencias morfológicas.

Eponyms are still frequently used among clinicians and scholars to refer to the various structures in histology. Despite efforts by the morphological community to eradicate eponyms from medical language, nowadays they are practical, and even present in Terminologia Histologica (TH), such as in the case of Schannocytus (H2.00.06.2.02003) concerning the term Schwann cell; Complexus golgiensis (H1.00.01.3.0146) relating to the Golgi apparatus, Cellula panethensis (H3.04.03.0.00017) concerning the Paneth cell and Neuron purkinjense (H3.11.03.4.01015), the term Purkinje neuron which refers to researchers Theodor Schwann, Camillo Golgi, Joseph Paneth and Jan Evangelist Purkinje, respectively. The aim of this study was to conduct an analysis of these terms from a linguistic point of view and propose new Latin names, following guidelines established in the terminology wherein the names of structures must, have an informative value, be written in Latin as a base language, and eliminate the use of eponyms. The terms analyzed, refer to cells or organelles names frequently used, they have limited descriptive value, many with purely Greek roots and other neologisms, which names have endured over time in honor of renowned researchers. Using terms from Larin, we propose modifications with respect to classification and derivatives. In conclusion, we hope that with this introduction, the information to consolidate standards will be considered by the experts of the Federal International Committee on Anatomical Terminology and further, initiate a dialogue with International Federation of Associations of Anatomists members, while encouraging ongoing communication between the various players of morphological sciences.

Role of hydrogen gas in regulating of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 dependent cell death in rat Schwann cells / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To investigate the protective effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of hydrogen (H2) on high glucose-induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) dependent cell death (PARthanatos) in primary rat Schwann cells. Methods Cultured primary rat Schwann cells were randomly divided into five groups: blank control group (C group), H2 control group (H2 group), high osmotic control group (M group), high glucose treatment group (HG group), and H2 treatment group (HG+H2 group). The cells in H2 group and HG+H2 group were cultured with saturated hydrogen-rich medium containing 0.6 mmol/L of H2, and those in three control groups were cultured with low sugar DMEM medium containing 5.6 mmol/L of sugar, and the cells in HG and HG+H2 groups were given 44.4 mmol/L of glucose in addition (the medium containing 50 mmol/L of glucose), the cells in C group and H2 group were given the same volume of normal saline, and the cells in M group were given the same volume of mannitol. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate assays after treatment for 48 hours in each group. The contents of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) reflecting oxidative stress injury and DNA damage were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) protein expression was analyzed by Western Blot, and immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the nuclear translocation of the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Results The cytotoxicity in HG and HG+H2 groups was significantly increased as compared with that of C group [LDH release rate: (61.40±2.89)%, (42.80±2.32)% vs. (9.92±0.38)%, both P < 0.01], the levels of ONOO- and 8-OHdG were markedly elevated [ONOO- (ng/L): 853.58±51.00, 553.11±38.66 vs. 113.56±14.22; 8-OHdG (ng/L): 1 177.37±60.97, 732.06±54.29 vs. 419.67±28.77, all P < 0.01], and the PAR protein expression was up-regulated (A value: 0.603±0.028, 0.441±0.010 vs. 0.324±0.021, both P < 0.01). The cytotoxicity, the levels of ONOO- and 8-OHdG, and PAR expression in HG+H2 group were significantly lower than those of the HG group (all P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in above parameters between H2 group as well as M group and C group. It was shown by immunofluorescence that AIF was expressed in the cytoplasm in C group, H2 group and M group, AIF was expressed in the whole cell in HG group, and the expression in the nucleus was particularly increased. A small amount of AIF expression was found in the nucleus of HG+H2 group, which indicated that high glucose could promote the AIF nuclear translocation, and that hydrogen-rich medium could prevent the process of translocation. Conclusions High glucose levels could enhance DNA damage that enhance PARthanatos in primary rat Schwann cells. However, H2 can not only reduce DNA damage of injured cells, but also inhibit the special death process, reduce the cell toxicity, all of which have protective effects.

Differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into Schwann-like cells: fetal bovine serum or human serum? / 대한해부학회지

Access to autologous Schwann cells is limited due to lack of donor site and its difficult isolation and culture. Therefore, one of the possible ways to obtain to Schwann cells is to differentiate mesenchymal stem cells into glial pathway using various materials and protocols. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of fetal bovine serum and human serum on Schwann cell differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells to choose the best serum for use in future research. For this purpose, after isolation of human adipose-derived stem cells, it was characterized and differentiated into Schwann cell lineage using two protocols which one of them contained fetal bovine serum and the other human serum. At the end, morphological evaluation declared an increased detachment of cells in response to human serum. On the other side, immunocytochemistry showed that there was a significant increase in the number of cells expressing glial fibrillary acidic proteins and S100 in fetal bovine serum-treated group when compared to human serum-treated one (P<0.05). It was concluded that fetal bovine serum was more effective than allogeneic human serum in Schwann cell differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells.