Competências do enfermeiro no cuidado a pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral elegíveis à terapia trombolítica / Competencias de enfermería en el cuidado de personas con accidente cerebrovascular elegibles para terapia trombolítica / Nursing competencies in the care of patients with stroke who are eligible for thrombolytic therapy

Resumo Introdução: O acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico tem como tratamento a terapia trombolítica, aplicada ainda na fase aguda, promovendo melhora importante nas sequelas acarretadas por este agravo. Considerando a complexidade da terapia trombolítica, torna-se necessário que os enfermeiros compreendam suas competências para auxiliar no cuidado. Objetivo: Identificar evidências científicas acerca das competências do enfermeiro no cuidado a pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral elegíveis à terapia trombolítica. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa composta por seis etapas em seis etapas (elaboração da questão, busca na literatura, coleta de dados, análise, discussão e apresentação da revisão), realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase e CINAHL. A busca foi realizada entre agosto e setembro de 2022 adotando como critérios de inclusão estudos primários; gratuitos, disponíveis eletronicamente na íntegra; nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Foram obtidos inicialmente 2.830 estudos, os quais passaram por uma seleção, onde foram incluídos aqueles que atendiam os critérios previamente estabelecidos. Resultados: Com base nos doze estudos incluídos nesta revisão identificaram-se competências voltadas à três atividades do cuidado: gestão do cuidado como trabalho em equipe, códigos, fluxos e protocolos, assistência ao paciente antes, durante e após a utilização da terapia trombolítica e educação em saúde para equipe, pacientes e familiares. Conclusão: Os achados desta revisão puderam evidenciar as competências do enfermeiro no cuidado aos pacientes elegíveis a terapia trombolítica, as quais perpassam diferentes áreas de atuação do enfermeiro. Para este estudo prevaleceram as competências assistências, seguida por competências gerenciais.

Resumen Introducción: El accidente cerebrovascular isquémico se trata con terapia trombolítica, aplicada incluso en la fase aguda, que promueve una mejoría significativa de las secuelas provocadas por este padecimiento. Considerando la complejidad de la terapia trombolítica, es necesario que las personas profesionales de enfermería comprendan sus competencias para ayudar en el cuidado. Objetivo: Identificar evidencias científicas sobre las competencias del personal de enfermería en el cuidado de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular elegibles para terapia trombolítica. Metodología: Revisión integradora que consta de seis etapas (elaboración de la pregunta, búsqueda bibliográfica, recolección de datos, análisis, discusión y presentación de la revisión), realizada en las bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase y CINAHL. La búsqueda se realizó entre agosto y septiembre de 2022. Los criterio de inclusión fueron: estudios primarios, gratuito, disponible electrónicamente en su totalidad, en inglés, portugués y español. Inicialmente se obtuvieron 2830 estudios, los cuales fueron sometidos a un proceso de selección, que incluyó aquellos que cumplían con los criterios previamente establecidos. Resultados: A partir de los doce estudios incluidos en esta revisión, se identificaron competencias centradas en tres actividades asistenciales: gestión del cuidado como trabajo en equipo, códigos, flujos y protocolos, atención a pacientes antes, durante y después del uso de la terapia trombolítica y educación en salud para personal, pacientes y familias. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de esta revisión pudieron resaltar las competencias de las personas profesionales en enfermería en el cuidado de personas elegibles para terapia trombolítica, que abarcan diferentes áreas de actuación del personal de enfermería. Para este estudio, prevalecieron las habilidades asistenciales, seguidas de las competencias gerenciales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Ischemic stroke is treated with thrombolytic therapy, applied even in the acute phase, promoting a significant improvement in the after-effects caused by this condition. Considering the complexity of thrombolytic therapy, it is necessary for nurses to understand the skills required to assist in care. Objective: To identify scientific evidence about the competencies of nurses in the care of patients with stroke who are eligible for thrombolytic therapy. Methodology: An integrative review consisting of six stages (elaboration of the question, literature review, data collection, analysis, discussion, and presentation), conducted in MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL databases. The search was carried out between August and September 2022 using primary studies as the inclusion criteria: free of charge, fully available electronically, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Initially, 2.830 studies were obtained, which underwent a selection process that included only those studies that met the previously established criteria. Results: Based on the twelve studies included in this review, competencies focused on three care activities were identified: care management such as teamwork; codes; flows and protocols; patient care before, during, and after the use of thrombolytic therapy; and education health education for staff, patients, and families. Conclusion: The findings of this review highlighted the nurses' competencies in the care of patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy, which encompass different areas of the nurse's work. For this study, assistance competencies prevailed, followed by management competencies.

The predictive value of t-PA,CgA,LP-PLA2 for MACE after percutaneous coronary intervention / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the predictive value of tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA),chro-mogranin A(CgA),and lipoprotein related phospholipase A2(LP-PLA2)in serum for major adverse cardio-vascular event(MACE)after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods A total of 120 patients with coronary heart disease who underwent PCI in the hospital from August 2020 to August 2022 were en-rolled in the study.According to whether MACE occurred within 1 year after PCI,the patients were divided into MACE group(33 cases)and non-MACE group(87 cases).The levels of serum t-PA,CgA,LP-PLA2 and clinical data were compared between the MACE group and the non-MACE group.Multivariate Logistic regres-sion was used to analyze the risk factors of MACE after PCI.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the predictive value of t-PA,CgA and LP-PLA2 alone or in combination for MACE after PCI.Results The proportion of patients with smoking history,NT-proBNP,CgA,LP-PLA2,and the propor-tion of patients with hypertension in the MACE group were higher than those in the non-MACE group(P＜0.05),while left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)and t-PA were lower than those in the non-MACE group(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in age,gender composition,serum creatinine,triglyc-erides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),drinking history,NYHA cardiac function classification,combined diabetes,application of aspirin,and application of clopidogrel between the two groups(P＞0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that smoking history,increased NT-proBNP,hypertension,decreased LVEF,decreased t-PA,increased CgA and increased LP-PLA2 were risk factors for MACE after PCI(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curves(AUCs)of serum t-PA,CgA and LP-PLA2 alone or in combination for predicting MACE after PCI were 0.785(95％CI:0.693-0.877),0.678(95％CI:0.564-0.791),0.730(95％CI:0.636-0.824),0.888(95％CI:0.830-0.946),respectively.The efficacy of combined prediction was bet-ter than those of single detections(P＜0.05).Conclusion The lower the serum t-PA level is and the higher the CgA and LP-PLA2 levels are,the greater the risk of MACE after PCI is.The combination of the three in-dicators has higher value in predicting MACE after PCI.

Correlation of nerve function and prognosis with common serum biochemical indicators in patients with ACI after alteplase intravenous thrombolysis / 中华老年心脑血管病杂志

Objective To explore the correlation of nerve function and prognosis with serum uric acid(UA),homocysteine(Hcy)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)in patients with acute cerebral infarction(ACI)after alteplase intravenous thrombolysis.Methods A total of 220 ACI patients undergoing thrombolysis in Changsha First Hospital ICU between January 2020 and December 2022 were enrolled,and according to mRS score at 3 months after thrombolysis,they were divided into poor prognosis group(mRS score＞2,91 cases)and good prognosis group(mRS score ≤2,129 cases).The serum levels of UA,Hcy and LDL-C were compared between the two groups.The correlation between the three indexes and score of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS),and their predictive value for poor prognosis were analyzed.Results At 1 and 3 d after thrombolysis,the serum levels of UA,Hcy and LDL-C and NIHSS score were sig-nificantly decreased in both groups,and the serum levels of UA and Hcy and NIHSS score at 3 d after thrombolysis were significantly lower than those at 1 d(P＜0.05).The poor prognosis group had obviously higher serum levels of UA,Hcy and LDL-C and NIHSS score at 1 and 3 d after thrombolysis than the good prognosis group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the serum levels of UA,Hcy and LDL-C were positively correlated with NIHSS score at 1 and 3 d after thrombolysis(P＜0.01).ROC curve analysis indicated that the AUC values of UA,Hcy and LDL-C at 1 d after thrombolysis for predicting poor prognosis were 0.707(95％CI:0.639-0.776),0.800(95％CI:0.739-0.860)and 0.624(95％CI:0.550-0.698),respectively,while the values of them at 3 d after thrombolysis were 0.655(95％CI:0.583-0.726),0.730(95％CI:0.664-0.795)and 0.573(95％CI:0.497-0.649),respectively.Conclusion In ACI patients after thrombolysis,the serum levels of UA,Hcy and LDL-C are increased in those with poor prognosis,and are associated with the severity of nerve injury.The levels at 1 d after throm-bolysis have good predictive value for poor prognosis.

Efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis combined with Solitaire FR stent thrombectomy in treatment of acute LAO cerebral infarction / 中华老年心脑血管病杂志

Objective To explore the effects of intravenous thrombolysis combined with Solitaire FR stent thrombectomy on vascular recanalization,neurologic function and prognosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction(ACI)due to large artery occlusion(LAO).Methods A total of 172 patients with ACI-LAO treated in our department between October 2020 and March 2023 were retrospectively enrolled.According to treatment regimens,they were assigned into control group(86 cases,alteplase intravenous thrombolysis)and study group(86 cases,alteplase intravenous thrombolysis combined with Solitaire FR stent thrombectomy).Vascular recanalization,neurolog-ic function,cerebral perfusion and occurrence of adverse events were compared between the two groups.After 90 d of follow-up,their prognosis was evaluated with modified Rankin scale.Results There was no significant difference in success rate of vascular recanalization between the two group(P＞0.05),but complete recanalization rate was statistically higher in the study group than the control group(68.60％vs 50.00％,P＜0.05).The study group had obviously lower NHISS scores at 7 and 14 d after treatment,higher cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow,but shorter mean transit time when compared with the control group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).No notable difference was observed in the total incidence of adverse events between them(P＞0.05).After 90 d of follow-up,the proportion of good prognosis was higher in the study group than the control group(80.23％vs 63.95％,P＜0.05).Conclusion Intravenous thrombolysis combined with Soli-taire FR stent thrombectomy shows better efficacy in ACI-LAO patients,with better vascular re-canalization and great improvements in neurologic function and prognosis.

The value of new coagulation markers in the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of neonatal disseminated intravascular coagulation / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the value of thrombomodulin(TM),thrombin-antithrombin complex(TAT),α2 plasmin inhibitor-plasmin complex(PIC)and tissue plasminogen activator-inhibitor complex(t-PAIC)in the diagnosis and prognosis of neonatal disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).Methods Eighty-seven DIC neonates(the observation group)were included and divided into the survival group(66 cases)and the death group(21 cases)based on their outcomes at discharge.And 50 healthy newborns born in the same period were selected as the control group.The clinical data of neonates were collected,and risk factors of neonatal DIC were analyzed by Logistic regression.The differences of TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC levels in different groups were analyzed.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze values of TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC in the diagnosis and prognosis of neonatal DIC.Results The incidence of low Apgar score,birth asphyxia,IVH,sepsis and maternal pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome(PIH)were higher in the observation group than those in the control group(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that low Apgar score,birth asphyxia,sepsis and PIH were independent risk factors for neonatal DIC.TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC levels were higher in the observation group than those in the control group(P＜0.05).ROC curve showed that the combined diagnosis value of TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC was better than that of single diagnosis of neonatal DIC.TM and TAT levels were higher in the death group than those in the survival group(P＜0.05),and there were no significant differences in PIC and t-PAIC levels between the two groups.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated TAT level was an independent risk factor for neonatal DIC prognosis.ROC curve showed that when TAT was 21.72 μg/L,the area under the curve for predicting neonatal DIC prognosis was 0.772(95%CI:0.666-0.878),and the sensitivity and specificity were 76.2%and 71.2%,respectively.Conclusion The combined application of TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC has important clinical value in diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of neonatal DIC.

Angioedema after rt-PA infusion led to airway emergency: a case report of rescue treatment with fresh frozen plasma

Abstract The authors report the case of a 71-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department with acute ischemic stroke. She was treated with rt-PA and interventional endovascular revascularization and developed rapidly progressing angioedema that led to emergency intubation. The standard treatment was not very effective and the swelling improved after infusion of fresh frozen plasma. Angioedema after rt-PA infusion could be a life-threatening emergency that requires quick airway management by skilled professionals. As this condition is triggered by several factors, such as unregulated histamine and bradykinin production, the traditional treatment recommended by the guidelines may not be sufficient and the use of FFP can be considered as a safe and valuable aid.

Specificity and sensitivity of the SeLECT score in predicting late seizures in patients undergoing intravenous thrombolytic treatment and the effect of diabetes mellitus and leukoaraiosis / Especificidade e sensibilidade do escore SeLECT na predição de convulsões tardias em pacientes submetidos a tratamento trombolítico intravenoso e o efeito do diabetes mellitus e leucoaraiose

Abstract Background Seizures after stroke can negatively affect the prognosis of ischemic stroke and cause a decrease in quality of life. The efficacy of intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) treatment in acute ischemic stroke has been demonstrated in many studies, and IV rt-PA treatment has been increasingly used around the world. The SeLECT score is a useful score for the prediction of late seizures after stroke and includes the severity of stroke (Se), large artery atherosclerosis (L), early seizure (E), cortical involvement (C), and the territory of the middle cerebral artery (T). However, the specificity and sensitivity of the SeLECTscore have not been studied in acute ischemic stroke patients that received IV rt-PA treatment. Objective In the present study, we aimed to validate and develop the SeLECT score in acute ischemic stroke patients receiving IV rt-PA treatment. Methods The present study included 157 patients who received IV thrombolytic treatment in our third-stage hospital. The 1-year seizure rates of the patients were detected. SeLECT scores were calculated. Results In our study, we found that the SeLECT score had low sensitivity but high specificity for predicting the likelihood of late seizure after stroke in patients administered IV rt-PA therapy. In addition to the SeLECT score, we found that the specificity and sensitivity were higher when we evaluated diabetes mellitus (DM) and leukoaraiosis. Conclusion We found that DM was an independent risk factor for late seizures after stroke in a patient group receiving thrombolytic therapy, and late seizures after stroke were less frequent in patients with leukoaraiosis.

Resumo Antecedentes As convulsões após o AVC podem afetar negativamente o prognóstico do AVC isquêmico e causar uma diminuição na qualidade de vida. A eficácia do tratamento com ativador do plasminogênio tecidual recombinante (rt-PA) intravenoso (IV) no AVC isquêmico agudo foi demonstrada em muitos estudos, e o tratamento com rt-PA IV tem sido cada vez mais usado em todo o mundo. A pontuação SeLECT é uma pontuação útil para a previsão de convulsões tardias após AVC e inclui a gravidade do AVC (Se), aterosclerose de grandes artérias (L), convulsão precoce (E), envolvimento cortical (C) e o território do meio artéria cerebral (T). No entanto, a especificidade e a sensibilidade do escore SeLECT não foram estudadas em pacientes com AVC isquêmico agudo que receberam tratamento IV com rt-PA. Objetivo No presente estudo, objetivamos validar e desenvolver o escore SeLECT em pacientes com AVC isquêmico agudo recebendo tratamento IV com rt-PA. Métodos O presente estudo incluiu 157 pacientes que receberam tratamento trombolítico IV em nosso hospital de terceiro estágio. As taxas de convulsão de 1 ano dos pacientes foram detectadas. Os escores SeLECT foram calculados. Resultados Em nosso estudo, descobrimos que o escore SeLECT apresentou baixa sensibilidade, mas alta especificidade para prever a probabilidade de convulsão tardia após AVC em pacientes que receberam terapia IV com rt-PA. Além do escore SeLECT, descobrimos que a especificidade e a sensibilidade foram maiores quando avaliamos diabetes mellitus (DM) e leucoaraiose. Conclusão Descobrimos que DM foi um fator de risco independente para convulsões tardias após AVC em um grupo de pacientes recebendo terapia trombolítica, e convulsões tardias após AVC foram menos frequentes em pacientes com leucoaraiose.

Predictive value of four items of new thrombus markers combined with conventional coagulation tests for thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the predictive value of four items of new thrombus markers combined with conventional coagulation tests for thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome.@*METHODS@#A total of 121 antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients who hospitalized at Peking University People's Hospital from March 2022 to January 2023 were selected and divided into thrombus group (50 cases) and nonthrombus group (71 cases) according to whether thrombosis occurred. The differences of laboratory characteristics including antiphospholipid antibodies were compared between the thrombotic and non-thrombotic groups. Chemiluminescent immunoassay was used to detect thrombomodulin (TM), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), Plasmin-α2 plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC), and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor complex (t-PAIC) in plasma from venous. The independent risk factors of thrombosis in patients with APS were determined using binary Logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to evaluate the efficacy of each index on the prediction of thrombosis.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the patients without thrombosis, the patients with thrombosis were older [49 (32, 64) years vs. 36 (32, 39) years, P < 0.05]. The percentages of male, smoking, hypertension, and global antiphospholipid syndrome score (GAPSS)≥10 in the patients with thrombosis were significantly higher than those in the patients without thrombosis (P < 0.05). The positive rates of anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) in the thrombotic group were significantly higher than those in the non-thrombotic group (P < 0.05), and the levels of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation product in the thrombotic group were significantly higher than those in the non-thrombotic group (P < 0.05).Among the thrombosis group, venous thrombosis accounted for 19 (38.00%), including deep vein thrombosis (16, 84.21%) and pulmonary embolism accounted (5, 26.32%); Arterial thrombosis accounted for 35 (70.00%), including myocardial infarction (6, 17.14%) cerebral infarction (30, 85.71%). The patients in the thrombotic group had significantly greater TM levels than those in the non-thrombotic group (P < 0.05).There were no significant dif-ferences between the two groups in TAT (Z=-1.420, P=0.156), PIC (Z=-0.064, P=0.949), and t-PAIC (Z=-1.487, P=0.137). Univariate and binary Logistic regression analysis of relevant variables showed that advanced age [OR=1.126, P=0.002], elevated TM [OR=1.325, P=0.048], prolonged prothrombin time (PT) [OR=4.127, P=0.008] were independent risk factors for thrombosis in the patients with APS. ROC curve analysis of the above three independent risk factors showed that the combined detection of age, PT and TM had the highest Yoden index (0.727) and sensitivity (83.0%), with a specificity of 89.7%.@*CONCLUSION@#TAT, PIC, TM, and t-PAIC may reflect thrombus formation from the coagulation system, fibrinolysis system, and endothelial system. The combined of age TM and PT is superior to the application of a single marker, which has diagnostic value for the early identification of APS thrombosis.

Effects of intravenous thrombolysis with a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator at different time windows on acute ischemic stroke in patients / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis with a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator at different time windows on acute ischemic stroke in patients.Methods:A total of 172 patients with acute ischemic stroke who received treatment in Lishui Municipal Central Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were included in this study. They were divided into observation (onset to admission < 3 hours, n = 86) and control (onset to admission = 3-4.5 hours, n = 86) groups according to the time from onset to admission. Clinical efficacy, coagulation indexes, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and the modified Rankin Scale score were compared between the two groups. Results:Total response rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [89.54% (77/86) vs. 75.58% (65/86), χ2 = 4.89, P < 0.05]. After treatment, fibrinogen, low whole blood viscosity, and plasma viscosity in the observation group were (2.55 ± 0.62) g/L, (9.68 ± 1.37) mPa·s, (1.45 ± 0.17) mPa·s, respectively, which were significantly higher than (1.53 ± 0.58) g/L, (9.19 ± 1.46) mPa·s, (1.32 ± 0.15) mPa·s in the control group ( t = -11.14, -2.27, -5.32, all P < 0.05). Antithrombin III level in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(91.65 ± 7.23)% vs. (97.74 ± 6.82)%, t = 5.68, P < 0.05]. At 2 hours, 1 day, and 2 weeks after thrombolysis, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores in the observation group were (2.49 ± 0.31) points, (1.98 ± 0.24) points, (1.79 ± 0.05) points, which were significantly lower than (3.32 ± 1.08) points, (2.69 ± 0.35) points, (2.18 ± 0.21) points in the control group ( t = 6.85, 15.52, 16.75, all P < 0.001). After treatment, the modified Rankin Scale score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(2.01 ± 0.79) points vs. (2.88 ± 0.64) points, t = 7.94, P < 0.001]. Conclusion:Intravenous thrombolysis with a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 4.5 hours after onset exhibits good therapeutic efficacy in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Earlier thrombolysis leads to better therapeutic efficacy and prognosis.

Clinical efficacy of ateplase combined with heparin in the treatment of acute moderate- and high-risk pulmonary thromboembolism and its effects on arterial blood gas analysis and myocardial enzyme level / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of alteplase combined with heparin in the treatment of acute moderate- and high-risk pulmonary thromboembolism and its effects on arterial blood gas analysis and myocardial enzyme level.Methods:Seventy-eight patients with acute moderate- and high-risk pulmonary thromboembolism who received treatment in Dongyang People's Hospital from January 2015 to January 2022 were retrospectively included in this study. They were divided into observation ( n = 39) and control ( n = 39) groups according to different treatment methods. The control group was treated with heparin, while the observation group was treated with alteplase based on heparin. All patients were treated for 7 days. Clinical efficacy as well as arterial blood gas analysis, myocardial enzymes, pulmonary artery pressure, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion pre- and post-treatment were compared between the two groups. Results:The total response rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (94.87% vs. 76.92%, χ2 = 5.18, P < 0.05). After treatment, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(36.24 ± 5.12) mmHg vs. (44.25 ± 3.78) mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa, t = 7.86, P < 0.05]. After treatment, the partial pressure of oxygen in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(78.82 ± 5.1) mmHg vs. (71.23 ± 4.89) mmHg, t = 6.66, P < 0.05]. After treatment, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase isoenzyme in the observation group were (107.42 ± 15.45) U/L, (37.21 ± 10.84) U/L, and (12.28 ± 3.54) U/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than (189.94 ± 21.20) U/L, (65.42 ± 6.57) U/L, and (19.29 ± 3.08) U/L in the control group ( t = 19.64, 13.89, 9.33, all P < 0.001). After treatment, the pulmonary arterial pressure in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(32.24 ± 3.86) mmHg vs. (37.79 ± 5.17) mmHg, t = 5.37, P < 0.001]. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(14.07 ± 1.27) mm vs. (12.63 ± 1.16) mm, t = 5.22, P < 0.001]. Conclusion:Ateplase combined with heparin has an obvious effect on acute moderate- and high-risk pulmonary thromboembolism. It can improve arterial blood gas analysis and reduce myocardial enzyme levels.

Effects of butylphthalide combined with alteplase on acute ischemic stroke / 中国基层医药

Objective:To analyze the effects of butylphthalide combined with alteplase on acute ischemic stroke.Methods:A total of 176 patients with acute ischemic stroke who received treatment at The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng from November 2020 to October 2021 were prospectively included in this study. They were divided into control and combined treatment groups ( n = 88/group) according to hospital registraction number. The control group was given intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase. The combined treatment group was intravenously administered alteplase for 6 hours followed by butylphthalide sodium chloride injection. The two groups were treated for 2 consecutive weeks. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, clinical efficacy, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels as well as the incidence of adverse drug reactions were compared between the two groups. Results:After thrombolysis, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in the combined treatment group were (4.23 ± 1.75) points, (6.42 ± 2.05) ng/L, (13.42 ± 3.59) ng/L, and (3.17 ± 0.94) mg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than (7.28 ± 1.93) points, (9.58 ± 2.79) ng/L, (22.28 ± 3.73) ng/L, and (5.23 ± 1.25) mg/L, respectively in the control group ( t = 10.98, 20.29, 16.06, 12.36, all P < 0.001). The total response rate in the combined treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group [94.32% (83/88) vs. 80.68% (71/88), χ2 = 7.48, P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse drug reactions between the combined treatment and control groups [6.82% (6/88) vs. 11.36% (10/88), χ2 = 0.01, P > 0.05]. Conclusion:Butylphthalide combined with alteplase for the early treatment of acute ischemic stroke can increase therapeutic efficacy, improve neurological function, and reduce inflammatory responses. The combined therapy has a positive clinical value in the early treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

Clinical research progress of intravenous thrombolysis of urokinase and alteplase in the treatment of a-cute cerebral infarction / 心血管康复医学杂志

Acute cerebral infarction(ACI)is the most common type of stroke.Intravenous thrombolysis is the most effective treatment measure for ACI,which can reopen the occluded vessels,save the ischemic penumbra and im-prove the prognosis.Urokinase and alteplase,as the first-and second-generation drug of intravenous thrombolys-is,have been widely used in clinical practice,each with its own advantages and disadvantages.The present article makes a brief review on the clinical research progress of intravenous thrombolysis of urokinase and alteplase in the treatment of ACI.

Efficacy and safety of arterial thrombolysis in patients with wake-up ischemic stroke of anterior circulation non-major arteries / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in patients with wake-up ischemic stroke (WUIS) of anterior circulation non-major arteries.Methods:Sixty-seven patients with WUIS of anterior circulation non-major arteries (time from falling asleep/last use of bathroom at night to intravenous thrombolysis≤9 h and >4.5 h) admitted to Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Muyangliu Hospital from January 1 st, 2017 to December 31 st, 2021 were chosen; these 35 patients accepted routine antiplatelet therapy after intravenous thrombolytic therapy were chosen as control group, and the other 32 patients accepted rt-PA arterial thrombolysis after intravenous thrombolytic therapy were chosen as study group. Vascular recanalization after arterial thrombolysis was observed in study group (cerebral infarction thrombolysis grading 2 and 3: good vascular recanalization). Neurological deficit improvement during treatment, clinical prognoses (modified Rankin scale scores of 0-2: good prognosis) and hemorrhagic transformation incidence 3 months after treatment were compared between the 2 groups. Results:The vascular thrombolytic recanalization rate of study group was 81.25% (26/32). Patients in study group had significantly decreased National Institute of Health stroke scale scores compared with those in control group 1, 7, and 14 d after thrombolytic therapy ( P<0.05). The good prognosis rate of study group (62.50%, 20/32) was significantly higher than that in control group (37.14%, 13/35, P<0.05). No significant difference in hemorrhagic transformation rate was noted between the 2 groups (15.6% [5/32] vs. 5.71% [2/35], P>0.05). Conclusion:Patients with WUIS of anterior circulation non-major arteries (time from falling asleep/last use of bathroom at night to intravenous thrombolysis≤9 h and >4.5 h) benefit from arterial thrombolysis with rt-PA, and risk of secondary intracerebral hemorrhage is not obviously increased.

Timing of intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA combined with edaravone dexborneol in super elderly patients with moderate to severe acute ischemic stroke / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) intravenous thrombolysis combined with edaravone dexborneol at different timing in super elderly patients (aged≥85 years) with moderate to severe acute ischemic stroke (AIS).Methods:A prospective study was performed. Seventy-one super elderly patients with moderate to severe AIS treated with rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis combined with edaravone dexborneol from December 2020 to March 2023 in Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fourth Central Hospital of Nankai University were selected and randomly divided into early group ( n=35) and advanced group ( n=36); patients in the early group were given edaravone dexborneol immediately after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis, and patients in the advanced group were given edaravone dexborneol 24 h after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis. In addition, 31 patients with moderate to severe AIS received rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis only in Department of Neurology of the hospital from August 2018 to December 2020 were selected as control group. Differences in efficacy and safety indexes among the 3 groups were compared. Results:After 7 d of treatment, the improvement rate of neurological function in early group was significantly higher than that in control group and advanced group ( P<0.05). After 90 d of treatment, modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores in early group were statistically lower than those in control group and advanced group ( P<0.05); good prognosis rate in early group was statistically higher than that in control group and advanced group ( P<0.05). The incidences of intracranial hemorrhage and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in early group were significantly lower than those in control group and advanced group ( P<0.05). After 30 and 90 d of treatment, the advanced group had significantly lower mortality than the control group, but significantly higher mortality than the early group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Edaravone dexborneol immediately after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis is the optimal timing for super elderly patients with moderate to severe AIS, which can improve the efficacy and safety.

Correlation of new thrombus markers with the degree of white matter lesions / 中风与神经疾病杂志

@#Objective To investigate the correlation between the expression of coagulation markers thrombomodulin(TM) and tissue plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 complex(t-PAIC) and white matter lesions(WMLs). Methods A total of 69 patients with WMLs who were hospitalized in the Department of Neurology of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital from July 2020 to October 2022 were selected. After admission,novel coagulation markers were tested,and cranial magnetic resonance examination was completed. WMLs were graded according to the Fazekas visual rating scale,and the correlation between novel coagulation markers and WML severity in patients with WMLs was analyzed by the Kendall stau-b method. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors for WML severity. Results There were significant differences in serum TM and t-PAIC levels between the mild,moderate,and severe WML groups,and the levels of serum TM and t-PAIC in the moderate and severe WML groups were significantly increased compared with the mild WML group(P<0.05). There was a correlation between serum TM and t-PAIC levels and the severity of WMLs in the three groups(P<0.05). The high level of t-PAIC and age were risk factors for the aggravation of WMLs,with odds ratios(95% confidence interval) of 1.274(1.052-1.544) and 1.063(1.015-1.114),respectively(P<0.05). Conclusion The expression of serum TM and t-PAIC in patients with WMLs is positively correlated with the degree of white matter lesions,and t-PAIC is a risk factor for the exacerbation of white matter lesions, which may be used as a serum marker to indicate the development of WML patients.

Serum plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels in patients with major depressive disorder vs. healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Etiologically, several factors may play a role in its development. Previous studies have reported elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in patients with depression, suggesting that PAI-1 levels might be linked to the etiology of MDD. Methods We systematically searched the following online databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science up to September 10, 2020, to identify studies in which PAI-1 levels were reported in subjects with MDD. Subsequently we used RevMan 5.3 to perform a meta-analysis of data extracted from the included studies using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and PICO criteria for the search and analysis. Results Six studies that reported mean ± standard deviation (SD) were included in the analysis, with a total of 507 MDD patients and 3,453 controls. The overall standardized mean difference (SMD) was 0.27 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.01-0.53). PAI-1 serum levels were 0.27 SDs higher in MDD patients than in controls. The test for overall effect was significant (z = 2.04, p = 0.04). Substantial heterogeneity was detected among the studies, demonstrated by the inconsistency test (I2 = 72%) and the chi-square test (χ2 = 18.32; p = 0.003). Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that MDD might be related to elevated PAI-1 levels. We propose larger prospective clinical studies to further investigate this clinical correlation and validate the clinical significance of these observations.

Ischemic stroke with unknown onset of symptoms: current scenario and perspectives for the future / Acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico com tempo indeterminado de início dos sintomas: cenário atual e perspectivas para o futuro

Abstract Background Stroke is a major cause of disability worldwide and a neurological emergency. Intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy are effective in the reperfusion of the parenchyma in distress, but the impossibility to determine the exact time of onset was an important cause of exclusion from treatment until a few years ago. Objectives To review the clinical and radiological profile of patients with unknown-onset stroke, the imaging methods to guide the reperfusion treatment, and suggest a protocol for the therapeutic approach. Methods The different imaging methods were grouped according to current evidence-based treatments. Results Most studies found no difference between the clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with wake-up stroke and known-onset stroke, suggesting that the ictus, in the first group, occurs just prior to awakening. Regarding the treatment of patients with unknown-onset stroke, four main phase-three trials stand out: WAKE-UP and EXTEND for intravenous thrombolysis, and DAWN and DEFUSE-3 for mechanical thrombectomy. The length of the therapeutic window is based on the diffusion weighted imaging-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (DWI-FLAIR) mismatch, core-penumbra mismatch, and clinical core mismatch paradigms. The challenges to approach unknown-onset stroke involve extending the length of the time window, the reproducibility of real-world imaging modalities, and the discovery of new methods and therapies for this condition. Conclusion The advance in the possibilities for the treatment of ischemic stroke, while guided by imaging concepts, has become evident. New studies in this field are essential and needed to structure the health care services for this new scenario.

Resumo Antecedentes O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é uma das principais causas de incapacidade em todo o mundo, e uma emergência neurológica. A trombólise intravenosa e a trombectomia mecânica são eficazes na reperfusão do parênquima em sofrimento, mas a impossibilidade de determinar o tempo exato de início era uma causa importante de exclusão ao tratamento até alguns anos atrás. Objetivos Revisar o perfil clínico-radiológico dos pacientes com AVC de tempo indeterminado, os métodos de imagem para guiar o tratamento de reperfusão, e sugerir um protocolo para a abordagem terapêutica. Métodos Os diferentes métodos de imagem foram agrupados de acordo com os tratamentos atuais baseados em evidências. Resultados A maioria dos estudos não encontrou diferença entre as características clínicas e de imagem dos pacientes com AVC reconhecido ao despertar e AVC de tempo definido, o que sugere que o icto, no primeiro grupo, ocorre próximo ao acordar. Quanto ao tratamento do AVC de tempo indeterminado, quatro grandes estudos na fase três sobressaem: WAKE-UP e EXTEND para trombólise intravenosa, e DAWN e DEFUSE-3 para trombectomia mecânica. A ampliação da janela terapêutica fundamenta-se nos paradigmas de incompatibilidade da imagem ponderada de difusão-recuperação da inversão atenuada por fluidos (diffusion weighted imaging-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, DWI-FLAIR, em inglês), do núcleo isquêmico e penumbra, e clínico-radiológico. Os desafios na abordagem do AVC de tempo indeterminado envolvem a ampliação da janela terapêutica, a reprodutibilidade das modalidades de imagem no mundo real, e a identificação de novos métodos e tratamentos para essa condição. Conclusão É evidente o avanço nas possibilidades de tratamento do AVC isquêmico guiado pelos conceitos de imagem. Novos estudos nesse campo são essenciais, com necessidade de estruturar os serviços de saúde para esse novo cenário.

Cerebrovascular disease and mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a Latin American country, Peru / Accidente cerebrovascular y mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 en un país de Latinoamérica, Perú

SUMMARY Objective : This study aimed at: 1) Assessment of the frequency of stroke and related mortality rate in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in two major hospital referral centers in Peru; 2) Exploration of factors associated to mortality and dependency in these patients; 3) Comparisons of frequency of admissions of stroke patients and reperfusion treatments in similar periods of time prior to (2019) and during the pandemia occurrence. Material and Methods : A retrospective cohort study was conducted in two of the largest referral hospital centers for COVID-19 in Peru. The study included patient victims of stroke and COVID-19, hospitalized between April and August 2020. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data, radiological findings, and severity levels measured by the NIHSS scale were collected. Poisson regression models to evaluate associated factors to mortality and dependency were applied. Results : A 31% reduction of admissions for stroke, and of 81% of intravenous reperfusion treatment, respectively, were found in 2020 when compared with 2019. 1.37% of the patients with COVID-19 experienced a stroke, with an overall mortality rate of 40.6%, and a dependency rate of 68.3% at discharge time (Rankin > 2). An age increase of 10 years was found in mortality, associated with a 29% increase in mortality risk. As well, having hypertension, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory markers (D dimer and ferritin) and the severity of the stroke were associated with mortality. Finally, the severity of stroke, lymphopenia, and inflammatory markers (D dimer and fibrinogen) were associated with greater risk of dependency. Conclusions : The care system of stroke patients was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in two of Perú's major public hospitals. There was a decrease in admissions and reperfusion treatments of stroke cases, and 1.37% of patients with COVID-19 presented a stroke. Age, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory markers and severity of stroke were associated with mortality in these patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo : Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) Evaluar la frecuencia de accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y de la tasa de mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 en dos importantes centros hospitalarios de referencia en Perú, 2) Exploración de factores asociados a mortalidad y dependencia en estos pacientes, 3) Comparar la frecuencia de admisiones de pacientes con ACV y de los tratamientos de reperfusión en tiempo de pandemia y en periodos previos (2019). Material y Métodos : Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en dos de los mayores centros hospitalarios de referencia en Perú, incluyendo pacientes con ACV y COVID-19 hospitalizados entre abril y agosto del 2020. Se recolectó información demográfica, clínica y de laboratorio, hallazgos radiológicos y niveles de severidad medidos por la escala NIHSS, y se utilizó un modelo de regresión de Poisson para evaluar los factores asociados a mortalidad y dependencia. Resultados : Se encontró una disminución del 31% de admisiones hospitalarias de pacientes con ACV (ictus) y del 81% de los tratamientos de reperfusión endovenosa en el 2020 con respecto al 2019. Un 1.37% de pacientes con COVID-19 experimentaron ACV, con una mortalidad global de 40.6% y dependencia al alta del 58.3% (rankin >2). Un incremento de 10 años en edad se asoció con un aumento del 29% en el riesgo de mortalidad. Hipertensión arterial, enfermedad renal crónica, marcadores inflamatorios (Dímero D y ferritina) y la gravedad del ictus se encontraron asociados con mortalidad. La gravedad del ictus, la linfopenia y los marcadores inflamatorios (Dimero D y fibrinógeno) estuvieron asociados a un mayor riesgo de dependencia. Conclusión : El sistema de atención de ACVs se vio afectado por la pandemia del COVID-19 en dos de los centros hospitalarios públicos más grandes del Perú. Se encontró una disminución en las admisiones hospitalarias y en los tratamientos de reperfusión de estos pacientes durante la pandemia. Edad, hipertensión, enfermedad renal crónica, marcadores inflamatorios y gravedad del ictus fueron factores asociados con la mortalidad de pacientes con COVID-19 y ACV.

Calidad de la atención en salud en ataque cerebrovascular en un hospital de referencia en Colombia / Quality of health care in stroke in a reference hospital in Colombia

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La evaluación de la calidad de la atención del ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) es una prioridad para los sistemas de salud, debido a su relación con la disminución de la discapacidad y la muerte. En este estudio se analizan los marcadores de calidad en ACV en un hospital de referencia en Nariño, Colombia. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los marcadores de calidad de atención en ACV en el Hospital Universitario Departamental de Nariño E. S. E., entre junio del 2018 y diciembre del 2019. Como referencia se comparó con los registros de Colombia en la plataforma RES-Q. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes con ACV atendidos intrahospitalariamente. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la plataforma RES-Q, en tanto que el análisis se efectuó por medio de estadísticos descriptivos y frecuencias absolutas y relativas y las diferencias con pruebas analíticas. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 457 pacientes con predominio de ACV isquémico y se llevó a cabo trombólisis endovenosa al 7,2% en el 2018 y al 9,2 % en el 2019, el 27,7 % con tiempo puerta aguja menor a 60 minutos en el 2018 y el 42,8 % en el 2019. Entre los marcadores de calidad, se encontró mejoría en realización de NIHSS, evaluación de disfagia en las primeras 24 horas, realización de doppler carotideo en los primeros siete días. En comparación con Colombia, se encontró un porcentaje inferior en trombólisis endovenosa y trombectomía. La mayoría de los indicadores de atención en ACV es similar al promedio nacional. CONCLUSIONES: La mejoría en el cumplimiento de marcadores de calidad en ACV refleja el impacto de programas de atención en ACV. El monitoreo de los parámetros de calidad permite generar programas para fortalecer la atención integral del ataque cerebrovascular en la región.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of the quality of care for Stroke is a priority for health systems, given its relationship with disability and death. In this study, Stroke quality markers are analyzed in stroke in a referral hospital in Narino, Colombia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the markers of quality of care in stroke in the Hospital Departamental Universitario de Narino E.S.E between June 2018 and December 2019. As a reference, the outcomes were compared with the Colombian registries on RES-Q platform. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study of patients treated in-hospital with stroke, data collection was performed using the RES-Q platform. The analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and absolute and relative frequencies and the differences with analytical tests. RESULTS: 457patients were evaluated, with ischemic stroke predominance, endovenous thrombolysis was performed in 7.2 % in 2018, and 9.2 % in 2019, 27.7 % of patients had door to needle time less than 60 minutes in 2018 and 42.8 % in 2019. Among the quality markers evaluated, an improvement was found in the performance of NIHSS, dysphagia evaluation, and carotid doppler performance in ischemic stroke. Compared with Colombian registry, a lower percentage was found in endovenous thrombolysis and thrombectomy. Most of Stroke Care Markers are similar to national average. CONCLUSIONS: The improvement in compliance of standard of Stroke Care Quality Markers reflects the impact of stroke care programs. The monitoring of quality parameters allows the generation of comprehensivestroke care programs in the region.

Experiencia en el manejo del ataque cerebrovascular isquémico en dos centros de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Ibagué (Colombia) entre junio del 2019 y junio del 2020 / Ischemic stroke management - Experience in two third-level hospitals in Ibague (Colombia) from June 2019 to June 2020

RESUMEN INTRODUCCION: El ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) de etiología isquémica es una patología cuya incidencia y mortalidad aumentaron en la última década. Cuando se maneja oportunamente, mediante trombólisis como terapia inicial, mejora su desenlace y funcionalidad. En el departamento del Tolima (Colombia) no hay registros de esta patología y en el país la bibliografía al respecto es limitada. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los desenlaces clínicos del manejo agudo con r-tPA en los pacientes que presentaron ACV isquémico en dos instituciones de la ciudad de Ibagué, capital de dicho departamento, entre junio del 2019 y junio del 2020, e identificar los tiempos de atención hospitalaria y las principales variables asociadas con el grupo de pacientes que fallecieron. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal del manejo del ACV isquémico con r-tPA, en el que se describen las variables sociodemográficas, la escala NIHSS como evaluación neurológica inicial, los tiempos de atención (inicio-aguja, puerta-tac y puerta-aguja), los desenlaces postoperatorios y el Rankin modificado al egreso. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 38 pacientes con una media de 67,37 años, el 60,53 % fueron mujeres. La escala NIHSS al ingreso fue 13,47 puntos (DE 5,24). Los tiempos de atención fueron 183 minutos (DE 72,63) inicio-aguja, 41 minutos (RIQ 17-72) puerta-TAC y 101,50 minutos (RIQ 77 - 137,25) puerta-aguja. La mortalidad fue del 23,68 %. CONCLUSION: La mortalidad y el desenlace funcional del ACV en nuestra población fueron similares a los reportados en la literatura nacional e internacional, sin embargo, es preciso implementar protocolos de atención del infarto cerebral para incrementar el número de pacientes con desenlace favorable, acortando los tiempos de atención en toda la cadena del tratamiento adecuado del infarto cerebral.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Ischemic stroke is a growing disease in the last decade, increasing both its incidence and its mortality. However, timely thrombolysis management as initial therapy can improve both disease progression as well as an individual's functionality. In Tolima, there are no registries of this disease and in Colombia in general, the literature is limited. The objective of this study is to investigate the clinical outcomes of the acute management of ischemic stroke using r-tPA as well as identifying in-hospital treatment times, at two institutions in Ibague between 2019 and 2020. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Using a cross-sectional descriptive study, we describe the management of ischemic stroke using r-tPA, describing sociodemographic variables, NIHSS scale as the initial neurological evaluation, in-hospital treatment times (symptoms-to-needle, door-to-TAC, door-to-needle), the clinical outcomes, and lastly the modified Rankin score upon discharge. RESULTS: We included 38 patients with median age of 67,37 years, 60,53 % were females. The initial average NIHSS scale upon admission was 13,47 (DE 5,24). In-hospital attention time averages were: symptoms-to-needle 183 minutes (DE 72,63), door-to-CAT 41 minutes (RIQ 17-72), and door-to-needle 101,50 minutes (RIQ 77-137,25). Overall the rate of mortality was 23,68 %. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality and functionality outcomes of the stroke population observed was similar to previously reported, both nationally and internationally. However, protocols should be implemented for the timely ischemic stroke management to improve the number of patients with favorable outcomes, by reducing the in-hospital attention times in all areas of the management chain.