An excerpt of AASLD practice guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis （2023） / 临床肝胆病杂志

This Practice Guidance intends to coalesce best practice recommendations for the identification of portal hypertension （PH）， for prevention of initial hepatic decompensation， for the management of acute variceal hemorrhage （AVH）， and for reduction of the risk of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in chronic liver disease. The most significant changes in the current Guidance relate to recognition of the concept of compensated advanced chronic liver disease， codification of methodology to use noninvasive assessments to identify clinically significant PH （CSPH）， and endorsement of a change in paradigm with the recommendation of early utilization of nonselective beta-blocker therapy when CSPH is identified. The updated guidance further explores potential future pharmacotherapy options for PH， clarifies the role of preemptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in AVH， discusses more recent data related to the management of cardiofundal varices， and addresses new topics such as portal hypertensive gastropathy and endoscopy prior to transesophageal echocardiography and antineoplastic therapy.

An excerpt of the American College of Gastroenterology clinical guideline on alcohol-associated liver disease in 2024 / 临床肝胆病杂志

The American College of Gastroenterology published the clinical guideline on alcohol-associated liver disease （ALD） in January 2024 in American Journal of Gastroenterology. This guideline elaborates on the epidemiology and disease burden of ALD and alcohol use disorder， the risk factors for ALD， the diagnosis and treatment of alcohol use disorder， the disease spectrum of ALD， the management of ALD， and public policy and prevention. This article gives an excerpt of the recommendations and key points/statements in this guideline.

Interpretation and mirror of the National Health Education Standards in the United States / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#In the context of frequent public health events, effective school health education is an important measure to improve students health literacy and public health system of China. The study examined the National Health Education Standards in the U.S., based on a literature review and comparative analysis, to provide guidance for China. Using the method of liberature riview paper interprets the curriculum of National Health Education Standards in the U.S. and provides a mirror for China. Health Education standards in the U.S. are characterized by their academic quality, standardized framework, assessment program, equity principles, and other components. A mirror for China includes promoting the construction of the standards based health education curriculum, developing the skills based health education curriculum system, and constructing a performancebased comprehensive evaluation system.

An excerpt of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases practice guidance on acute-on-chronic liver failure and the management of critically ill patients with cirrhosis in 2023 / 临床肝胆病杂志

The expert panel of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases published Practice guidance on acute-on-chronic liver failure and the management of critically ill patients with cirrhosis on November 9， 2023 in Hepatology. This practice guidance elaborates on the definition of acute-on-chronic liver failure， prediction models， and the management of liver cirrhosis comorbid with acute-on-chronic liver failure and organ failure in critically ill patients， and this article gives an excerpt of the key points in the practice guidance.

Migração e mortalidade por câncer entre os migrantes colombianos nos EUA: um estudo com dados de declaração de óbito / Migration and cancer mortality among Colombian migrants in the USA: a death certification study

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar padrões de mortalidade por câncer entre os imigrantes colombianos nos EUA e colombianos em sua terra natal. Dados de 2008 a 2012 foram coletados, e foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade por câncer de colombianos residindo em seu país natal e colombianos residindo em Califórnia, Flórida e Nova York, bem como taxas específicas de mortalidade por idade e sexo por cada 100.000 pessoas. Para comparar as duas populações, tanto antes como após a correção pela escolaridade, as razões de taxas de mortalidade (MRR) foram estimadas por modelo de regressão binomial negativa. Foi descoberto que colombianos em sua terra natal apresentam taxas de mortalidade por câncer mais altas quando comparados aos que residem nos EUA (MRR masculino 1,4 (IC 95%: 1,2-1,5), MRR feminino 1,5 (IC 95%: 1,3-1,7)). Essas diferenças persistem para a maioria dos tipos de câncer, mesmo após correção pela escolaridade. Os colombianos em sua terra natal apresentaram taxa de mortalidade por câncer gástrico (MRR masculino 2,6; feminino 2,8) e cervical (MRR 5,0) significativamente mais alta em comparação com os que residem nos EUA. As desigualdades educacionais na mortalidade por câncer foram mais acentuadas para aqueles que moram em sua terra natal. A menor taxa de mortalidade por câncer observada entre os colombianos nos EUA, porém, não pode ser atribuída às diferenças de escolaridade, um indicador de status socioeconômico. Em vez disso, provavelmente ocorre devido à maior acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde preventivos e curativos nos EUA.

Abstract We aim to compare cancer mortality rates of USA Colombian migrants (USA Colombians) to Colombians in their country of origin (CO Colombians). Using Colombian national mortality data and data on cancer deaths among Colombians residing in the states of California, Florida, and New York (USA Colombians) for the period 2008-2012, we estimated sex-specific and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), expressed per 100,000 persons. For comparisons between the two populations before and after adjustment for educational level, negative binomial regression models were used to compute Mortality Rate Ratios (MRR). CO Colombians had higher cancer mortality rates compared with USA Colombians (male MRR 1.4 [95%CI: 1.2-1.5], female MRR 1.5 [95%CI: 1.3-1.7]). These differences persisted for most cancers even after adjustment for education. CO Colombians had significantly higher mortality from gastric (MRR 2.6 in males and 2.8 in females) and cervical cancer (MRR 5.0) compared with US Colombians. Educational inequalities in cancer mortality were more pronounced among CO Colombians than among USA Colombians. Lower cancer mortality observed among USA Colombians cannot be attributed to differences in education, an indicator of socio-economic status. Rather, it is likely due to better access to preventive and curative healthcare in the USA.

El orden de nacimiento como factor de riesgo para ser víctima de trata sexual en el triángulo norte de Centroamérica / Birth order as a risk factor for being victim of sex trafficking in the northern triangle of Central America

RESUMEN Las redes de tráfico humano para la prostitución captan a menores vulnerables, en especial, a quienes consideran no les queda otra opción que emigrar al norte para hacer frente a problemas económicos graves. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer si el orden de nacimiento representó un factor de riesgo, asociado a la vulnerabilidad para la trata sexual de menores centroamericanas, traficadas a Estados Unidos. Las entrevistadas mostraban vulnerabilidades vinculadas con estructuras sociales y conductas individuales. Por una parte, todas crecieron en hogares caracterizados por la pobreza extrema. Por otra parte, también presentaban vulnerabilidades relacionadas con el embarazo adolescente, la falta de educación, la disfuncionalidad familiar y la participación en mercados ilegales. Ocupar el primer lugar en orden de nacimiento eleva la vulnerabilidad de las menores a ser traficadas a Estados Unidos para el comercio sexual. Por el contrario, ocupar el último lugar disminuye este riesgo.

ABSTRACT Human trafficking networks for prostitution recruit vulnerable underage girls, especially those who are considered with no choice but to migrate north to cope with serious economic problems. The aim of this work was to determine if birth order represented a risk factor associated to the vulnerability for sex trafficking of Central American female minors. The interviewees presented vulnerabilities associated to social structures and individual behaviors. On the one hand, all of them grew up in house holds characterized by extreme poverty. On the other hand, they also had vulnerabilities related to teenage pregnancy, lack of education, family dysfunction and participation in illegal markets. Findings suggest that occupying the first place in the order of birth raises the vulnerability of minors to being trafficked to the United States for sex trade. On the contrary, occupying the last place decreases this risk.

Investigation on medical practice of overseas acupuncturists based on the top 5 general hospitals in the United States of America and the inspiration / 国际中医中药杂志

This study selected the top five general hospitals in the United States of America, collected the practice information of acupuncturists through the official website, and analyzed the professional department, expertise, professional title, education background, residency, fellowship, board certification, etc. of these acupuncturists to understand the practice situation of acupuncturists in the hospitals. The results of the study showed the practice of acupuncturists in the United States of America is improving. With further localization, locally trained acupuncturists have gradually become the main body of acupuncturists; acupuncture treatment is still mainly for analgesia, but the scope of treatment continues to expand, and departments that accept acupuncturists are gradually increasing. However, the group of licensed acupuncturists is still a minority in the group of acupuncturists in the United States of America. Native American physicians still use acupuncture as an alternative option and neglect to obtain a license. The entry barrier for acupuncturists still needs to be raised.

Research on the appointment system of universities to promote interdisciplinary research from the perspective of comparison between China and the United States / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:This paper focused on the research of the appointment system in interdisciplinary research institutions of world-class universities in China and the United States. The positive effects of different employment and evaluation systems as well as existing problems were sorted out and analyzed, and some suggestions were put forward to optimize and innovate the teacher appointment system and promote the interdisciplinary construction of Chinese universities.Methods:This paper focused on the new teacher appointment system adopted by representative universities in China and the United States to promote the development of interdisciplinary research and used the methods of literature research, questionnaire survey, case analysis, and in-depth interview to sort out and analyze the different systems.Results:Based on the broad perspective of the ″new concept-(artificial) selection-stabilization″ system change, the implementation of an interdisciplinary joint appointment in our country has experienced a stage of ″new concept generation″ at present, but it is still in the stage of ″institution establishment and stabilization″. The personnel management system for teachers engaged in interdisciplinary research still needs to be improved, and there are still outstanding problems in the areas of evaluation and promotion pressure, financial resources guarantee, teachers′ sense of belonging, administrative costs, etc.Conclusions:Referring to the advanced experience at home and abroad, Chinese universities should focus on breaking the barriers of distributing the interests of results, improving interdisciplinary talent evaluation mechanisms, adopting a variety of flexible appointment systems depending on demands, and building a benign flow ecology of interdisciplinary human resources. Apart from these, urgent attention should be paid to improving the administrative work system and interdisciplinary cultural system construction.

Enlightenment of the DRG payment reform in the United States on the reform of China′s medical insurance payment methods / 中华医院管理杂志

In order to curb the excessive growth of medical expenses, the United States has initiated payment reform of diagnosis-related groups (DRG) since 1983, and developed a series of complementary measures to address issues such as overcoding and declining healthcare service quality which were exposed during the reform. The authors discussed the implementation of DRG payment reform in the United States, namely the case-mix specialization of medical institutions and the reduction of costs, as well as the relationship between the two. On this basis, the authors suggested that when implementing reforms to the medical insurance payment system in China, it is imperative to avoid such loopholes as overcoding by medical institutions and excessive pursuit of efficiency at the expense of quality control, as well as the decline of comprehensive rescue capability and quality of care incurred by the exacerbated specialization.

Overview on haemovigilance about delayed transfusions in the UK and blood shortage in the USA / 中国输血杂志

Serious hazards of transfusion(SHOT)in the United Kingdom has been received reporting of the adverse events of delayed transfusion for more than ten years. Hemovigilance Module Surveillance Protocol in Biovigilance Component in National Healthcare Safety Network in the United States updated the incident codes to include under-transfusion with the creation of a new process code: no blood (NB) and four incident codes in October 2022. This review introduces the monitoring practice of delayed transfusion/under-transfusion in the UK and the USA, makes a suggestion to incorporate delayed transfusion/under-transfusion due to blood shortage into the national health standard on the classification of transfusion reactions and haemovigilance protocol in China, and to do a national survey as well, therefore the real world data and evidences would be obtained and used for further policy making.

The experience and enlightenment of American home-school-community partnership to promote physical activity of school age children for overweight and obesity prevention / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The study elaborates on the historical development of the home-school-community partnership in the United States, as well as physical activity strategies to prevent overweight and obesity in school age children. Feasible suggestions are proposed for implementing the home-school-community collaboration in China. The finding suggests that in addition to cooperation with schools, families and communities need to take initiatives to actively support children s participation in various physical activities and provide facilities and guarantees. Schools should also do a top level design that links with families and communities, and incorporate their participation into long term physical education planning, making them an integral part of a closely interconnected collaborative network to further prevent overweight and obesity in school age children.

The introduction to and inspiration from FDA Guidance: alternative procedures for the manufacture of cold-stored platelets intended for the treatment of active bleeding when conventional platelets are not available or their use is not practical / 中国输血杂志

U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently issued a guidance on alternative procedures for the manufacture of cold-stored platelets intended for the treatment of active bleeding when conventional platelets are not available or their use is not practical. It was allowed to use platelets stored at 1 ℃ to 6 ℃, with a storage period of up to 14 days from the date of collection.The validation and quality monitoring of platelet manufacture retained pH items testing at the end of the storage, and platelet count and actual plasma volume testing items were not required. The guidance provided the recommendations and considerations for the manufacture, labeling, storage, transportation, bacterial contamination control, process validation, and quality monitoring sampling of cold-stored platelets, as well as the further research needs for its efficacy, particularly when conventional platelets are available and their use is practical. The scientific and regulatory considerations on cold-stored platelets in the guidance would be informative and instructive to the development of blood regulation and standards related with urgent transfusion in China.

Research on Ethical Governance of "BRAIN Initiative" in the United States / 中国医学伦理学

With the implementation of the "BRAIN initiative" in various countries, neuroethical governance has become an important concern of the international community. After ten years of development, the "BRAIN initiative" in the United States has formed a relatively complete ethical governance system. By interpreting the strategic report of the "BRAIN initiative" in the United States, analyzing its basic framework of ethical governance, dissecting its governance practice mechanism, and conducting research from the aspects of top-level design and construction, regulatory model innovation, promoting public participation, enhancing international dialogue, and improving soft and hard regulations, this paper provided some reference and thoughts for the ethical governance of the "BRAIN initiative" in China.

Review of the competitive generic drug incentive system in the United States and its enlightenment to China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide ideas and inspiration for promoting the development of the generic drug industry and legal system of China. METHODS With text analysis， empirical research and other methods， the competitive generic drug incentive system in the United States was combed， its implementation effect and successful experience were analyzed， and the reference was provided for the implementation of relevant systems in China. RESULTS The competitive generic drug incentive system in the United States had achieved a satisfactory effect in three aspects： encouraging generic drug applications， accelerating the listing of generic drugs， and promoting drug price reduction， which was ultimately conducive to improving drug accessibility by publishing List of Off-Patent，Off-Exclusivity Drugs without an Approved Generic， while accelerating the development and review of generic drugs with insufficient competition and giving market exclusivity periods. CONCLUSIONS China’s reference to the competitive generic drug incentive system in the United States meets the needs of the current situation of domestic drug supply and also has the basis for industry practice. Therefore， we can refer to it， improve the system of releasing the catalog of encouraged generic drugs to be imitated， optimize the approval process for them， and authorize the exclusive period incentive to them.

Study on the scale and tendency of dental schools in the United States and its implications to China / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The number of dental schools increased from 55 in 2000 to 66 in 2019 in the United States. The number of public, private, and private-state-related dental schools were 40, 22 and 4, respectively. A majority of them were located in most developed areas, such as western, eastern, and southern regions of the country. In the same period, the number of freshman enrollees rose from 4 234 to 6 231 while the average of enrollees kept under 100. On the basis of learning relevant experiences of the United States, it might be necessary for China to expand the overall scale of stomatology education in order to address the shortage of dentists, take measures to increase the number of stomatology schools and improve their distribution, and control the number of enrollees per school to enhance the quality of education.

Challenges and reflections on the final theoretical examination of Chinese undergraduate medical education in the context of organ-system based integrated curriculum / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In order to solve the problems faced by final theoretical examination in the context of organ-system based integrated curriculum, this article analyzes the challenges and demands placed on the final theoretical examination of organ-system based integrated curriculum in undergraduate medical education, and it is pointed out that traditional medical theoretical examinations cannot meet these new demands since they are mainly memorized questions with one knowledge point for each question, as well as a lack of multidisciplinary knowledge fusion. By analyzing the questions in the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) test, this article summarizes the features of final theoretical examination suitable for organ-system based integrated curriculum and proposes that the final theoretical examination of organ-system based integrated curriculum suitable for Chinese undergraduate medical education can be developed through the translation of USMLE test, item modeling technique, or writing new tests based on the classification of knowledge points. The reform of final theoretical examination in the context of organ-system based integrated curriculum may help to realize the aim and objective of integrated teaching.

School Feeding Programs in the United States during 1853-2010 / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The Children s Aid Society of New York has been providing free food to students at local vocational schools since 1853. It wasn t until 1975 that the school lunch program was permanently mandated by Congress. The National School Lunch Program in America has gone through a historic process from its inception and establishment to its development. The continued interest and oversight of the American people, public opinion guidance by progressive people like nutrition reformers, home economics and other are external factors in the continued development of this program. The timely enactment of the bill by the federal government and the high concern of senior leaders on this project is an important prerequisite for continued development. Integrating this program into the national agricultural development strategy and realizing the overall development philosophy is the key to the sustainability of this program. Paying attention to children s physical health is the core reason why American School Feeding Programs focus on children s diet quantity to children s nutritional quality. All of these factors contribute to the development of this project.

The Study of Factors Affecting Oral Health in a Sample from NHANES Survey in the United States

Aims: Oral health problems include dental caries, gum diseases, loss of natural teeth, and other mucosal diseases. The present research aimed to study the factors affecting periodontal health in the residents of the United States of America. This study examined if there were significant differences in the health of teeth and gums with respect to last visit to the dentist, intake of fluoride drops or tablets, gender, and educational level. Materials & Methods: The study analyzed secondary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-18. This study examined a population of 9,254 residents aged 1 and older. The Chi-Square Test of Independence was used to test significance among the variables of last visit to the dentist, received fluoride drops or tablets, gender, and educational level. Results: The study found no statistically significant differences in health of teeth and gums with respect to intake of fluoride drops or tablets, gender, and educational level. However, the study did find a statistically significant difference in the health of teeth and gums with regard to the last visit to the dentist among residents of the US. Individuals who have visited the dentist in the last six months have rated their health of teeth and gums as excellent as compared to those who did not visit the dentist in the last six months. Conclusions: Future studies should review other factors affecting oral health such as high sugar intake, diabetes, chronic diseases, and genetics. Emphasis should be given to the identification of inequities associated with periodontal health among various cultural and ethnic groups in the United States of America.

Objetivos: Los problemas de salud oral incluyen la caries dental, las enfermedades de las encías, la pérdida de los dientes naturales y otras enfermedades de las mucosas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar los factores que afectan la salud periodontal en los residentes de los Estados Unidos de América. Este estudio examinó si había diferencias significativas en la salud de los dientes y de las encías con respecto a la última visita al dentista, ingesta de gotas o tabletas de flúor, género y nivel educativo. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio se analizó con datos provenientes de la Encuesta y Examinación Nacional de Salud y Nutrición NHANES del 2017-2018. Este estudio examinó una población de 9.254 residentes de 1 año o de mayor edad. Se usó la prueba de independencia Chi-Cuadrado para probar la significancia entre variables como la última visita al dentista, ingesta de gotas o tabletas de flúor, sexo y nivel educativo. Resultados: El estudio no encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la salud de los dientes y de las encías con respecto a la ingesta de gotas o tabletas de flúor, sexo y nivel educativo. Sin embargo, el estudio encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la salud de los dientes y de las encías con respecto a la última visita al dentista entre los residentes de los Estados Unidos. Las personas que visitaron al dentista en los últimos seis meses calificaron la salud de sus dientes y encías como excelente en comparación con quienes no visitaron al dentista en los últimos 6 meses. Conclusiones: Los estudios futuros deberían revisar otros factores que afectan la salud bucal como la ingesta de alto contenido de azúcar, la diabetes, al igual que las enfermedades crónicas y factores de genética. Se debe hacer énfasis en la identificación de inequidades asociadas con la salud periodontal entre diversas culturas y grupos étnicos en los Estados Unidos.

The Anesthesiology Milestones 2.0 an competency-based assessment for residency training in the United States: an interpretation / 中华麻醉学杂志

From a time-based to a competency-based medical education, the evolution of residency training began nearly 30 years ago, the development of valid and reproducible assessment tools faces challenges.Medical educators across specialties remain motivated to develop a relevant, generalizable, and measurable system.The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in the United States commits to the responsibility by assuring that the process and outcome of graduate medical education (GME) in the national residency programs produce competent, safe, and compassionate doctors.The Milestones Project is the ACGME′s evolution to a competency-based system, which allows each specialty to develop its own subcompetencies and 5-level progression of Milestones, along a continuum of novice to expert.Milestones 1.0 provided important foundational information and insights for the education community, that has had nearly 5 years of experience for residency training in Anesthesiology, needs to be improved.Milestones 1.0 highlighted challenges with assessment and evaluation of residents, some mismatch between subcompetencies and current and future clinical practices in Anesthesiology, and the need for faculty development tools.The ACGME assembled representatives from stakeholder groups using an iterative process within the Anesthesiology community to develop the second generation of Milestones in 2021.This article describes Milestones 2.0 for residency training in Anesthesiology in the United States, emphasizing the rationality and practicability, to provide evidence for residency training in Anesthesiology in China.There is a lack of systematic, cooperative and continuous research on medical education in Anesthesiology in China, and a lack of competency-based and milestone-based residency training in Anesthesiology.It is urgent to narrow the gap between developed countries and China to improve medical education and training in Anesthesiology.

Grouping rules and implications of MS-DRG in the United States / 中华医院管理杂志

The United States is the first country to implement DRG payment in the world, and its MS-DRG(medical severity DRG)version has been used for reference by many countries and regions. In order to ensure the universal applicability of DRG grouping scheme and adapt to the clinical reality, the MS-DRG grouping scheme should follow such grouping rules as similarity of resource consumption, clinical similarity and easy management of DRG groups. This paper presented the evolution of MS-DRG and expounded on its grouping rules in detail, for reference in the amendment and improvement of grouping rules in CHS-DRG.