Sistematización de una sistematización: aprendizajes sobre el método / Systematization of a systematization: learning about the method / Sistematização de uma sistematização: aprendizagem sobre o método

Resumen Objetivo: presentar los aprendizajes de una sistematización como método, para la construcción de conocimiento basado en la experiencia vivida por los propios investigadores de varios proyectos sobre la educación en crianza, en el campo de la salud pública, llevado a cabo en la vereda Granizal, Antioquia, durante el período 2013-2019. Materiales y método: se empleó la sistematización de experiencias y los participantes fueron los mismos investigadores. Se inició con la organización de los materiales, los diarios de campo de los círculos de investigación temática y relatorías de las reuniones del equipo de investigación y de los actores comunitarios. Se siguió con la elaboración de una matriz con la recuperación histórica. Y, finalmente, de las reflexiones grupales, surgieron categorías y relaciones para la construcción teórica de visión de conjunto. Resultados: se presenta la propuesta teórica de la sistematización y los procedimientos para implementarla, orientada por cinco momentos: vivir la experiencia, formular un plan de sistematización, recuperar el proceso vivido, las reflexiones de fondo y los puntos de llegada. Se destacan cuatro rasgos de la sistematización: una investigación creativa; basada en un proceso de construcción colectiva; para aprender de la práctica y construir conocimiento; y como escenario transformador de esta y de quienes la realizaron. Conclusión: la "sistematización de la sistematización" permitió hacer conciencia sobre la propia praxis investigativa. Muestra la comprensión del grupo acerca de la conceptualización y metodología de esta perspectiva investigativa. Trasciende la recopilación y organización de la información del proceso vivido en la medida en que la reconstrucción de la experiencia es una comprensión más amplia que transforma la práctica de los sujetos involucrados.

Abstract Objective: to present the learning of a systematization as a method, for the construction of knowledge based on the experience lived by the researchers of several projects on parenting education in the field of public health carried out in the rural settlement of Granizal, Antioquia, during the period 2013-2019. Materials and method: the systematization of experiences was used and the participants were the researchers. It began with the organization of the materials, the field diaries of the thematic research circles and reports of the meetings of the research team and community actors. It was continued with the elaboration of a matrix with the historical recovery. And, finally, reflections, categories and relationships emerged from the group for the theoretical construction of the overall vision. Results: the theoretical proposal of the systematization and the procedures to implement it are presented, guided by five moments: living the experience, formulating a systematization plan, recovering the lived process, the background reflections and the arrival points. Four features of systematization stand out: creative research; research based on a process of collective construction; learning from practice and building knowledge; and as a transforming scenario of this research and of those who carried it out. Conclusion: the "systematization of the systematization" allowed raising awareness of the research praxis itself. It shows the understanding of the group on conceptualization and methodology of this research perspective. It transcends the collection and organization of the information of the process lived to the extent that the reconstruction of the experience is a broader understanding that transforms the practice of the subjects involved.

Resumo Objetivo: apresentar as aprendizagens de uma sistematização como método, para a construção de conhecimento baseado na experiência vivida pelos próprios pesquisadores de vários projetos sobre a educação em criação, no campo da saúde pública, levado a cabo no povoado Granizal, Antioquia, durante o período 2013-2019. Materiais e método: utilizou-se a sistematização de experiências os participantes foram os mesmos pesquisadores. Iniciou-se com a organização dos materiais, os diários de campo dos círculos de pesquisa temática e relatorias das reuniões da equipe de pesquisa e dos atores comunitários. Conseguiu-se com a elaboração de uma matriz com a recuperação histórica. E, finalmente, das reflexões grupais, surgiram categorias e relações para a construção teórica de visão de conjunto. Resultados: apresenta-se a proposta teórica da sistematização e os procedimentos para implementá-la, orientada por cinco momentos: viver a experiência, formular um plano de sistematização, recuperar os processos vividos, as reflexões de fundo e os pontos de chegada. Destacam-se quatro rasgos da sistematização: uma pesquisa criativa; baseada em um processo de construção coletiva; para aprender da prática e construir conhecimento; e como cenário transformador desta e de quem a realizaram. Conclusão: a "sistematização da sistematização" permitiu fazer consciência sobre a própria práxis pesquisaria. Amostra a compreensão do grupo acerca da conceptualização e metodologia desta perspectiva pesquisaria. Trascende a recopilação e organização da informação do processo vivido na medida em que a reconstrução da experiência é uma compreensão mais ampla que transforma a prática dos sujeitos envolvidos.

La identificación empática sistémica entre adolescentes "antisociales": la terapia familiar crítica como modelo de intervención / Systemic empathic identification among "antisocial" adolescents: critical family therapy as intervention model

Este trabajo de investigación clínica se enfoca en adolescentes que muestran su malestar mediante conductas antisociales. Se defiende la hipótesis que la conducta antisocial, es un desafío a la autoridad familiar, en particular la figura paterna que ejerce una crianza coercitiva. La conducta antisocial se da en un escenario grupal, junto con otros iguales. La presente investigación propone reconocer dichos grupos como un fenómeno que denominamos: La identificación empática sistémica entre adolescentes. La cual empodera al joven ante sus padres y otras organizaciones que demandan reglas y expectativas. También se propone una ruta terapéutica que se enfoca en generar una alianza con el joven y sus padres con el fin reconocerse entre ellos como personas dignas e inteligentes y buscar en sus propias historias relacionales y contextos los recursos para repensarse críticamente y resolver el malestar.

This clinical research work focuses on adolescents who show their discomfort through antisocial behaviors. It is stands for the hypothesis that the antisocial behavior is a defiance of family authority, in particular the father figure that exercises a coercive breeding. Antisocial behavior occurs in a group stage, along with other peers. The present research proposes to recognize these groups as a phenomenon that we call: Systemic empathic identification among adolescents. Which empowers the teen among their parents and other organizations that demand rules and expectations. A therapeutic route is also proposed that focuses on generating an alliance with the young and their parents in order to recognize each other as worthy and intelligent people and look in their own relational stories and contexts for resources to critically rethink about themselves and resolve the discomfort.

Emotional distress and its care in empowered indigenous women exposed to domestic violence and the demands of child rearing / Malestares emocionales y su atención en mujeres indígenas empoderadas expuestas a violencia doméstica y exigencias de crianza de los hijos

Abstract Introduction Indigenous girls and women in Mexico suffer emotional distress due to marital violence and adherence to gender roles. They are unlikely to denounce violence or treat their health in a timely manner. Women can cope with their distress by participating in empowerment processes. Objective Describe in indigenous empowered women the emotional distress caused by domestic violence in their childhood and the current demands of raising their children and the actions they take to cope with them. Method Qualitative and phenomenological qualitative research, in-depth interviews, and participant observation were conducted with nine migrant indigenous women to explore experiences during their upbringing, emotional reactions, and current mental health problems. Results The software Atlas. ti V 7 was used to undertake a theoretical categorization of the data. Findings included exposure to violence, the influence of a good mother, and past and present emotional distress overcome through empowerment and professional care. Discussion and conclusion Participating in urban empowerment activities enables participants to reflect on the violence experienced and the attendant distress, identify them as gender violence, and use them in their favor. They are strategic when coping with current distress due to the conflictive upbringing of their children, using psychological services and the urban upbringing prescriptions of children's rights, and incorporating indigenous parenting practices, which encourage community commitment, responsibility, and early self-sufficiency in children. Empowerment is suggested as an effective means of improving the health of indigenous women in Mexico.

Resumen Introducción En México, niñas y mujeres indígenas padecen malestares emocionales por la violencia conyugal y el cumplimiento de roles de género. No es común que se denuncie la violencia o se atienda oportunamente su salud. Las mujeres pueden emprender la atención de sus malestares al participar en procesos de empoderamiento. Objetivo Describir en mujeres indígenas empoderadas los malestares emocionales causados por la violencia doméstica en su niñez; por las exigencias actuales en la crianza de sus hijos/as y las acciones que realizan para atenderlos. Método Mediante una investigación cualitativa situada y fenomenológica, se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y observación participante con nueve mujeres indígenas migrantes. Con estas herramientas se exploraron experiencias durante su crianza; reacciones emocionales y problemas actuales de salud mental. Resultados Mediante el software Atlas. ti V 7, se realizó una categorización teórica de los datos. Así se encontraron: exposición a la violencia; la influencia de la buena madre; malestares emocionales antiguos y actuales sobrellevados con el empoderamiento y la atención profesional. Discusión y conclusión Participar en actividades urbanas de empoderamiento lleva a las participantes a reflexionar sobre la violencia vivida y sus malestares asociados; resituarlos como violencia de género, y usarlos en su favor. Se muestran estratégicas al enfrentar malestares actuales por la conflictiva crianza de su hijos/as, usando servicios psicológicos y las prescripciones de crianza urbana del derecho infantil, e integrando prácticas de crianza indígenas, que estimulan el compromiso comunitario, responsabilidad y autosuficiencia temprana en los hijos/as. Se sugiere aprovechar la eficacia del empoderamiento para mejorar la salud de las mujeres indígenas del país.

Prosocialidad: estado actual de la investigación en colombia / Prosociality Current status of research in colombia

Este artículo tiene por finalidad presentar el estado del arte acerca del estudio de la conducta prosocial en Colombia. Se analizaron las tendencias actuales en términos de las principales variables positivamente relacionadas, focos poblacionales, contextos de estudio, principales hallazgos y vacíos en la investigación sobre este constructo. Se tomaron investigaciones con una amplia gama de variables positivamente asociadas, tales como empatía, conductas de ayuda, altruismo, ajuste psicológico, entre otras. Se encontró que la tendencia en el país, en el campo investigativo, está dirigida al estudio de la conducta prosocial en la infancia y la adolescencia, especialmente en contextos de crianza, parentalidad y escenarios educativos. La evidencia empírica alcanzada en el país, en términos generales, es coherente con los hallazgos en la investigación internacional en materia de prosocialidad. Se puede concluir que, a pesar de las condiciones sociales por las que pasa el país en términos de violencias y conflicto armado, son escasos los estudios de este constructo en poblaciones vulnerables o afectadas por la violencia, siendo este un campo investigativo prometedor con múltiples aristas por explorar.

This paper aims to present the state of the art about the study of prosocial behavior in Colombia. Current trends were analyzed in terms of the main positively related variables, population outbreaks, study contexts, main findings and gaps in research on this construct. Research was undertaken with a wide range of positively associated variables, such as empathy, help behaviors, altruism, psychological adjustment, among others. It was found that the trend in the country, in the field of research, is directed to the study of prosocial behavior in childhood and adolescence, especially in contexts of parenting and educational scenarios. The empirical evidence obtained in the country, in general terms, is consistent with the findings in international research on prosociality. It can be concluded that, despite the social conditions that the country is experiencing in terms of violence and armed conflict, studies of this construct are scarce in populations that are vulnerable or affected by violence, this being a promising research field with multiple edges to explore.

Estilos parentales en la discapacidad: examen de la evidencia empírica sobre un modelo / Parental Styles in Disability: Examination of the empirical evidence on a model

Resumen El estudio tuvo como objetivos definir y examinar, a partir de la evidencia empírica, un modelo que describe los procesos de crianza de personas con discapacidad -MEPD- Modelo Estilos Parentales en la Discapacidad (Manjarrés 2012), e identificar la configuración de los estilos parentales presentes en una muestra de 195 casos ubicados en cuatro departamentos de Colombia (Santander, Bolívar, Cundinamarca y Antioquia). Los participantes fueron: padres (14), madres (120), hijos con discapacidad (35), hermanos (14) y miembros de la familia extensa (12), quienes informaron sobre los procesos de crianza de la persona con discapacidad, centrando su atención en las acciones realizadas por quien(es) ejerce(n) la función parental. Se desarrolló un análisis mediante dos procedimientos multivariantes sucesivos: análisis de correspondencias múltiples y análisis de conglomerados. Los resultados permitieron examinar, depurar y definir operacionalmente el marco estructural del modelo, identificar tres ejes factoriales importantes en la configuración del estilo parental (la confianza en la capacidad del hijo, el control y el afecto) y caracterizar cuatro estilos parentales presentes en la crianza de personas con discapacidad, denominados impulsador-reflexivo, dominador-inflexible, dominado-complaciente y dominado-distante.

Abstract The objective of the study was to define and analyze, based on the empirical evidence, a model that describes the processes of parenting of people with disabilities -MEPD- Model of Parental Styles in Disability (Manjarrés 2012), and to identify the configuration of parental styles Present in a sample of 195 cases distributed in four departments of Colombia (Santander, Bolívar, Cundinamarca and Antioquia). The participants were: parents (14), mothers (120), children with disabilities (35), siblings (14) and members of the extended family (12), who reported on the processes of parenting the person with disabilities, focusing their attention in the actions carried out by who (s) exercise (s) the parental function. It is an analysis through two successive analysis methods: multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. The results allowed us to examine, refine, and operationally define the structural framework of the model, identify the important factor axes in the configuration of the parental style (trust in the child's capacity, control and affect) and characterize the parental styles present in the Raising people with disabilities, called impulsive-reflexive, dominator-inflexible, dominated-complacent and dominated-distant.

La crianza en situación de injusticia extrema, una comprensión desde un grupo de cuidadoras significativas / Upbringing in an extreme injustice's situation: understanding of the topic from the perspective of meaningful caregivers

Introducción: Muchas familias en Colombia viven en condiciones de desigualdad e iniquidad, por ello no todos los grupos gozan de las mismas posibilidades para una crianza satisfactoria para padres-hijos. Tal es el caso de las familias desplazadas y destechadas del asentamiento Altos de Oriente II, cuyas crianzas han sido estigmatizadas por algunos discursos hegemónicos de la salud pública. Objetivo: Comprender los significados de la crianza desde las dimensiones históricas, socioculturales y ontológicas en un grupo de cuidadoras que viven en situación de injusticia extrema, en el marco de un proceso de educación popular. Método: Se realizó una metodología de corte etnográfico. Se siguió como horizonte la corriente interpretativita crítica, mediante observación participante. Se convocó a gestantes y cuidadores de niños menores de 5 años. Los registros escritos fueron codificados y categorizados de forma simultánea al análisis reflexivo. Resultados: Los hallazgos describen las diferentes experiencias respecto a la crianza que vivieron las cuidadoras significativas participantes, aquellas crianzas que realizan como madres o abuelas y las que anhelan para sus hijos o nietos. Estas mujeres, a pesar de tener historias situadas en medio de extrema injusticia experimentada desde sus infancias, luchan por realizar la crianza que valoran. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos develan cómo las madres y abuelas interiorizan las violencias y la injusticia extrema como parte de su vida y de sus crianzas, así, se autorreconocen como las únicas responsables de los hechos vividos y de lo que viven. No pueden identificar y comprender los factores estructurales que condicionan sus vidas(AU)

Introduction: Many Colombian families live in inequality and inequity conditions; therefore, not all groups enjoy the same opportunities to promote successful parents - children upbringing. Such is the case of forced displaced and homeless families in Altos de Oriente II settlement, whose child rearing experiences have been stigmatized by some hegemonic public health discourses. Objective: To understand the meanings of upbringing from the historical, sociocultural and ontological dimensions in a group of caregivers living in an extreme injustice's condition in Altos de Oriente II settlement, in the setting of a people's education process. Method: An ethnography methodology was carried out following the critical interpretive stream, through participant observation. Pregnant women and caregivers of children under five were summoned. Written records were coded and categorized simultaneously to reflective analysis. Results: Different experiences were describe regarding the children upbringing experienced by significant caregivers participating, that upbringing performed as mothers or grandmothers, and the ideas of child rearing they long for their children or grandchildren. Despite having a history of extreme injustice experienced since their childhood, these women are struggling to carry out the upbringing they value. Conclusions: Findings reveal how mothers and grandmothers internalize violence and extreme injustice as part of their lives and their child rearing experiences, thus, recognizing themselves as the only responsible for the events they lived and the ones they are currently living. They cannot identify and understand structural factors that determine their lives(AU)

The correlation of family parenting styles, personality characteristics and psychological health status among college students:a structural equation model study / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between college students' psychological health status,family parenting styles and personality characteristics using the structural equation model.Methods A total of 4 866 College students (2 122 males,2 744 females) were surveyed with NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI),family upbringing style questionnaire(FUSQ) and psychological symptom inventory-100(PSI-100).Lisrel 8.7 was used to construct the structural equation model.Results NEO-FFI total score was 198.08±15.31,PSI-100 total score was 167.08±68.23,father upbringing style questionnaire total score was 457.80±62.10,and mother upbringing style questionnaire total score was 459.27±61.91.For the factors of personality,the more influential factors were agreeableness,conscientiousness and openness.There was a negative correlation between good personality and psychological symptoms(path coefficient =-0.73,P＜0.05).For the factors of family parenting styles,parenting dimension scores (such as mother's democracy,encouragement,understanding,father's supervision,respect) were negatively correlated with psychological symptom scores(path coefficient=-0.18,P＜0.05).Conclusion Family parenting styles can directly affect the psychological symptoms and the personality status,thereby affecting mental health of college students.Personality characteristics could be a mediated variable to regulate the relationship between family parenting styles and psychological health of college students.

The age changes of family parenting styles in China and its influence on mental health / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate changes of family parenting styles after the reforn and opening in China and its influence on mental health.Methods On the base of stratified convenience sampling,a valid sample of 429 were recruited from Wuxi and Hefei city residents:1960s group 103 persons,1970s group 107 persons,1980s group 116 persons,and 1990s group 103 persons.Subjects' childhood parenting styles were surveyed with the family upbringing style questionnaire(FUSQ) and their current mental health status was rated with the psychological symptom inventory-100 (PSI-100).Results (1) Except understanding-blame,and expects-demanding,and mother respect-humiliation and mother warmth-wildness,there were significant age differences on other parenting styles (P＜ 0.05),their scores were gradually increased from 1960s group ((38.29± 6.30)-(44.99± 7.36)) to 1980s group ((40.96±6.05)-(48.53±7.91)),1990s group declined((40.13±7.27)-(46.97±6.61)).(2) Most parenting style dimensions were significantly negatively correlated with symptom total score (r=0.095-0.308) and mental symptom scores (r=0.090-0.330).(3) The family parenting styles had significantly effects on the symptom total score (explained variance of 20.3％) and mental symptom scores (explained variance of 12.4％-21.5％).Conclusion There have been some positive,open and scientific changes on the family parenting styles after the reform and opening in China,childhood family parenting styles have long-term effects on mental health of youth and adult.

Nacer y crecer en plenitud: Dispositivos de salud mental para el acompañamiento de niños y adolescentes y familias / To be born and grow to the fullest: mental health devices to go along with children, adolescents, their families and expectant families. Metropolitan health district of the province of Neuquén / Nascer e crescer em plenitude: dispositivos de saúde mental para o acompanhamento de crianças e adolescentes, suas famílias e famílias gestantes. Área sanitária metropolitana na província de Neuquén

El presente artículo caracteriza los dispositivos de atención en salud mental a niños y adolescentes, sus familias y familias gestantes que se desarrollan, desde el ámbito de la salud pública, en la Zona Sanitaria Metropolitana de la Provincia del Neuquén (período 2008-2012). Dicha caracterización surge de una investigación descriptiva cualitativa en la que se utilizaron como instrumentos de recolección de datos la revisión de los registros sanitarios existentes y la aplicación de encuestas y entrevistas a los profesionales intervinientes. Los dispositivos así descriptos cobran relevancia bajo el concepto de “buenas prácticas” en salud desde el cual se buscan sistematizar experiencias exitosas que puedan ser aplicables y transferibles a otras realidades. “Buenas prácticas” que, en este caso, se dirigen a acompañar etapas claves en la estructuración psíquica del ser humano teniendo, por ello, un alto potencial preventivo y de promoción de la salud a nivel de salud mental

In This paper we describe mental health care devices for children and adolescents, their families and expectant families that are developed from the field of public health, in the Metropolitan Health District of the Province of Neuquén (2008-2012). This characterization comes from a qualitative descriptive research in which the revision of existing health records and the use of surveys and interviews with the professionals involved were used as data collection instruments. The devices described this way become relevant under the concept of “good practices” in health from which they seek to systematize successful experiences that may be applicable and transferable to other realities. “Good practices” that, in this case, aim at accompanying key stages in the psychic structure of human beings having, therefore, a high preventive potential and a health promotion potential as regards mental health level

Crianza y sexualidad de hijos de mujeres prostitutas marginales del centro de Bogotá / Upbringing and sexuality in children from marginal prostitute women downtown in Bogotá

Se exploraron las creencias, actitudes y prácticas de crianza relacionadas con la sexualidad de niños, niñas y adolescentes hijos de mujeres prostitutas del centro de Bogotá. Se establecieron los principales procesos determinantes de la crianza. Es una investigación analítica interpretativa que usó entrevistas a profundidad y un grupo focal. Participaron 10 mujeres, entre 28 y 56 años. Se contemplaron como puntos centrales de exploración la subjetividad de las madres, los retos del desarrollo sexual y los condicionantes sociales y culturales de la crianza. Las violencias estructural, simbólica y económica son las principales determinantes de la crianza. El abuso sexual y la posibilidad de gestación en sus hijas adolescentes son las preocupaciones más importantes. En general, las participantes comparten y reproducen los mismos valores tradicionales sobre el género y el ejercicio de la sexualidad, los cuales son transmitidos y modelados desde la crianza…

Introduction: Child upbringing of women engaged in prostitution has been little explored. Methods: Child upbringing beliefs, attitudes and practices regarding sexuality in prostitutes’children and adolescents were explored downtown in Bogota. Analytical-interpretive research included in-depth interviews and a focus group. There were ten women between 28 and 56 years of age. Core issues were their subjectivity as mothers, sexual development challenges, upbringing social and cultural conditions. Results: Structural, symbolic and economic violence are the main determinants of parenting. Sexual abuse and the possibility of pregnancy in their adolescent daughters are the most important concerns. Conclusions: In general, the participants share the same values and reproduce traditional ideals in gender and sexuality, which are transmitted and modeled from upbringing…

Desarrollo de una escala para medir la percepción de la crianza parental en jóvenes estudiantes mexicanos / Development of a scale to measure the perception of parental upbringing in young Mexican students

Objetivo. La crianza de los hijos es una de las funciones de carácter universal más importantes de la familia. Este estudio aborda la perspectiva y la valoración de los hijos en este proceso, en el que participan activamente. El objetivo del estudio fue construir y validar una escala para medir la percepción de jóvenes estudiantes con respecto a la crianza parental en el ámbito familiar. Método. Se trabajó con una muestra estratificada por área de conocimiento de 727 estudiantes de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México en la ciudad de Toluca, aplicando el instrumento de manera colectiva en los salones de clase, con la colaboración anónima y voluntaria de los participantes. Resultados. Como resultado del análisis factorial con rotación varimax, la versión final de la escala quedó estructurada con 32 reactivos agrupados en tres factores: mostrar interés en las actividades del hijo, apoyo hacia el hijo y orientación al hijo. La escala obtuvo un Alfa de Cronbach de 0.91, explicando el 41% de la varianza. Los resultados muestran que entre los jóvenes predomina una evaluación positiva de la frecuencia con la que los padres desempeñan las actividades de crianza, considerando que éstos cumplen con su función socializadora. Conclusión. Se concluye que es importante realizar más investigaciones sobre la perspectiva y las experiencias que tienen los hijos en el proceso de crianza y en la interacción con sus padres.

Objective. The raising of children is universally one of the most important functions of a family. This study deals with the perspective and the valuation of children in this process in which they actively participate. The objective was the construction and validation of a scale with which to measure the perception of young students regarding parental upbringing in the familial environment. Method. A stratified sample according to areas of knowledge was identified. The instrument was applied collectively in classrooms, anonymously and voluntarily, to 727 Universidad Autónoma students from the Estado de México in the city of Toluca. Results. As a result of the factor analysis with varimax rotation, the final version of the scale was structured with 32 items grouped according to three factors: interest shown in the activities of the child, support given the child, and orientation given the child. The scale obtained a Cronbach Alfa of 0.91, explaining 41% of the variance. The results show that, among the young people, a positive evaluation predominates regarding the frequency with which parents assume activities related to upbringing, thus leading to the consideration that they fulfill their socializing function. Conclusion. In conclusion it is important to do more research on the perspective and the experiences which children have with the process of upbringing and their interaction with their parents.

Escopo. A criança dos filhos é uma das funções principais de caráter universal mais importantes da família. Em este estudo é abordada a perspectiva e a valoração dos filhos em este processo, no que eles participam ativamente. Metodología. O escopo do estudo foi construir e validar uma escala para medir a percepção dos jovens estudantes sobre a criança parental no âmbito familiar. Material e metodologia. No trabalho foi usada uma mostra estratificada por área de conhecimento de 727 estudantes da Universidade Autónoma do Estado de México na cidade de Toluca, e foi aplicado o instrumento de maneira coletiva nas aulas de classe, com colaboração anónima e voluntaria dos participantes. Resultados. Como resultados da análise fatorial com rotação varimax, na versão final a escala quedou estruturada con 32 reativos agrupados em três fatores: mostrar o interesse nas atividades do filho, apoio para o filho e orientação ao filho. A escala teve um Alfa de Cronbach de 0.91, explicando o 41% da variação. Os resultados mostram que entre os jovens predomina uma avaliação positiva da frequência com a de os pais desenvolvem nas atividades de criança, considerando que estes tem com sua função socializadora. Conclusão. A conclusão é ressaltar a importância a realização de mais pesquisas sobre a perspectiva e as experiências que tem os filhos no processo de criança e na interação com seus pais.

Avós guardiões de baixa renda / Low income guardian grandparents

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral investigar as vivências e percepções de avós que criam os netos. Participaram 10 avós (nove mulheres e um homem), com média de idade de 48 anos, de padrão socioeconômico baixo, que criavam entre um a cinco netos. Eles responderam a uma entrevista semi-estruturada que foi analisada por temas. Os principais resultados apontam que: os motivos que levaram os avós a criar os netos foram variados, destacando-se a gravidez na adolescência por parte de um filhoe sua separação; a iniciativa da criação, em geral, partiu dos próprios avós; os sentimentos experimentados são de satisfação e felicidade, em que pese a difícil situação financeira e a dificuldade para colocar limites nos netos; a relação com os pais das crianças se caracteriza por um distanciamento e não intromissão na criação dos avós; os filhos ajudam esporadicamente, e a criação deve continuar com os próprios avós.

This study had as a general goal to investigate about experiences and perceptions of grandparents who raise their grandchildren. The participants were ten grandparents (nine women and one man) whose average age was 48 years old, all them had low socioeconomic pattern and raised from one to five grandchildren. They answered questions of a semi-structured interview that was analyzed through themes. The main results point out that: the reasons that led grandparents to raise their grandchildren adolescence and the breakup of their relationships; the initiative of the upbringing, in general, came from the grandparents themselves; the feelings experienced by these are happiness and satisfaction, despite the burden of their difficult financial situation and the difficulties to set limits to their grandchildren; the relationship with the chilupbringing; parents help sporadically and the upbringing must be carried on by the grandparents.

¿Cincuenta años, el límite para donación de ovocitos en la posmenopausia? / Is reaching fifty the limit for oocyte donation in postmenopausal women?

Introducción: el número de mujeres que actualmente postergan su embarazo se encuentra en aumento, de igual forma el número de parejas que recurren a los programas de medicina reproductiva es cada día mayor. La donación de ovocitos ha permitido la consecución de embarazos en mujeres posmenopáusicas; sin embargo, no existe consenso sobre cuál es la edad máxima de la receptora. Objetivo: proponer un límite máximo para ofrecer donación de ovocitos de acuerdo al tiempo de crianza. Conclusión: debido a un mayor tiempo de crianza, se propone la donación de ovocitos hasta los 50 años.

Introduction: the number of females who now postpone their decision to become pregnant is increasing and the number of couples who use reproductive medicine programmes becomes greater every day. Oocyte donation has enabled postmenopausal women to become pregnant, even though no consensus has been reached concerning the maximum age for receiving such treatment. Objective: it is proposed that a maximum age limit be imposed for receiving a donation, due to increased upbringing time. Conclusion: patients should only be offered the chance to receive ovodonation up to age 50 due to the pertinent upbringing time occurring later in life.

A Gestalt-terapia na universidade: da f(ô)rma à boa forma / Gestalt-therapy at the University: from the mold to the good shape

Este texto apresenta uma discussão sobre as características do trabalho de supervisão em Gestalt-terapia nos Serviços de Psicologia Aplicada dos cursos de graduação em Psicologia. Com uma presença que ainda pode ser considerada recente na universidade, a Gestalt-terapia propõe uma abordagem no estágio em Psicologia Clínica que não se confunde com uma formação de gestalt-terapeutas. Sua estratégia passa pelo desdobramento de possibilidades criativas da relação do supervisor com o estagiário e, deste, com os clientes em atendimento. A condução do trabalho na supervisão visa à melhor forma possível para configurar a singularidade do aprendizado das habilidades do futuro psicólogo clínico, e, para isso, distancia-se da rigidez das formatações teóricas e de um enquadramento fechado em dispositivos técnicos. (AU)

This text discusses the supervision in Gestalt-therapy at the Services of Clinical Psychology in the graduation in Psychology. Recently installed at the universities, Gestalt-therapy doesn’t intend to prepare new gestalt-therapists, but aim to develop creative relationship possibilities between the supervisor and the trainee, and between this one and his clients. The process in supervision is driven towards finding the best form as possible in order to figure the singularity of learning the abilities of becoming a clinical psychologist. According to Gestalt-therapy purposes, that means to stay as far as possible from strict rules of theory and of close technical resources. (AU)