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Background & objectives: Focus on non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) causing acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) due to myelitis has increased with the containment of the poliovirus. Enterovirus-B88 (EV-B88) has been associated with the AFP cases in Bangladesh, Ghana, South Africa, Thailand and India. In India, EV-B88 infection was linked to AFP a decade ago; however, to date, no complete genome has been made available. In this study, the complete genome sequence of EV-B88 was identified and reported from two different States (Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) in India using the next-generation sequencing technique. Methods: Virus isolation was performed on the three AFP suspected cases as per the WHO-recommended protocol. Samples showing cytopathic effects in the human Rhabdocarcinoma were labelled as NPEVs. Next-generation sequencing was performed on these NPEVs to identify the aetiological agent. The contiguous sequences (contigs) generated were identified, and reference-based mapping was performed. Results: EV-B88 sequences retrieved in our study were found to be 83 per cent similar to the EV-B88 isolate from Bangladesh in 2001 (strain: BAN01-10398; Accession number: AY843306.1). Recombination analyses of these samples demonstrate recombination events with sequences from echovirus-18 and echovirus-30. Interpretation & conclusions: Recombination events in the EV-B serotypes are known, and this work reconfirms the same for EV-B88 isolates also. This study is a step in increasing the awareness about EV-B88 in India and emphasizes future studies to be conducted in the identification of other types of EV present in India.
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Background: Low birth weight is associated with higher morbidity and mortality including impaired growth and development, malnutrition etc. Worldwide, one- fifth of newborns delivered are low birth weight. Aims & objectives: To estimate frequency of low birth weight & its associated factors among newborns delivered in a tertiary care hospital. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional analysis of 290 newborns delivered in tertiary care hospital, Banda, Uttar Pradesh during period of 15th February 2021 to 31st December 2021 was done for estimating low birth weight frequency & its associated factors including child characteristics, mother characteristics & father characteristics using data from medical record section of hospital. Frequency, percentages, mean, standard deviation, chi square test & independent t- test was used. P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 91 out of 290 newborns delivered were low birth weight (27.9%, 95% CI- 23.1%- 33.4%). The following factors were shown to have a significant association with low birth weight: education of mother (p=0.04), education of father (p=0.03), occupation of father (p=0.02), and duration of pregnancy (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that education of mother, education of father, occupation of father, and duration of pregnancy had significant association with low birth weight frequency that suggests that improving literacy status can help in decreasing burden of low birth weight apart from other factors.
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Context: After introducing ‘Treat all policy’ in the country and free ART (Anti-retroviral therapy) for all patients the biggest challenge is to optimize adherence to therapy and ensure viral suppression. The present study is aimed to determine the adherence pattern of HIV positive patients at ART center, Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh and to determine the factors influencing adherence. Methods and Material: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an ART Centre of a teaching hospi-tal. In this study 357 patients were interviewed using a modified version of ACTG questionnaire and ad-herence was calculated by pill count and recall method. Chi square test and logistic regression was done using SPSS. Results: Nearly 72% patients had optimum adherence. On univariate analysis the factors found signifi-cant were sex of the patient, the education, the socioeconomic status, financial constraints, family sup-port, WHO stage at diagnosis, alcohol addiction and tobacco addiction. On logistic regression four factors, having less than college education, WHO stage IV at diagnosis, alcohol intake and lack of family support were found to be predictors of non-adherence. Conclusions: Family support, treatment of alcohol addiction improving education and job opportunities for these patients will improve adherence in HIV positive patients.
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Background & objective: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease associated with potentially fatal consequences and a grossly underreported disease in Uttar Pradesh. However, only a few studies are available which report the prevalence of leptospirosis in this State. Hence, this study was undertaken to know the status of the disease in central and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Methods: A total of 143 serum and urine samples were collected from patients with acute febrile illness from July 2017 to March 2019. All the serum samples were tested for Leptospira by rapid IgM antibody card and IgM ELISA and urine samples were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect Leptospira DNA. All positive and 10 per cent negative sera from ELISA and RT-PCR (all rapid test positive were also ELISA positive) were sent to the ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair for microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Results: Thirty eight (26.6%) out of 143 samples were positive for leptospirosis either by ELISA or RT-PCR. Positive results were eight (6%) by Rapid card, 32 (22%) by IgM ELISA, 10 (7%) by MAT, 10 (7%) by RT-PCR. In MAT, the most common serovar was Lai followed by Hebdomadis, Bangkinang and Pomona. Interpretation & conclusions: Leptospirosis was found to be one of the important causes for acute febrile illness in the central and eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh. The results of the present study suggest that it is necessary to increase diagnostic facility and awareness in clinicians for the screening of leptospirosis in acutely febrile patients to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.
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Background: High levels of stress and psychological morbidity occur in health-care professional students. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate psychological well-being, perceived stress level, and coping abilities among medical and paramedical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study carried out in a tertiary care hospital, West Uttar Pradesh, India. The total study period was from September 2019 to November 2019 with a sample of 145 medical students aged 17–25 years and 81 paramedical students aged 19–33 years. Ethical clearance was obtained from the College Ethical Committee. We used self-administered, three different types of validated tools for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results: The median age of paramedical and medical trainees was 22 and 21 years, respectively. Family history of mental illness was 21% and 5.5%, respectively. On general health questionnaire-12 scale, 9% of paramedical trainees reported evidence of distress and 91% of severe problem and psychological distress while 19% of medical trainees having evidence of distress and 81% of severe problem and psychological distress. On perceived stress scale-10 (PSS-10) scale, 15% of paramedical trainees reported average level, 27% moderate level, and 55% high level of perceived stress while 2% of medical trainees having average, 19% moderate level, and 79% high level of perceived stress, respectively. The difference in mean score on PSS-10 and Brief COPE scale between paramedics and medical trainees group was found statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: We concluded the higher level of severe problem and psychological distress in the paramedical and high level of perceived stress in medical trainees. Paramedical trainees practice a better coping mechanism than medical trainees.
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Background: Jaundice is visible manifestation of raised serum bilirubin. Jaundice in newborns is not an uncommon occurrence. Usually jaundice in newborn is due to elevation of unconjugated bilirubin. There are varied causes of unconjugated hyper bilirubenemia. This study was conceptualized to see the etiology and clinico-hematological profile of neonates with pathological unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia who were admitted in the specific time frame in Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida which is a tertiary care hospital in Western U.P. Methods: This is a retrospective study in which data of all neonates admitted to NICU with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion in the period 1.7.2018 to 31.12.2018 was collected and analyzed. History including birth weight, mode of delivery, gestational age, mother's blood group, etc. was recorded. Complete physical examination and investigation done for diagnosis noted. Results: It was seen that out of 438 admissions in NICU, 63% had neonatal jaundice and 18.8% of this had pathological unconjugated hyper bilirubenemia. 63.5% were males and 36.5% females. Majority were term babies. Most of the babies developed jaundice on day 3 of life. In 61% cases no cause for jaundice could be ascertained despite investigations for the same. ABO and Rh incompatibility accounted for 15.30% and 5.7% cases respectively. All patients received phototherapy and 3.8% underwent exchange transfusion. Conclusions: From the study it can be concluded that although blood group incompatibility is an important cause of pathological unconjugated hyper bilirubenemia but in most of the cases no cause is usually found.
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Background: Preterm birth is a major cause of mortality and morbidity for newborns. Complications of prematurity are becoming more common as more survivors are spending time in Neonatal intensive care unit.Methods: A retrospective hospital based clinical observational study was conducted in NICU in Sharda hospital, a tertiary care centre in Greater Noida. Data regarding neonates? age, sex, clinical presentation, maternal risk factors, complications and outcome were recorded.Results: A total of 133 preterm neonates were enrolled in the study. Maternal risk factors like Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) was seen in 19.5% cases, Urinary tract infection in 15% and Antepartum haemorrhage in 14.2% cases. Among the complications of prematurity, RDS was noted in 38.3% cases, Hyperbilirubinemia in 16.5% and feed intolerance in 15% cases. Sepsis was present in 3% of the preterm. Mortality rate was 7.5%. Most common cause of death was RDS.Conclusions: Pregnancy induced hypertension and Antepartum haemorrhage were important maternal risk factors for prematurity. Respiratory distress syndrome and perinatal asphyxia were the important causes of mortality in the present study.
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Purpose: The aim of the study is to identify risk factors, clinical characteristics, causative fungi, and treatment outcome of dematiaceous fungal keratitis in North India. Methods: Consecutive cases of culture-proven dematiaceous fungal keratitis between January 2012 and June 2017 were retrieved from the medical record department. Risk factors, clinical signs, and outcome were registered. Results: Eighty-three patients were included. Identified dematiaceous fungal organism were Curvularia sp. (n = 55/83; 66.3%), Alternaria sp. (n = 12/83; 14.5%), Ulocladium sp. (n = 5/83; 6%), Bipolaris sp. (n = 5/83; 6.1%), Scedosporium sp. (n = 3/83; 3.6%), Acremonium sp. (n = 2/83; 2.4%), and Epicoccum sp. (n = 1/83; 1.2%). Male preponderance was reported. The most common predisposing factor was corneal trauma (67.4%). In cases associated with corneal trauma due to vegetative matter, sugarcane was the most common cause. In all, 89% of the patients were more than 30 years of age. The median infiltrate size was 8 mm2. The median time of antifungal therapy was 4.2 weeks (interquartile range [IQR]: 1-25 weeks). Complications were seen in 14 (n = 14/65; 21.5%) patients. Complete resolution of dematiaceous fungal keratitis was present in 27 (n = 27/65; 41.5%) eyes. Conclusion: Curvularia sp. and Alternaria sp. were the predominant pathogenic genera causing dematiaceous fungal keratitis. Among the causative fungi, infections due to Scedosporium sp. were associated with the worst outcomes. Ulocladium sp. and Epicoccum sp. were also identified. Both the species are not reported previously as a causal organism of dematiaceous fungal keratitis from North India.
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Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) has generally been infected with a rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In this report, we present morphological and molecular identification of N. brasiliensis by light and scanning electron microscopy and PCR amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and the protein sequences encoded by cox1 gene, respectively. Despite the use of N. brasiliensis in many biochemistry studies from India, their taxonomic identification was not fully understood, especially at the species level, and no molecular data is available in GenBank from India. Sequence analysis of cox1 gene in this study revealed that the present specimen showed close identity with the same species available in GenBank, confirming that the species is N. brasiliensis. This study represents the first record of molecular identification of N. brasiliensis from India and the protein structure to better understand the comparative phylogenetic characteristics.
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Animals , Mice , Ancylostomatoidea , Biochemistry , Databases, Nucleic Acid , Electron Transport Complex IV , India , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Nippostrongylus , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rodentia , Sequence AnalysisABSTRACT
Background: Low birth weight has been defined by the WHO as weight at birth less than 2500gms. More common in developing than developed countries, LBW contributes to a range of poor health outcomes. Objectives: To know the prevalence of low birth weight neonates and the effect of maternal age and parity on birth weight. Methods: It was a hospital based cross sectional study conducted in Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital over a period of six months i.e from July 2014 to December 2014. A total of 356 women who had their deliveries conducted at Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital were included in the study. Data was collected, compiled and tabulated using Microsoft Excel and analysed using SPSS 17.0 version for calculation of percentages. Results: The prevalence of LBW neonates was found to be 29.65%. 40.19% of the LBW neonates were preterm. Majority of the LBW neonate’s i.e 72.54% weigh between 2.0 to 2.5 kg. Percentage of LBW neonates was found to be highest among women aged between 36 to 40 years (50%) and in primi para (46%). Conclusions: The prevalence of LBW was found to be slightly higher than that for the state of Uttar Pradesh (25.1%). It is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The prevalence can be lowered if women start pregnancy healthy and well nourished, which can be assured by educating the mother about proper nutrition, birth spacing and antenatal care.
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Background: India was the first country to implement population policies, still after 63 years, it‟s far away from achieving low fertility rates. Fertility rates are directly associated with the use of family planning methods. Besides, the use of contraceptive methods amongst the currently married women is very low (49%) in India. Methods: Data have been extracted from NFHS 2005-06 for Uttar Pradesh. Cross-tabulation and multivariate analysis have been carried out to study the patterns of contraceptive methods and their determinants. Results: In Uttar Pradesh, CPR is very low (43%). Women from rural area are 32% (OR=0.681**) less likely to use contraception than urban women. Women‟s age is positively related with current use of contraceptives. The likelihood of using contraception is 46% (OR=0.549) lower among Muslims compared to Hindus. Women below middle school are 30% (OR= 1.302***) and women with middle complete are 67% (OR =1.669***) more likely to use the contraceptive methods than the illiterate women. Women belonging to low SLI are 44% (OR= 0.569*) less likely and with high SLI are 60% (OR =1.5999*) more likely to use contraception, than women belong to medium SLI. Women use more contraception with increasing parity. Among all the predictors women‟s education found to be the most important. Conclusions: There is a wide gap between knowledge and acceptance of contraceptives among currently married women in Uttar Pradesh. There is an urgent need to strengthen the awareness among currently married women so that ultimate aim of reducing fertility rates can be achieved.
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In the 19th and early 20th century, nasal shape, size and nasal indices were the most commonly measurement to differentiate races. A detailed study has been carried out in a random sample of 180 males in age group 18-24 years to neglect the affect of facial parameters in subject above 18 years of age. The study is aimed to determine a set of comparative standard values of the form of the North Indian young male nose and of its relevance to forensic science and clinical anthropometry. A highly significant comparison was found in the nasal indices of two ethnic groups, in the present study. The data revealed that the M.P. male had leptorrhin nose while U.P. male had mesorrhin nose. Various other parameters were also compared in a sample of 90 Madhya Pradesh and 90 Uttar Pradesh males.
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Background: Tobacco usage in adolescents & young adults of state Uttar Pradesh of India is rising to an alarming level; although strategies to curtail them are also running; but the rising usage, can be better known by exploring the role of their perceptions regarding the usage of tobacco. Methods: This cross sectional study was done on total 400 (200 adolescents aged: 10-19 years & 200 young adults aged 20-30 years) by simple random technique using in-depth-interview schedule for 3 months in district Muzaffarnagar (Uttar Pradesh) in India. Results: The 41% Adolescents (AD) and 54.5% Young Adults (YA) were using tobacco (X2 =5.0, P <0.05); and this was mainly in smoked form (62.1% in AD & 54.1% in YA) and that too in the form of cigarettes in AD (56.8%) and bidi in YA (69.4%). Majority of them had also no knowledge regarding harmful effects of tobacco usage in AD & YA groups (50% & 41.2% respectively). Only 39% of AD group and 23% of YA group wanted to quit tobacco in future, that too only for saving money (43.7%) in AD group as compared to 40% of YA group who wanted to leave tobacco to remain healthy despite the information regarding harmful effects of tobacco from family/educational institutions level (X2 =8.1, P <0.05). Conclusions: Tobacco usage perceptions among adolescents and young adults in rural area are not healthy; as per results of this in-depth analysis, for which serious efforts from multiple levels are required to safeguard the health of our future generations.
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The rumen parasite, Gastrothylax crumenifer (Platyhelminthes: Gastrothylacidae), is a highly pathogenic trematode parasite of goat (Capra hircus). It sucks blood that causes acute disease like anemia, and severe economic losses occur due to morbidity and mortality of the ruminant infected by these worms. The study of these rumen paramphistomes, their infection, and public health importance remains unclear in India especially in the western part of state Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), Meerut, India, where the goat meat consumption is very high. This paper provides the molecular characterization of G. crumenifer recovered from the rumen of Capra hircus from Meerut, U.P., India by the partial sequence of 28S rDNA. Nucleotide sequence similarity searching on BLAST of 28S rDNA from parasites showed the highest identity with those of G. crumenifer from the same host Capra hircus. This is the first report of molecular identification of G. crumenifer from this part of India.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cluster Analysis , DNA, Helminth/chemistry , DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Goats , India , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Platyhelminths/classification , RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics , Rumen/parasitology , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Trematode Infections/parasitologyABSTRACT
Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a major public health problem in India. When the first case was reported in 1955, the disease was restricted to south India. The disease spread to north India in 1978 from where extensive and recurrent outbreaks of JE have been reported ever since. An attempt has been made to review the epidemiology of JE over the past 30 years and suggestions made for its prevention and control. Methods: An epidemiological profile of JE (1978–2009) has been compiled and analysed to understand the trend and status of the disease. Results: In India, while 24 states are endemic for JE, Uttar Pradesh contributed more than 75% of cases during the recent past. Over the years, the seasonal trend has changed and the epidemic peak of the disease has advanced by one month. Conclusion: JE is closely associated with the pattern of precipitation, flooding and rice production systems. Analysis of trends and influencing factors will help in designing suitable strategies for the prevention and control of JE in the country. Continuous monitoring of vector populations and JE virus infection rates in vector mosquitoes will help in predicting an outbreak and in taking effective intervention measures.
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Rhinosporiodiosis is a cosmopolitan disease of man and animals, endemic in India and Sri Lanka with main focus of infection in Southern Tamil Nadu. Uttar Pradesh (UP) is not known to be an endemic zone for this disease .We present here the first case of nasal Rhinosporiodiosis from this non-endemic zone.