Factores predictores del éxito del parto vaginal posterior a cesárea

Objetivo : Determinar los predictores del éxito del parto vaginal posterior a cesárea segmentaria transversal primaria por causa no recurrente. Diseño : Estudio de casos y controles. Institución: Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Métodos : Gestantes con inicio espontáneo del trabajo de parto y antecedentes de cesárea con incisión transversal en el segmento inferior por causa no iterativa. La prueba de parto fue considerada exitosa si terminaba en parto vaginal. Principales medidas de estudio : Edad materna, paridad, frecuencia de trabajo de parto previo a la cesárea anterior, edad gestacional al momento del parto, estación de la presentación cefálica fetal al ingreso y peso fetal. Resultados : Se seleccionó 126 gestantes, de las cuales 85 (67,4%) tuvieron pruebas exitosas (parto vaginal), mientras que 41 (32,5%) tuvieron prueba fallida. No se encontraron diferencias en las características generales entre los grupos (p = ns). El análisis univariante mostró que el peso fetal igual o menor de 3,500 gramos, la estación de la presentación cefálica fetal fija o encajada y la edad gestacional menor de 40 semanas fueron predictores significativos del resultado exitoso de la prueba de parto (p < 0,05). El análisis de regresión logística demostró que el peso fetal igual o mayor de 3,500 gramos (p = 0,04) y la estación de la presentación cefálica fetal flotante insinuada (p = 0,03) conservaron importancia como predictores. Conclusión : Los predictores para una prueba exitosa de parto vaginal posterior a cesárea fueron peso fetal menor o igual a 3,500 gramos y la estación de la presentación cefálica fetal fija o encajada.

Objective : To determine predictors of successful vaginal delivery following primary transverse segmental cesarean section for non-recurring cause. Design : Casecontrol study. Institution: Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Methods : Pregnant women with spontaneous onset of labor and history of cesarean section with transverse incision in the lower segment for non-recurrent cause. The trial of labor was considered successful if it ended in vaginal delivery. Main study measures : Maternal age, parity, frequency of labor prior to previous cesarean section, gestational age at delivery, station of fetal cephalic presentation at admission, and fetal weight. Results : A total of 126 pregnant women were selected, of whom 85 (67.4%) had successful trials (vaginal delivery), while 41 (32.5%) had a failed trial. No differences in general characteristics were found between groups (p = ns). Univariate analysis showed that fetal weight equal to or less than 3,500 grams, station of fixed or engaged fetal cephalic presentation, and gestational age less than 40 weeks were significant predictors of successful trial of labor outcome (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that fetal weight equal to or greater than 3,500 grams (p = 0.04) and station of floating insinuated fetal cephalic presentation (p = 0.03) retained significance as predictors. Conclusion : Predictors for a successful trial of vaginal delivery following cesarean section were fetal weight less than or equal to 3,500 grams and station of fixed or engaged fetal cephalic presentation.

Characteristics of women who underwent one or more previous cesarean sections according to Nascer no Brasil / Características de mulheres com uma ou mais cesáreas anteriores no nascer no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To descriptively analyze Brazilian parturient women who underwent previous cesarean section and point out the factors associated with Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) in Brazil. METHODS The study used data from women with one, two, or three or more cesarean sections from the survey Nascer no Brasil (Birth in Brazil). Differences between categories were assessed through the chi-square test (χ2). Variables with significant differences (p < 0.05) were incorporated into logistic regression. FINDINGS Out of the total of 23,894 women, 20.9% had undergone a previous cesarean section. The majority (85.1%) underwent another cesarean section, with 75.5% occurring before the onset of labor. The rate of Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) was 14.9%, with a success rate of 60.8%. Women who underwent three or more cesarean sections displayed greater social vulnerability. The chances of VBAC were higher among those who opted for a vaginal birth towards the end of gestation, had a prior vaginal birth, underwent labor induction, were admitted with over 4 centimeters of dilation, and without partner. Receiving care from the private health care system, having two or more prior cesarean sections, obstetric complications, and deciding on cesarean delivery late in gestation reduced the chances of VBAC. Age group, educational background, prenatal care adequacy, and the reason for the previous cesarean section did not result in significant differences. CONCLUSION The majority of women who underwent a previous cesarean section in Brazil are directed towards another surgery, and a higher number of cesarean sections is linked to greater social inequality. Factors associated with VBAC included choosing vaginal birth towards the end of gestation, having had a previous vaginal birth, higher cervical dilation upon admission, induction, assistance from the public health care system, absence of obstetric complications, and without a partner. Efforts to promote VBAC are necessary to reduce overall cesarean rates and their repercussions on maternal and child health.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar descritivamente as parturientes brasileiras com cesariana anterior e apontar os fatores associados ao parto vaginal após cesárea (Vaginal Birht After Cesarean- VBAC) no Brasil. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados de mulheres com uma, duas ou três e mais cesáreas da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil. As diferenças entre categorias foram avaliadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado (χ2). As variáveis que apresentaram diferença significativa (< 0,05) foram incluídas em regressão logística. RESULTADOS Do total de 23.894 mulheres, 20,9% tinham cesárea anterior. A maior parte (85,1%) foi submetida a outra cesárea, 75,5% antes do início do trabalho de parto. A porcentagem de VBAC foi de 14,9%, uma taxa de sucesso de 60,8%. Mulheres com três cesáreas ou mais apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade social. As chances de VBAC foram maiores entre aquelas decididas pelo parto vaginal no fim da gestação, com parto vaginal anterior, indução de parto, admitidas com mais de 4 centímetros de dilatação e sem companheiro. Assistência no sistema privado, ter duas cesáreas ou mais, complicações obstétricas e decisão por cesariana no final da gestação diminuíram as chances de VBAC. Faixa etária, escolaridade, adequação do pré-natal e razão da cesárea anterior não apresentaram diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO A maior parte das mulheres com cesárea anterior no Brasil é encaminhada para uma nova cirurgia, e o maior número de cesáreas está associado à maior iniquidade social. Os fatores associados ao VBAC foram decisão pelo parto vaginal no fim da gestação, parto vaginal anterior, maior dilatação cervical na internação, indução, atendimento no sistema público de saúde, ausência de complicações obstétricas e ausência de companheiro. São necessárias ações de estímulo ao VBAC, visando reduzir taxas globais de cesarianas e suas consequências para a saúde materno-infantil.

Robson Classification for cesarean section in a Public Hospital in Distrito Federal / Classificação de Robson para cesárea em um Hospital Público do Distrito Federal

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate cesarean taxes by looking at Robson classification on 10 groups (G) and the principal indications at the prevalent groups and at G10. Methods: cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study, including all deliveries performed in a public hospital in Distrito Federal in 2019. Data were collected from medical records and pregnant women were classified in 10 groups. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to calculate the p-value. The risk estimate for cesarean was defined by common odds ratio of Mantel-Haenszel, with calculation of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI95%). Results: there were 2,205 deliveries, 1,084 (49.1%) of which were cesarean and 1,121 (50.9%) vaginal deliveries. The principal factors for cesarean were G5 (39.3%), G2 (21.2%) and G1 (13.6%). At G10, cesarean had 51.5% of births, not differing statistically from the other groups (p>0.05). Considering all preterm births, G6 to G10 and the other groups, there is a bigger chance of cesarean happening in relation to normal labor (OR=1.4; CI95%= 1.011-2.094; p=0.042). Dystocia remained at G1 and G2, previous cesarean at G5 and hypertensive syndrome at G10. Conclusion: cesarean was most prevalent delivery route, showing elevated rates even in primiparous and preterm births. Preponderance of dystocia and acute fetal distress suggests better evaluation of the diagnostic criteria, mainly in G1, G2 and G10.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar as taxas de cesárea pela classificação de Robson em 10 grupos (G) e as principais indicações nos grupos prevalentes e no G10. Métodos: estudo transversal, observacional, retrospectivo, incluindo todos os nascimentos em um hospital público do Distrito Federal em 2019. Dados coletados de prontuários eletrônicos e as parturientes categorizadas em dez grupos. Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para o valor de p e razão de chances comum de Mantel-Haenszel para estimativa de risco, com OR e IC95%. Resultados: ocorreram 2.205 nascimentos, 1.084 (49,1%) cesáreas e 1.121 (50,9%) partos normais. Os principais contribuintes para a cesárea foram G5 (39,3%), G2 (21,2%) e G1 (13,6%). No G10, cesárea teve 51,5% dos nascimentos, não diferindo estatisticamente dos demais grupos (p>0,05). Considerando todos os prematuros, G6 ao G10 e demais grupos, há maior chance de cesárea em relação ao parto normal (OR=1,4; IC95%= 1.011-2.094; p=0,042). Distócia prevaleceu nos G1 e G2, Cesárea prévia no G5 e Síndromes hipertensivas no G10. Conclusão: a cesárea mostrou taxas elevadas inclusive nas primíparas e nos prematuros. Predomínio de Distócia e Sofrimento fetal sugerem melhor avaliação destes critérios diagnósticos, principalmente em G1, G2 e G10.

Study of success rate of vaginal birth after cesarean section in relation to FLAMM score

Background: Globally, there is an increased trend of cesarean section (CS). Repeat CS is associated with various complications. Successful vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) helps to decrease CS rate and its associated morbidities. Practice of protocol of applying FLAMM score and monitoring by partogram reduces the rate of cesarean section in the previous one lower segment cesarean section patient. Aims and Objectives: The present study is conducted to evaluate the impact of FLAMM scoring for vaginal birth after CS on obstetrics and perinatal outcome in case of the previous one lower segment CS delivery. Materials and Methods: The prospective and observational study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of one of the teaching institutes of Ahmedabad over a period of 1 year. Total 100 pregnant women from labour room with history of the previous one CS, who gave consent for trial of labor after the previous cesarean (TOLAC) were selected and FLAMM score applied on them. Study participants were divided in two groups according to outcome. Group A: Successful TOLAC and Group B: Failed TOLAC. Maternal and neonatal outcome was measured in both groups. Results: Out of 98 patients <40 years, 74.48% had VBAC and 25% had failed TOLAC and two patients were >40 years of age had VBAC. Out of 94 patients with favorable FLAMM’s score, 79% (n = 75) had VBAC and 100% (n = 6) with unfavorable FLAMM had CS. Conclusion: Careful patient selection for TOLAC is of utmost priority to increase success rate and decrease complications. FLAMM scoring system is a very efficient guiding tool for this. By applying FLAMM score, we increase success rate of TOLAC and thereby decrease CS rate in case of previous CS.

Clasificación de cesárea según el sistema de Robson en una IPS privada de Cali, 2017 / Cesarean section classification according to Robson's system in a private HSPI in Cali, 2017

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar las cesáreas según el sistema de clasificación de Robson en una IPS privada de alta complejidad, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2017. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte transversal realizado en una IPS privada de la ciudad de Cali. Se incluyó en el estudio gestantes ingresadas para atención del parto en el 2017. Se construyó una base de datos en Microsoft Excel 2010, con las variables definidas en la clasificación de Robson y se calculó la tasa de cesáreas, el tamaño relativo de cada grupo y la contribución relativa de cada grupo a la tasa general de cesáreas, así como se analizó las causas de las cesáreas. Se presentan los resultados en tablas. Resultados : La tasa de cesáreas general fue del 35,4 %. Los grupos de mayor contribución al porcentaje total de cesáreas fueron los grupos 2, 1 y 10, con 20,4%, 3,9 % y 3,3 %, respectivamente. El antecedente de cesárea previa fue la causa principal. Conclusiones. Utilizando la clasificación de Robson se logra concluir que es posible reducir la tasa de cesáreas en un 14 % interviniendo el antecedente de cesárea previa.

ABSTRACT Objective : To characterize cesarean sections according to the Robson classification system in a private high complexity HPSI, in the period between January 1 December 31, 2017. Methods : Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study conducted in a private HPSI in the city of Cali. The study included pregnant women admitted for delivery care in 2017. A database was constructed in Microsoft Excel 2010, with the variables defined in Robson's classification. The rate of cesarean sections, the relative size of each group and the relative contribution of each group to the overall rate of cesarean sections were calculated, as well as the causes of cesarean sections were analyzed. The results are presented in tables. Results : The overall cesarean section rate was 35.4 %. The groups with the highest contribution to the total percentage of cesarean sections were groups 2, 1 and 10 with 20.4 %, 3.9 % and 3.3 %, respectively. History of previous cesarean section was the main cause. Conclusions: Using Robson's classification, it can be concluded that it is possible to reduce the rate of cesarean section rate by 14 % by intervening in the history of previous cesarean section.

Establish and application of scoring scale for trial of labor after cesarean section / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective:To establish a scoring scale for trial of labor after cesarean section (TOLAC), to explore the evaluation ability of this scoring scale for vaginal delivery after cesarean section (VBAC), and to improve the success rate of TOLAC.Methods:The delivery information of 661 TOLAC pregnant women admitted to Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from 2014 to 2017 was retrospectively analyzed, and the TOLAC scoring scale was established by referring to relevant literatures. A prospective cohort study of pregnant women with TOLAC from January 2018 to December 2019 in Zhengzhou Central Hospital was conducted, including 440 pregnant women who were excluded from contraindications in trial labor. According to TOLAC scoring scale, pregnant women were divided into 3 groups, 0-6 group (94 cases), 7-9 group (234 cases) and 10-15 group (112 cases). The success rate of trial labor, failure reasons and incidence of maternal and neonatal complications were compared among the three groups.Results:(1) The overall success rate of TOLAC in 440 pregnant women was 75.0% (330/440). The success rates of 0-6, 7-9 and 10-15 groups were 53.2% (50/94), 76.9% (180/234) and 89.3% (100/112), respectively. The success rate of 10-15 group were significantly higher than those of 0-6 and 7-9 groups (all P<0.05). (2) Among the causes of trial labor failure, there were statistically significant differences between the three groups in terms of threatened uterine rupture and maternal abandonment (all P<0.05). Pairings showed that the incidences of threatened uterine rupture and maternal abandonment in 0-6 group was lower than those in 7-9 and 10-15 groups, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). (3) Maternal and neonatal complications mainly included postpartum hemorrhage and neonatal asphyxia, but there were no significant difference in the incidence of TOLAC success or failure among the three groups (all P>0.05). There was no uterine rupture in all groups. (4) The main factors affecting TOLAC score of pregnant women in the three groups included natural labor, estimated weight of the fetus at this time, Bishop score of the cervix at admission and gestational age, and the scores of the above indexes in 10-15 group were significantly higher than those in 0-6 group and 7-9 group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:TOLAC scoring scale has more accurate evaluation ability for VBAC, which could improve the success rate of TOLAC and maternal and child safety. The score of 0-6 is not recommended for vaginal trial labor, the score of 7-9 is recommended for vaginal trial labor, and the score of 10-15 is strongly recommended for vaginal trial labor.

Variações das taxas de cesariana e cesariana recorrente no Brasil segundo idade gestacional ao nascer e tipo de hospital / Variaciones en las tasas de cesárea y de cesárea recurrente en Brasil según la edad gestacional al nacer y el tipo de hospital / Variations in cesarean and repeated cesarean section rates in Brazil according to gestational age at birth and type of hospital

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as taxas de cesariana e cesariana recorrente no Brasil segundo a idade gestacional (IG) ao nascer e o tipo de hospital. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos e do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde de 2017. As taxas de cesariana geral e recorrente foram calculadas e analisadas de acordo com a IG, região de residência e tipo de hospital. Foram realizadas correlações de Spearman entre as taxas de cesariana e cesariana recorrente por subgrupos de IG ao nascer (≤ 33, 34-36, 37-38, 39-41 e ≥ 42 semanas), analisadas segundo o tipo de hospital. Verificaram-se taxas de cesariana geral e recorrente de 55,1% e 85,3%, respectivamente. Mais de 60% dos recém-nascidos entre 37-38 semanas ocorreram via cesariana. Os hospitais privados de todas as regiões concentraram as maiores taxas de cesariana, sobretudo os do Centro-oeste, com mais de 80% em todas as IG. A taxa geral de cesariana foi altamente correlacionada com todas as taxas de cesariana dos subgrupos de IG (r > 0,7, p < 0,01). Quanto à cesariana recorrente, verificou-se forte correlação com as taxas de 37-38 e 39-41 semanas no hospital público/misto, diferindo do hospital privado, que apresentou correlações moderadas. Isso indica que a decisão pela cesariana não é pautada em fatores clínicos, o que pode causar danos desnecessários à saúde da mulher e do bebê. Conclui-se que mudanças no modelo de atenção ao parto, fortalecimento de políticas públicas e maior incentivo do parto vaginal após cesárea em gestações subsequentes são estratégias importantes para a redução das cesarianas no Brasil.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las tasas de cesárea y de cesárea recurrente en Brasil según la edad gestacional (EG) al nacer y el tipo de hospital. Estudio ecológico a partir de los datos del Sistema de Información de Nacidos Vivos y del Registro Nacional de Establecimientos de Salud 2017. Se calcularon y analizaron las tasas de cesárea general y recurrente según EG, región de residencia y tipo de hospital. Se aplicaron las correlaciones de Spearman entre las tasas de cesárea y de cesárea recurrente por subgrupos de EG al nacer (≤ 33, 34-36, 37-38, 39-41 y ≥ 42 semanas) y se analizaron según el tipo de hospital. Las tasas de cesárea general y recurrente fueron del 55,1% y 85,3%, respectivamente. Más del 60% de los recién nacidos entre 37-38 semanas nacieron por cesárea. Los hospitales privados de todas las regiones concentraron las tasas más altas de cesáreas, especialmente los del Centro-Oeste, con más del 80% en todas las EG. En general, la tasa general de cesáreas estuvo altamente correlacionada con todas las tasas de cesáreas de los subgrupos de EG (r > 0,7, p < 0,01). En cuanto a la cesárea recurrente, se encontró que la tasa general se correlacionó fuertemente con las tasas de 37-38 y 39-41 semanas en el hospital público/mixto, a diferencia del hospital privado que mostró correlaciones moderadas. Esto indica que la decisión de hacer la cesárea no se basa en factores clínicos, lo que puede causar daños innecesarios a la salud de la mujer y del bebé. Por lo tanto, los cambios en el modelo de asistencia al parto, el fortalecimiento de las políticas públicas y una mayor promoción del parto vaginal en los embarazos posteriores de la cesárea se encuentran entre las estrategias importantes para reducir esta práctica en Brasil.

This study aimed to describe cesarean and repeated cesarean section rates in Brazil according to gestational age (GA) at birth and type of hospital. This is an ecologic study using data from the Brazilian Information System on Live Births and the 2017 National Registry of Health Facilities. Overall and repeated cesarean section rates were calculated and analyzed according to GA, region of residence, and type of hospital. Spearman correlations were performed between cesarean and repeated cesarean section rates by GA subgroups at birth (≤ 33, 34-36, 37-38, 39-41, and ≥ 42 weeks) and analyzed according to the type of hospital. Overall and repeated cesarean section rates were 55.1% and 85.3%, respectively. More than 60% of newborns between 37-38 weeks were delivered via cesarean section. Private hospitals in all regions showed the highest cesarean section rates, especially those in the Central-West Region, with more than 80% at all GAs. The overall cesarean section rate was highly correlated with all cesarean section rates of GA subgroups (r > 0.7, p < 0.01). Regarding repeated cesarean sections, the overall rate was strongly correlated with the rates of 37-38 and 39-41 weeks in public/mixed hospitals, differing from private hospitals, which showed moderate correlations. This finding indicates the decision for cesarean section is not based on clinical factors, which can cause unnecessary damage to the health of both the mother and the baby. Then, changes in the delivery care model, strengthening public policies, and encouragement of vaginal delivery after a cesarean section in subsequent pregnancies are important strategies to reduce cesarean section rates in Brazil.

Assessing Success Of Vaginal Birth After Cesarean By FLAMM Model In A Retrospective Observational Design

Background: After year 2000 cesareanrates have increased from 15% to 30-50% worldwide. Practice of Trial of labor after cesarean has decreased from last two decades of 20thcentury. Predictors of vaginal birth after cesarean are not uniform and not suitable equally for all populations. FLAMM model was tested in this study for its predictability for a successful vaginal birth after previous one cesarean. Material And Methods:For an observational, retrospective study 72 patient files admitted in 2018 in Obstetric Department of C R Gardi Hospital were included which fulfille d criteria of having second pregnancy after cesarean for non recurrent indications like fataldistress, failure of induction of labor, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, twins and others. Indication of contracted pelvis, rupture uterus, previous classical cesarean section; and multiple pregnancy, medical complications and obstetric complications in this pregnancywere excluded. FLAMM scoreparameters; cervical dilatation, effacement, presence of previous vaginal birth before cesarean, indication of it and age of woman wereused. Observations of successful and failed trial were done by scoring system. Chi square test was used to compare data. Study variables were success of trial in various FLAMM parameters. Result:Higher scores in cervical dilatation (p<0.001), effacement (p<0.001) and prior vaginal delivery (p=0.03) were significantly associated with a successful outcome. Higher theaggregate FLAMM score, higher were chances of successful trial. A non-recurrent indication other than non-progress of labor for previous cesarean had no statistical association with success of trial. Aggregate score of 6 and more has 100 % predictability for a successful vaginal birth. Conclusion:Prediction by FLAMM model resulted in 62. 5%successful trial. FLAMM model maybe used for near to accurate prediction of successful trial of labor after cesarean.

Repeated cesarean section and vaginal delivery after cesarean section in São Paulo State in 2012 / Repetição de cesárea e parto vaginal após cesárea, no Estado de São Paulo, em 2012

Abstract Objectives: describe mothers, pregnancies and newborns' characteristics according to the type of childbirth history and to analyze repeated cesarean section (RCS) and vaginal delivery after cesarean section (VBACS), in São Paulo State in 2012. Methods: data are from the Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Live Birth Information Systems). To find the RCS's group, the current type of childbirth equal to cesarean section was selected and from these all the previous cesareans. To identify the VBACS's group all live birth with current vaginal delivery were selected and from these all previous cesareans. Mothers with a history of RCS and VBACS were analyzed according to the characteristics of the pregnancy, newborn and the childbirth hospital. Results: 273,329 mothers of live birth with at least one previous child were studied. 43% of these were born of RCS and 7.4% of VBACS. Mothers who underwent RCS are older and higher educated and their newborns presented a lower incidence of low birth weight. Early term was the most frequent rating for gestational age born of RCS. Live births were of VBACS and had greater proportions of late term. The RCS was more common in hospitals not affiliated with the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (Public Health System) (44.1%). Conclusion: the high RCS's rates, especially in the private sector, highlight the necessity of improvements in childbirth care model in São Paulo.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever características das mães, da gestação e do recém-nascido, segundo histórico de tipo de parto, analisando repetição de cesárea (RC) e parto vaginal após cesárea (PVAC), no Estado de São Paulo, em 2012. Métodos: os dados são provenientes do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. Para encontrar o conjunto RC, selecionou-se o tipo de parto atual igual a cesárea e destes buscou-se todos com cesárea anterior. Para identificar o grupo PVAC, selecionou-se os recém-nascido com parto atual vaginal e destes buscou-se todos com cesárea anterior. Foram analisadas mães com história de RC e PVAC, segundo características da gestação, do recémnascido e hospital do parto. Resultados: estudou-se 273.329 nascidos vivos de mães com pelo menos um filho anterior. Destes, 43% nasceram por RC e 7,4% por PVAC. As mães que realizaram RC são mais velhas e mais escolarizadas, seus recém-nascidos apresentaram menor proporção de baixo peso ao nascer. Termo precoce foi a mais frequente idade gestacional dos que nasceram por RC. Os recém-nascidos por PVAC apresentaram maiores proporções de termo tardio. RC foi mais frequente nos hospitais sem vínculo com o Sistema Único de Saúde (44,1%). Conclusão: as altas taxas de RC, principalmente no setor privado, evidenciam necessidade de melhoras no modelo de atenção ao parto em São Paulo.

Prevalência de parto vaginal após cesárea em uma maternidade de alto risco / Prevalence of vaginal delivery after cesarean in a high-risk maternity / Prevalencia de entrega vaginal después de cesárea en una maternidad de alto riesgo

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de parto vaginal após cesárea em uma maternidade de alto risco e identificar as complicações maternas e neonatais. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal, quantitativo e retrospectivo, realizado com 44 mulheres que tiveram parto normal com cesárea prévia, por meio da análise dos prontuários realizou-se a análise descritiva com frequências absolutas e simples. Resultados: a prevalência de parto vaginal após cesárea foi de 13%. Ocorreu complicação em 13,6% das mulheres, porém não houve rotura uterina e em 4,5% dos neonatos. Conclusões: os desfechos favoráveis comprovam a segurança deste procedimento para a mãe e para neonato e servem de estímulo para que os profissionais incentivem as gestantes com cesárea anterior a considerarem a via vaginal como uma possibilidade segura para o próximo parto

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of vaginal delivery after cesarean section in a high-risk maternity and to identify maternal and neonatal complications. Method: this is a cross-sectional, quantitative and retrospective study, carried out with 44 women who had a normal delivery with previous cesarean section, through the analysis of medical records, descriptive analysis was carried out with absolute and simple frequencies. Results: the prevalence of vaginal delivery after cesarean section was 13%. Complication occurred in 13.6% of women, but there was no uterine rupture and in 4.5% of neonates. Conclusions: the favorable outcomes prove the safety of this procedure for the mother and the newborn and serve as a stimulus for professionals to encourage pregnant women with a previous cesarean to consider the vaginal route as a safe possibility for the next delivery

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia del parto vaginal después de una cesárea en una maternidad de alto riesgo e identificar complicaciones maternas y neonatales. Método: se trata de un estudio transversal, cuantitativo y retrospectivo, realizado con 44 mujeres que tuvieron un parto normal con cesárea previa, a través del análisis de registros médicos, se realizó un análisis descriptivo con frecuencias absolutas y simples. Resultados:la prevalencia del parto vaginal después de una cesárea fue del 13%. La complicación ocurrió en el 13.6% de las mujeres, pero no hubo ruptura uterina y en el 4.5% de los recién nacidos. Conclusiones: los resultados favorables demuestran la seguridad de este procedimiento para la madre y el recién nacido y sirven de estímulo para que los profesionales alienten a las mujeres embarazadas con una cesárea previa a considerar la vía vaginal como una posibilidad segura para el próximo parto

Taxa de parto normal versus cesárea em gestantes com uma cesárea anterior e fatores associados / Normal birth rate versus cesarean in pregnant women and associated factors

Objetivo: Calcular taxa de parto vaginal e cesárea em pacientes com uma cesárea anterior e gestação a termo, bem como fatores associados à recorrência de cesaria- na. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, por meio de dados de prontuário de gestantes a termo com uma cesárea prévia admitidas para parto na Maternidade Darcy Vargas do município de Joinville (SC), em 2019. Resultados: Foram analisadas 788 pacientes, das quais 331 (42,00%) tiveram parto normal (PN) e 457 (58,00%), cesárea (CS). O grupo PN foi composto por mulheres mais velhas (29; 28) e com mais gestações que o grupo CS, possuindo pelo menos um parto normal prévio (171; 57; p < 0,001). Como fator de risco para recorrência de cesárea, destacou-se a presença de colo desfavorável no momento do parto (47; 356; p < 0,001). Internação por trabalho de parto (284; 92; p < 0,001) e ruptura prematura de membranas (RUPREME) (33; 79; p = 0,030) estão entre os fatores de proteção para ocorrência de uma nova cesariana. Conclusão: A taxa de parto vaginal pós-cesariana (VBAC) foi de 42% e a de parto cesáreo foi de 58%, condi- zente com valores de referência mundiais. O fato de ter um ou mais partos normais anteriores e internar-se em trabalho de parto ou com RUPREME foi fator protetor contra a repetição da cesárea, enquanto o colo desfavorável no momento da inter- nação foi fator de risco. Há grande divergência na literatura, sendo necessários mais estudos para elaborar estratégias que auxiliem profissionais e pacientes a decidirem pela melhor via de parto após cesariana anterior.(AU)

Objective: To calculate the rate of vaginal and cesarean delivery in patients with pre- vious cesarean section and pregnancy to term, as well as factors associated with recur- rent abdominal delivery. Methods: Case-control study, by medical records of pregnant women to term with a previous cesarean section admitted for delivery at Maternity Dar- cy Vargas in the city of Joinville (SC) in 2019. Results: 788 patients, of which 331 (42,00%) had a normal delivery (PN) and 457 (58,00%) cesarean section (CS). The PN group was composed of older women (29;28), and who had more pregnancies than the CS group, having at least 1 previous vaginal birth (171; 57; p < 0,001). As a risk factor for cesarean recurrence, the presence of an unfavorable cervix at the time of delivery was highlighted (47; 356; p < 0,001). Hospitalization for labor (284; 92; p < 0,001) and premature rupture of membranes (33; 79; p = 0,030) are among the protective factors for the occurrence of a new cesarean section. Conclusion: The post-cesarean vaginal birth (VBAC) rate was 42% and the cesarean delivery rate was 58%, consistent with world reference values. The fact of having one or more previous normal bir- ths, hospitalization in labor or with premature rupture of fetal membranes were protective factors against the repetition of cesarean section, while the unfavorable cervix at the time of hospitalization was a risk factor. There is divergence in litera- ture, therefore more studies are needed to develop strategies that help professionals and patients to decide on the best way of delivery after a previous cesarean section.(AU)

Cesarean-section rates in Brazil from 2014 to 2016: cross-sectional Aanalysis using the robson classification / Taxas de cesariana no Brasil de 2014 a 2016: análise transversal utilizando a classificação de robson

Abstract Objective To obtain cesarean-section (CS) rates according to the Robson Group Classification in five different regions of Brazil. Methods A descriptive epidemiological study using data from secondary birth records fromthe Computer Science Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Datasus, in Portuguese) between January 1st, 2014, and December 31st, 2016, including all live births in Brazil. Results The overall rate of CSwas of 56%. The sample was divided into 11 groups, and vaginal births were more frequent in groups 1 (53.6%), 3 (80.0%) and 4 (55.1%). The highest CS rates were found in groups 5 (85.7%), 6 (89.5%), 7 (85.2%) and 9 (97.0%). The overall CS rate per region varied from 46.2% in the North to 62.1% in the Midwest. Group 5 was the largest obstetric population in the South, Southeast and Midwest, and group 3 was the largest in the North and Northeast. Group 5 contributed the most to the overall CS rate, accounting for 30.8% of CSs. Conclusion Over half of the births in Brazil were cesarean sections. The Midwest had the highestCS rates,while theNorth had the lowest. The largestobstetric population in the North and in the Northeast was composed of women in group 3, while in the South, Southeast and Midwest it was group 5. Among all regions, the largest contribution to the overall CS rate was from group 5.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar as taxas de cesárea de acordo com a Classificação de Robson nas cinco regiões do Brasil. Métodos Estudo epidemiológico descritivo utilizando dados secundários obtidos do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (Datasus) entre 1° de janeiro de 2014 e 31 de dezembro de 2016, incluindo todos os nascidos vivos no Brasil. Resultados Cesáreas representaram 56% de todos os nascimentos. A amostra foi dividida em 11 grupos, e partos vaginais forammais frequentes nos grupos 1 (53,6%), 3(80,0%) e 4 (55,1%). As maiores taxas de cesárea foram encontradas nos grupos 5 (85,7%), 6 (89,5%), 7 (85,2%) e 9 (97,0%). A taxa geral de cesárea variou de 46,2% no Norte a 62,1% no Centro-Oeste. O grupo 5 representou a maior população obstétrica no Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, e o grupo 3, no Norte e Nordeste. O grupo 5 contribuiu mais para a taxa geral de cesárea, totalizando 30,8%. Conclusão Mais da metade dos nascimentos no Brasil ocorreu por cesárea. O Centro- Oeste apresentou a maior taxa, e o Norte, a mais baixa. A maior população obstétrica no Norte e no Nordeste foi o grupo 3, enquanto no Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste foi o grupo 5. Entre todas as regiões, amaior contribuição para a taxa geral de cesárea foi do grupo 5.

A prospective observational study of role of epidural in trial of labour after cesarean section in view of maternal and neonatal outcome in a tertiary care hospital

Background: In a well-equipped hospital, trial of vaginal delivery is done in selected cases of previous C-section (CS). Epidural analgesia administration has been proved to be good adjunct in trial of labor after caesarean (TOLAC).Methods: This study is a prospective observational study done in a tertiary care institution in Tamil Nadu from May 2019 to July 2019. 50 cases with previous history of one CS were selected. Single ton pregnancy, previous transverse lower segment cesarean section admitted cases with adequate pelvis with no other co-morbidities were selected. Epidural analgesia was administered once mother was in established labor. TOLAC was continued till satisfactory progress and emergency repeat caesarean was taken in case of Suspected scar dehiscence (SSD) or abnormal fetal heart rate tracings. Quantitative data was expressed in mean and standard deviation. For qualitative data percentage was used.Results: In 50 cases observed the mean age of the cases was 26±3.64 years. TOLAC was successful in 41 (82%) mothers out of 50. The mode of delivery in 41 TOLAC mothers was found to be forceps in 18 cases (36%) and ventouse delivery 18 cases (36%). Only 9 cases had needed emergency CS (18%). The major indication for CS in TOLAC was found to be fetal distress in 4 number of cases (8%). 43 babies delivered were healthy, 6 babies (12%) admitted in NICU.Conclusions: With the application of epidural analgesia on attempted vaginal delivery in previous cesarean, vaginal delivery was 82% cases.

Assessing the pros and cons of vaginal birth after caesarean relative to elective repeat caesarean section

Background: Recent years have witnessed a rise in rate of primary caesarean section (CS). No. of women reporting with a previous CS scar is also increasing. Judicious trial of labor in such patients can prevent repeat caesarean section. Aim of this study was to assessing the safety and success rate of vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) in selected cases of patients who have undergone previous lower segment CS (LSCS) is the main aim of this study.Methods: In this prospective observational study carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 1 year. 375 pregnant women with a history of one previous LSCS for non-recurrent indications were enrolled. The statistical technique of t-test was administered for relative comparison with respect to maternal and neonatal complications across the two groups, i.e. repeat LSCS and vaginal delivery.Results: Out of 375 patients 187 patients (49.9%) underwent elective LSCS for recurrent indication and for non-recurrent indication associated with some complicating factor. Trial of labor in 188 (50.10%) was given out of which 59.3% had spontaneous vaginal delivery,7.20% had instrumental delivery and 33.50% landed into emergency CS. Commonest cause of Em. LSCS being Fetal distress. As regards maternal complications, no statistically significant difference was found between the Repeat LSCS and Vaginal delivery groups (t = 0.779, p > 0.05). On similar lines, there was no statistically significant difference across both groups as regards neonatal complications (t = 0.632, p > 0.05).Conclusions: Taking into account the increased trend of primary CS, trial of VBAC in selected cases is very important. It can be concluded that VBAC has chances of success in cases with previous one LSCS but it must be carefully investigated and monitored.

A sonographic assessment of previous caesarean section scar: is a reliable safeguard for trial of labour?

Background: Over the time the caesarean delivery rate has significantly increase worldwide from 18.2% in 2002 to 30.3% in 2012. In parous women, previous caesarean section has been found to be the most common indication for caesarean delivery in as high as 67% cases. Unsecure prediction of the integrity of the scarred LUS during labor appears to be one of the reasons for high repeat caesarean rates. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of sonographic measurement of the lower uterine segment scar before labour for deciding whether it is a reliable safeguard for trial of labour or not in a woman having previous one caesarean delivery.Methods: This study was a prospective observational study, carried out on 108 pregnant women having previous one CS, gestational age >37, singleton pregnancy, cephalic presentation. Trans-abdominal USG was done to measure scar thickness. Trial of labour was given to each patient irrespective of scar thickness. Pregnancy outcome were noted in terms of successful VBAC or emergency LSCS and compared with scar thickness. Correlation between sonographic and intra-operative finding of scar were noted.Results: Result shows strong correlation between scar thickness and successful trial of labour. Scar thickness increases chances of successful vaginal deliveries.Conclusions: Sonographic assessment of previous scar has a practical application to predict the thickness and thinness of previous scar and can be taken as a reliable safeguard for trial of labour after previous cesarean but cut off value above which vaginal delivery could be considered safe is yet to be identified.

Analysis of success of vaginal birth after cesarean in relation to indication of primary caesarean section: a tertiary care experience

Background: Apprehensions related to vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) has reduced rates of successful vaginal trials over last decade. The objective of this study was to identify the indications of first caesarean section that can lead to a successful trial of labour in subsequent pregnancy.Methods: Retrospective cohort study was done between November 2014 and October 2017. Data from the case records was analysed.Results: Study over 3 years from 2014 to 2017 revealed fetal distress (82.7%),  breech (72.2%), transverse lie (66.7%), antepartum haemorrhage (56.2%) and twins with first non-cephalic (57.9%) have successful outcome of VBAC whereas obstructed labour (19.2%) and failed induction (18.4%) in previous pregnancy have poor outcome for VBAC.Conclusions: Attempts to allow trial of labour after one previous caesarean section with fetal distress, malpresentation and twins as indications of caesarean in previous pregnancy are safe and should be encouraged.

Assessment of maternal and fetal outcome in trial of labor after cesarean

Background: Nowadays, cesarean sections are increasing consistently. Repeat cesarean sections are performed for a large percentage and associated with a higher rate of surgical complications and Long-term morbidities. The trial of labor after cesarean offers an alternative choice. This study carried out to assess the maternal and fetal outcome and to evaluate various parameters as a predictor of success of TOLAC.Methods: This prospective observational study conducted on 150 pregnant women with one previous LSCS who delivered at Mahatma Gandhi hospital, from January 2017 to July 2018. Patient having a singleton pregnancy, cephalic presentation, adequate pelvis size with spontaneous onset of labor were included. Cases were monitored carefully during the labor. Emergency LSCS was done if any indication appeared.Results: 78% of cases delivered safely by the vaginal birth and 22% of cases had an emergency repeat cesarean section (EmRCS). Favorable Bishop Score, active stage of labor and prior vaginal delivery were associated with higher success rate. One (0.66%) case of uterine scar rupture and 2 (1.33%) cases of scar dehiscence noted. No maternal mortality observed. Perinatal mortality occurred in 2 cases (1.33%).Conclusions: Present study shows that appropriate clinical settings and the properly selected group of patients can make the TOLAC safe and effective.

Outcomes of induction in trial of labor after cesarean delivery

Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of induction of labor in women attempting trial of labor after cesarean delivery and to compare maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in women who were induced to those delivering spontaneously.Methods: The prospective study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in collaboration with the Neonatal Section, Department of Pediatrics at J.N. Medical College and Hospital, AMU Aligarh. The sample included 280 women with one previous cesarean section, of whom 130 women underwent induction of labor (study group) and 150 were admitted with spontaneous onset of labor. Prostaglandin gel and intracervical Foley’s were used for cervical ripening in the study group. Indication of cesarean section, mode of delivery, maternal and neonatal outcome were studied in between groups.Results: Overall rate of vaginal delivery after cesarean section was 45.3% and 56% in both study and control group respectively. The rate of cesarean section were higher in women who were induced and having unfavorable cervix. Maternal and neonatal morbidity were not significantly higher as compared in both groups, however one case of scar rupture was found in study group.Conclusions: Induction of labor in women with previous cesarean section had higher rates of cesarean section however it does not adversely affect neonatal and maternal morbidity. Overall vaginal birth is safe and effective in women with previous cesarean section by prostaglandin gel or intracervical Foley’s. Authors cautiously suggest, induction of labor should be considered in preselected patient with strict monitoring.

Validation of a predictive model for successful vaginal birth after cesarean section / Validación de modelos predictivos para parto vaginal exitoso después de cesárea

Abstract Introduction: A strategy for reducing the number of cesarean sections is to allow vaginal delivery after cesarean section. Objective: To validate two predictive models, Metz and Grobman, for successful vaginal delivery after a cesarean section. Methods: Retrospective cohort study involving women with previous history of a previous segmental cesarean section, single pregnancy ≥37 weeks and cephalic presentation. The proportion of vaginal delivery in all pregnant women was determined, and it was compared with those (women) with successful delivery after cesarean section. Then, there were elaborated the models, and their predictive capacity was determined by curve-receiver-operator. Results: The proportion of successful delivery in pregnant women with a previous cesarean section and indication of vaginal delivery was 85.64%. The observed proportion of birth for each decile predicted in the Grobman model was less than 15%, except for the 91-100% decile, where it was 64.09%; the area under the curve was 0.95. For the Metz model, the actual successful delivery rate was lower than predicted in scores between 4 and 14, and within expected for a score between 15 and 23; the area under the curve was 0.94. Conclusions: The vaginal delivery rate after cesarean was lower than expected according to the predictive models of Grobman and Metz. The implementation of these models in a prospective way can lead to a higher rate of successful birth.

Resumen Introducción: Una estrategia de reducción del número de cesáreas es permitir el parto vaginal después de cesárea. Objetivo: Validar dos modelos predictivos, Metz y Grobman, para el parto vaginal exitoso después de una cesárea. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con mujeres con antecedente de una cesárea segmentaria previa, embarazo único ≥37 semanas y presentación cefálica . Se determinó la proporción de parto vaginal en todas las gestantes y se comparó con aquellas con parto exitoso después de cesárea, se elaboró los modelos y se determinó la capacidad predictiva de ellos mediante curva-receptor-operador. Resultados: La proporción de parto exitoso en gestantes con cesárea previa e indicación de parto vaginal fue 85.64%. La proporción de parto observado para cada decil predicho en el modelo de Grobman fue inferior al 15%, excepto para el decil 91-100%, en el que fue 64.09%, el área bajo la curva fue 0.95. Para el modelo de Metz, la proporción de parto exitoso real fue menor a lo predicho en puntajes entre 4-14 y dentro de lo esperado para puntaje entre 15-23, con un área bajo la curva de 0.94. Conclusiones: La tasa de parto vaginal después de cesárea fue menor a lo esperado de acuerdo a los modelos predictivos de Grobman y Metz. La implementación de estos modelos en forma prospectiva puede llevar una mayor tasa de parto exitoso.

Effect of induced labor on delivery outcome of pregnant women undergoing vaginal trial of labor after cesarean section / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective@#To explore the effect of induced labor on delivery outcome of pregnant women undergoing vaginal trial of labor after cesarean section.@*Methods@#Totally, 173 pregnant women undergoing vaginal trial of labor after cesarean from April 1st, 2016 to October 31st, 2017 were involved. According to whether or not induced labor, pregnant women were divided into induced labor group (n=47) and natural labor group (n=126). The two groups of the general situation, the situation of delivery and delivery outcome were compared. Further more, the induced labor group were divided into cesarean section patients (n=20) and vaginal delivery patients (n=27) based on pregnancy outcomes, induction situation and delivery situation were analyzed.@*Results@#(1) The gestational weeks was 39.2±1.1 in induced labor group, 38.7±1.0 in natural labor group. The 1-minute Apgar score was 9.98±0.15 in induced labor group, and 9.87±0.60 in natural labor group. The neonatal weight was (3 497±426) g in induced labor group, and (3 288±350) g in natural labor group. The thickness of lower uterine segment at 36-39 weeks of pregnancy was (2.4±0.6) mm in induced labor group, (2.1±0.6) mm in natural labor group. There were obviously differences in the gestational week, the 1-minute Apgar score, the neonatal weight and the thickness of lower uterine segment at 36-39 weeks of pregnancy between the two groups (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in 5-minute Apgar score, the interval between previous cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, fetal distress, and intrauterine infection, secondary uterine inertia, placental abruption and uterine ruption between the two groups (all P>0.05). (2) In induced labor group, the cervical score of cesarean section patients was 3.8±1.7, while the cervical score of vaginal delivery patients was 5.2±1.7. The induced labor days of cesarean section patients was (1.6±0.9) days, while the induced labor days of vaginal delivery patients was (1.2±0.4) days. There were obviously differences in the cervical score and the induced labor days among the two subgroup patients (all P<0.05). There were no significiant differences in Apgar score, neonatal weight, the thickness of lower uterine segment at 36-39 gestational weeks and the interval times of previous cesarean delivery between the two subgroup patients (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#Induction of labor does not reduce neonatal Apgar score, and does not increase the incidence of postpartum complications, and eliminats the increase of cesarean section rate caused by increased gestational weeks and fetal enlargement, and increases the vaginal delivery rate of pregnant women undergoing vaginal trail of labor after cesarean section.