Anidación de la tortuga marina Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudinata: Cheloniidae) en Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Honduras (2011-2021) / Nesting of olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudinata: Cheloniidae) in Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Honduras (2011-2021)

Introducción: El Campamento Tortuguero de Cedeño ha sido el sitio menos investigado del Golfo de Fonseca, donde se protege a la tortuga golfina en Honduras desde 1975. Objetivo: Evaluar la anidación de la tortuga Golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea) durante la temporada de veda entre el 2011 y 2021 en Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Choluteca, Honduras. Métodos: Entre 2011 a 2021, se llevó a cabo el monitoreo diario de las actividades de anidación durante la veda del 1 al 25 de septiembre. Los patrullajes se realizaron entre las 6:00-18:00 h, y las 18:00-5:00 h. Se registró el número total de tortugas que anidaban y se recogieron sus huevos, que se transportaron al criadero, donde se tabularon los resultados de las puestas y las crías. Resultados: Se registró un total 1 065 tortugas de L. olivacea, 95 051 huevos recolectados, 1 065 nidos marcados en tres playas que fueron reubicados en viveros artificiales y una eclosión exitosa de 62 747 neonatos. La playa Las Doradas fue el sitio con el mayor número de tortugas anidadoras, seguido de Los Delgaditos y por último Cedeño. El promedio de la frecuencia de anidación fue de 96 nidos. Del 2011 al 2021 el esfuerzo de recolección de los nidos aumentó en un 91.6 %, pasando de 84 a 161 nidos. El número de personas patrullando se asoció con la cantidad de nidos detectados en las playas. Conclusión: Los esfuerzos de monitoreo y conservación para la especie han indicado que ha habido un incremento en la anidación de L. olivacea en las tres playas, con un mayor incremento en Playa Las Doradas. Este escenario comprueba la funcionalidad de la veda en esta zona.

Introduction: The Cedeño Turtle Camp has been the least researched site in the Fonseca Gulf, where Olive Ridley Turtles in Honduras have been protected since 1975. Objective: To evaluate the nesting of Olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) during the closed season from 2011 to 2021 in Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Choluteca, Honduras. Methods: From 2011 to 2021, daily monitoring of nesting activities was conducted during the closed season from the 1st to 25th of September. Patrols were conducted between 6:00-18:00 h, and 18:00-5:00 h. The total number of nesting turtles was recorded, and their eggs were collected and transported to the hatchery, where clutch and hatchling performance were tabulated. Results: A total of 1 065 L. olivacea turtles were recorded, 95 051 eggs collected, 1 065 nests marked on three beaches that were relocated in artificial hatcheries and a successful hatching of 62 747 hatchlings. Las Doradas beach was the site with the highest number of nesting turtles, followed by Los Delgaditos and lastly Cedeño. The average nesting frequency was 96 nests. From 2011 to 2021 the nest collection effort increased by 91.6 %, from 84 to 161 nests. The number of people patrolling was associated with the number of nests detected on the beaches. Conclusion: Monitoring and conservation efforts for L. olivacea in the Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño show a positive trend in nesting with a greater increase in Playa Las Doradas. This scenario proves the functionality of the closed season in this area.

ASPECTOS REPRODUCTIVOS Y MANEJO PESQUERO DEL CARDENAL (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae), RELACIÓN CON REGIMEN HIDROLOGICO EN LA REGIÓN DE INÍRIDA- COLOMBIA / Reproductive aspects and fisheries management of the cardinal (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae), relationship with the climatological pattern in the Inírida region of Colombia

RESUMEN El cardenal es el principal pez ornamental explotado en la región del Inírida. A partir de ejemplares colectados desde la actividad pesquera local, se obtuvo antecedentes de estructura talla y pesos, periodos reproductivos y longitud media de madurez. El patrón climatológico del área de estudio, se obtuvo a partir de registros de precipitación y caudal del rio Inírida (periodo 1972 - 2016). Los ejemplares colectados presentaron rango de tallas entre 8,18 y 29,28 mm, con concentración de tallas y pesos pequeños entre febrero-abril y agosto-septiembre, sugiriendo procesos de reclutamiento durante estos periodos del año. El Indicador Gonado-Somático, sugiere aumento de la actividad reproductiva concentrada en ejemplares sobre 20 mm (Lm = 26,3 mm) de longitud total; observándose un periodo reproductivo principal entre junio y julio, y un proceso secundario a finales de año (noviembre). El patrón climatológico de la región se caracteriza por un proceso paulatino de "aguas ascendentes" hasta alcanzar un máximo caudal del río (agosto, 5685,1 ± 966,6 m3 s-1) y precipitaciones (junio, 518,6 ± 182,7 mm), seguido por un proceso de "aguas descendentes" que alcanza un mínimo estacional del caudal (890,3 ± 310,5 m3 s-1) durante marzo posterior al mínimo de precipitaciones (enero, 92,8 ± 53,2 mm); este patrón hidrológico parece modular tanto la dinámica de los procesos reproductivos como la explotación pesquera de este recurso. Los resultados sugieren avanzar hacia periodos de veda especifico, orientado a resguardar procesos reproductivos del cardenal, e implementar un manejo considerando tallas mínimas en etapas de captura y comercialización del principal pez ornamental explotado en el país.

ABSTRACT The Cardenal (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is the ornamental fish species most commercialized in Inírida region of Colombia. Structure of size and weights, reproductive periods and maturity mean length estimations were obtained from specimens collected from the local fishing activity. Records of precipitation and flow rate of the Inírida river (for the period 1972 - 2016), were used to determine the climatological pattern of the study area. A size range between 8.18 and 29.28 mm was detected, with a highest frequency of small sizes and weights registered both during February-April and August-September, suggesting a recruitment processes during these periods of the year. The Gonado-Somatic Indicator suggests increased reproductive activity concentrated in specimens over 20 mm (Lm50% = 26.3 mm) in total length; observing a main reproductive period between the months of June and July, and a secondary process at the end of the year (November). The climatological pattern of the region is characterized by a gradual process of "ascending waters" until reaching a maximum river flow (August, 5685.1 ± 966.6 m3 s-1) and rainfall (June, 518.6 ± 182. 7 mm), followed by a process of "descending waters" that reaches a seasonal minimum of the flow (890.3 ± 310.5 m3 s-1) during March after the minimum of rainfall (January, 92.8 ± 53.2 mm); This hydrological pattern seems to modulate both the dynamics of reproductive processes and the fishing exploitation of this resource. The results suggest moving towards specific closed seasons, aimed at protecting cardinal reproductive processes, and implementing a management considering minimum sizes in the capture and commercialization stages of the main ornamental fish exploited in the country.

A Brief Review on Tejovati (Zanthoxyllum Armatum.Dc.) in Vedas and Samhita: An Ethnomedicinally Rich Plant

Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development either pharmacopoeial, non- pharmacopoeial or synthetic drugs. A part from that, these plants play a critical role in the development of human cultures around the world. Traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda) is becoming increasingly popular, with many chronic conditions responding to it well. Most patients begin to take conventional medications as soon as their diagnoses are made, so Ayurvedic treatments are usually undergone alongside and/or after conventional medical approaches. WHO (World Health Organization) estimated that 80 percent of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary health care needs. According to WHO, around 21,000 plant species have the potential for being used as medicinal plants. Elaborate description of the plant and its therapeutic action are explained by our Acharyas in Vedas, Puranas, and Samhitas and in the later Nighantus. Tejovati is such a drug which is widely available and is having many mentioning in the classics for its effectiveness in many diseases. Tejovati does not have any controversies in any of the literatures or classics regarding its identification or usage. The current article is to highlight the importance of drug and references has been collected from Vedas, Puranas, Samhita kala, Nighantu kala. Synonyms, Gana Varga, Vernacular names etc has been collected and arranged systematically.

Samrat Ashoka's Inscriptions And Ayurveda: A Review

Samrat Ashoka was the grandson of Chandragupta and he founded the Mauryan dynasty empire about 324 B.C. Ashoka built a large number of inscriptions on rocks and pillars to propagate Buddhist message of loving kindness. He was the follower of Buddhist thought after Kalinga war. He had dug wells and planted trees and medicinal plants along the roads for human beings as well as animals. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda have been based on Indian philosophical sciences such as Aastika and Nastika Darshan. Ancient Indian history has been written mainly based on texts/literatures but there was some role of coins sand inscriptions also. The total number of incretions inscribed on rocks, pillars, caves by Samrat Ashoka has reached 42 but in this article only two (Girnar’s second and Dhauli’s first Shilalekh) which is related to Ayurveda has been reviewed.

Early ‘Aryans’ and their neighbors outside and inside India

Data from archaeology, linguistics, population genetics, and from early Vedic texts, which deal with religion, mythologyand rituals, have to be assembled and closely compared in order to gain a comprehensive picture of the early ‘Aryans’. Suchinterdisciplinary dialogue is necessary in order to establish areas of overlap of data. This paper attempts to indicate awestern Central Asian origin of the Indo-Aryan speakers, in the steppe belt near the Urals, from where they moved, via theInner Asian Mountain belt and Bactria, into India. Their gradual migration entailed acculturation with previous populations,their languages and cultures.

Buddhist Councils (sangiti) And Its Literature: A Review

There are two main philosophical sciences in India; ?theistic (Charavka, Jain and Bauddha) and theist (Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vai?ehika, purva ?imansa and ?ttar ?imansa). In India, abundant literatures of philosophical sciences are available except Buddhist literature and the reasons are unknown. Buddhist literatures were in Pali language which was a dialect of ancient India and to preserve the invaluable teaching of the Buddha, till dated six Councils (?angiti) were convened out of which three Councils were assembled in ?ncient India. It is said that the knowledge of history of Indian culture is incomplete without the knowledge of Pali literature. ?yurv?da is a ?ar?an?a?tra [Philosophy] as well as clinical science having the goal of ?ok?a. Every ?ar?an?a?tra has its goal to achieve the ?ok?a. ?astika & ?astika ?ar?an?a?tras have their influence on ?yurv?da. The science of ?yurv?da and its basic concepts are based upon the Indian fundamental sciences which are called dar?an(a system of philosophy).1 ?he purpose of this paper is to know about the Buddhist councils along with at least appellations of the Buddhist literature.

Refletindo sobre o pensamento de Wilfred R. Bion e suas ligações com o pensamento filosófico indiano / Reflexionando sobre el pensamiento de Wilfred R. Bion y sus conexiones com el pensamiento filosófico indiano / Reflecting upon Wilfred R. Bion’s thinking and its connections to the Indian philosophic thinking

Em seu livro Atenção e interpretação: uma abordagem científica ao insight na psicanálise e no grupo (1970), Wilfred R. Bion propõe uma psicanálise científica, isto é, uma disciplina que consiste em evitar a memória e o desejo. Neste artigo comparo o pensamento do euro-asiático W.R. Bion com o pensamento especulativo dos brâmanes e dos budistas. Partimos da ideia que a copresença de tempos históricos na vida de cada um e das várias sociedades está presente em nós e que essa copresença (ou presença comum) é um chamado à obscuridade do nosso ser e do nosso agir. Esta obscuridade tem sido iluminada por alguns religiosos e/ou filósofos e/ou místicos indianos, Bhartrhari, Gaudapada, Sankara, e estas verdades têm ocupado um lugar nas reflexões de W. R. Bion e na constituição do estatuto da psicanálise científica.

In his book Attention and interpretation: a scientific approach to insight in psychoanalysis and group (1970) Wilfred R. Bion proposes a scientific psychoanalysis, that is, a discipline consisting in avoiding memory and desire. In this paper I compare the Euro-Asian W. R. Bion’s thinking to the speculative thinking of the Brahmans and the Buddhists. Our starting point is the idea that the co-presence of historic times in each life and of the many societies is present within ourselves, and that this co-presence (or common presence) is a call to the darkness of our being and of our acting. This darkness has been enlightened by some religious people and/or philosophers and/or mystic Indians: Bhartrhari, Gaudapada, Sankara, and these truths have a place in W. R. Bion’s reflections and in the constitution of the scientific psychoanalysis statute.

En su libro Attention and interpretation. a scientific approach to insight in psychoanalysis and group (1970), Wilfred R. Bion propone el psicoanálisis científico, esto es una disciplina consistente en el evitar la memoria y el deseo. En este trabajo, comparo el pensamiento del euroasiático W. R. Bion con el pensamiento especulativo de los brahmanes y de los budistas. Partiendo de la idea de que la copresencia de tiempos históricos en la vida de cada uno y de las varias sociedades está presente en nosotros y que esta copresencia (o presencia común) es uma llamada a la oscuridad del nuestro ser y del nuestro hacer. Esta oscuridad viene siendo iluminada por algunos religiosos y/o filósofos y/o místicos indianos, Bhartrhari, Gaudapada, Sankara y estas verdades vienen ocupando lugar en las reflexiones de W. R. Bion y en la constitución del estatuto del psicoanálisis científico.

Distribución latitudinal y batimétrica de las especies más abundantes y frecuentes en la fauna acompañante del camarón del Golfo de California, México

Latitudinal and bathymetric distribution of the most abundant and frequent species in the shrimp bycatch from the Gulf of California, Mexico. The Gulf of California is one of the most mega-diverse regions in the world, for which few fishery information is available. We present here latitudinal and bathymetric distribution of the most abundant and frequent bycatch species from the Gulf of California. The samples were obtained from a total of 111 hauls taken during seven research cruises of the closed shrimp season (2002-2005-2007), and also, from research cruises made at depths up to 90m. Due to the high variety species in this experimental shrimp bycatch, only those with highest biological value index (BVI) were selected. A total of fifteen species had the highest BVI and represented about 60% of the total abundance. A total of 16 508 organisms were analyzed, representing 243 fish, crustacean, mollusk and echinoderm species. Fish were the most abundant, being the most frequent species: Urobatis halleri, Synodus scituliceps, Diplectrum pacificum, Haemulopsis nitidus and Eucinostomus argenteus. A wide latitudinal distribution of these species along the study area, as well as a bathymetric distribution from 9 to 67m depth, was observed. Two of these species were found at 325m depth. Due to the wide bathymetric distribution obtained, total abundances and sizes for each species by depth strata should be determined, and one can assume that deeper than 25m, the capture of these species decreases, and these areas can be used as natural repopulation areas, for depths where they are mainly captured by the commercial shrimp fishery. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 255- 267. Epub 2011 March 01.

El Golfo de California es una de las regiones más mega diversas en el mundo, del cual poca información pesquera está disponible. Aquí se presenta la distribución latitudinal y batimétrica de las especies más abundantes y frecuentes en la fauna acompañante del camarón del Golfo de California. Las muestras fueron obtenidas de un total de 111 lances provenientes de siete cruceros en época de veda del camarón (2002-2005- 2007) y prospecciones realizadas a profundidades mayores a los 90m. Debido al gran número de especies en esta fauna asociada al camarón, se eligieron las que presentaron el índice de valor biológico (IVB) más alto. Las 15 especies con IVB más alto representaron el 60% de la abundancia total. Un total de 16 508 organismos fueron analizados representando 243 especies entre peces, crustáceos, moluscos y equinodermos. El grupo de los peces fue el más abundante, siendo las más abundantes y frecuentes: Urobatis halleri, Synodus scituliceps, Diplectrum pacificum, Haemulopsis nitidus y Eucinostomus argenteus. Se observó una amplia distribución latitudinal de estas especies a lo largo del área de estudio y una distribución batimétrica desde los 9 hasta los 67m de profundidad. Dos de ellas se distribuyeron hasta los 325m. Debido a esta amplia distribución batimétrica, se hace necesario determinar las abundancias totales y tallas por estrato de profundidad para cada especie, ya que a profundidades mayores de 25m la captura de éstas puede ser más baja y pueden servir como áreas de repoblación natural para las profundidades donde son capturadas principalmente por la flota camaronera comercial.