Estudio de las narraciones de un sujeto joven en miras de evidenciar los pensamientos preconscientes, identificando los lenguajes y defensas mediante el Algoritmo David Liberman (ADL) / Study of the narrations of a young individual in order to highlight preconscious thoughts, identifying languages and defenses using the David Liberman Algorithm (DLA)

En el presente trabajo se analizan las narrativas acerca de la revelación de identidad sexual dadas por un sujeto que se autodenomina "gay" en miras de evidenciar en ellas los pensamientos preconscientes que subyacen; se destacan en dichos relatos los deseos y defensas. En los resultados, los lenguajes predominantes detectados son el fálico uretral y el oral secundario. Las escenas iniciales se sitúan en la etapa preadolescente, uno de los recuerdos es nodal en tanto que permite evidenciar cómo la tramitación de la excitación sexual, tiene correlato con la constitución del preconsciente. En el estudio de las defensas se destaca la falla en la represión y cómo ésta toma un matiz patógeno, sostenida en defensas secundarias, como la negación y la conversión en lo contrario. Al final se articulan los resultados con la teoría, para evidenciar cómo los relatos infantiles están vigentes en tanto que no están procesadas las fantasías inconscientes. (AU)

In the present work, we analyze the narratives centered on the revelation of sexual identity as retold by an individual who says he´s "gay" in order to present his preconscious thoughts as well as the wishes and defenses that stand out in these narrations. In the results, the predominant languages detected are the urethral phallic and the secondary oral. The initial scenes are staged in his preadolescent stage. One of the recollections is central in that it makes it possible to demonstrate the correlation between the sexual arousal process and the constitution of the preconscious. In the study of defenses, the failure of repression stands out as well as how it takes on a pathogenic nuance, sustained in secondary defenses, such as disavowal and conversion to the contrary. To conclude, the results are articulated with the theory, to show how the children's narrations are present insofar as unconscious phantasies are not processed. (AU)

Método de Estudio de la Intersubjetividad en el relato un instrumento para detectar los patrones vinculares: An instrument to detect relation patterns / Study method for intersubjectivity in narratives

Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de presentar los últimos avances en el desarrollo del Método de Estudio de la Intersubjetividad en el Relato (MEIR). En la introducción se describen las características generales del método. En la segunda parte se explica la manera en que se detectan los patrones vinculares. En la siguiente se exhiben los dispositivos que permiten inferir cuáles son las erogeneidades que prevalecen. A continuación se enumeran los dispositivos que aportan información sobre las defensas imperantes. Luego se especifica cuáles son los dispositivos para la detección de las investiduras posicionales. En la sexta parte se exponen los resultados de la aplicación del MEIR en cinco casos de enclitofilia. Al final del trabajo se agregan tres anexos, dispares en su extensión, que contienen la lista de los deseos, la lista de las respuestas del objeto y la lista de los estados finales del sujeto.

The aim of this work is to present the latest advances in the development of the Method of Study of Intersubjectivity in Narratives (MEIR). The introduction describes the general characteristics of the method. After that, an explanation of the way in which relational patterns are detected is offered. Then, the procedures which allow to infer the prevailing drives are displayed. Later, the procedures which permit to detect prevailing defenses are shown. After that, the procedures used to specify position investitures are put forward. In the sixth part, the results of the application of the MEIR to five cases of enclitophilia are presented. To conclude, the lists of wishes, responses and final states of the individual are exhibited.

Wishes and gratitude of students from private and public schools / Os Desejos e a gratidão de estudantes do ensino público e privado / Deseos y agradecimiento de estudiantes de enseñanza pública y privada

We examined social class (measured by attendance in public or private schools), gender, and age-related variations in the expression of wishes and gratitude of 430 7- to 14-year-olds (181 male, 62.1% from public schools). Chi-square analysis indicated that students from private schools expressed significantly more social-oriented wishes and connective gratitude, whereas those from public schools expressed significantly more self-oriented wishes. Girls in the public schools expressed significantly more self-oriented wishes and verbal gratitude than did boys. Regression analysis (curve estimation) indicated that verbal gratitude, self- and social oriented wishes increased and concrete gratitude decreased significantly with age, but connective gratitude tended to increase. These findings support the idea that gratitude and wish types involve the development of cognitive aspects, such as taking others into account and thinking about the future, but it is also influenced by the social contexts in which children live, such as their social class.

Foram examinadas variações na expressão de desejos e gratidão de 430 participantes (7 a 14 anos) de acordo com classe social (ensino público ou privado), gênero e idade (181 meninos, 62.1% da escola pública). Análises de Qui-quadrado indicaram que estudantes da escola privada expressaram mais desejos orientados para os outros e gratidão conectiva enquanto os da escola pública expressaram mais desejos orientados para si. As meninas na escola pública expressaram mais desejos voltados para si e gratidão verbal do que os meninos. As análises de regressão (estimação de curva) indicaram que gratidão verbal, desejos para si e para os outros aumentaram, e gratidão concreta diminuiu com a idade. A gratidão conectiva tendeu a aumentar. Esses resultados apoiam a ideia de que os tipos de desejos e gratidão envolvem o desenvolvimento cognitivo (levar em conta os outros e uma perspectiva futura), mas também são influenciados pelos contextos sociais (classe social).

Fueron examinadas variaciones en la expresión de deseos y agradecimientos de 430 estudiantes (7a14 años) con relación a la clase social (enseñanza pública o privada), sexo y edad (181 niños, 62,1% de escuelas públicas). Análisis de Chi-cuadrado indicaron que estudiantes de escuelas privadas expresaron más deseos orientados hacia los otros y agradecimiento conjuntivo, mientras que los de escuelas públicas expresaron más deseos enfocados hacia su propio bienestar. Las niñas de escuelas públicas expresaron más deseos de bienestar propio y agradecimiento verbal que los niños. Los análisis de regresión (estimación de curva) indicaron que el agradecimiento verbal, los deseos para sí y para los demás aumentaron, la gratitud concreta disminuyó con la edad, mientras que el agradecimiento conjuntivo tendió a aumentar. Estos resultados apoyan la idea de que los tipos de deseos y agradecimiento involucran el desarrollo cognitivo (tener en cuenta a los otros es una perspectiva futura), pero también están influenciados por el contexto social (clase social).

Estudio de las representaciones sociales de la profesión del psicólogo en estudiantes de la carrera de psicología / Study of social representations regarding the psychology profession manifested by students undertaking the career

A través del estudio de las redes de palabras, los autores examinan un fragmento de la representación social que los estudiantes de la carrera de psicología tienen acerca de su futura profesión. Para el análisis de la muestra, los autores aplican el ADL–P.

Conducting a study of word nets the authors examine a fragment of the social representations of the students taking up the psychology career, concerning their future profession. For the sample analysis the authors apply the DLA–W.

Issues of Advance Medical Directive / 中国医学伦理学

Advance medical directive is a statement made by a patient ,which indicates patient′s acceptable or unacceptable treatments , when he or she is not competent to make a medical decision .There are two types of ad-vance directive , which are living will and durable power of attorney for healthcare .The paper will briefly introduce advance directive′s history and analyse its controversies throughout the world .In China , most people don′t own an advance directive .When these patients are faced with medical emergency , their desires can not be known by their relatives, and not to mention let their relatives respect their desires .Cultural barrier and the lack of regulation and propaganda on advance directive are the main reasons cause the current situation of advance directive in china . Based on the analyses above , the paper offers a suggestion that it is necessary to widely promote advance directive in China .During the process of promoting advance directive , should pay attention to guide and respect traditional culture .

Test de rorschach. Una propuesta de interpretación complementaria de sus signos, a partir de los conceptos del Algoritmo David Liberman (ADL).: Análisis de un caso. / Rorschach test. A proposal of complementary interpretation of its signs, with the David Liberman Algorithm (DLA) concepts.: Case analysis

Objetivos generales del estudio 1. Presentar un enfoque complementario para la interpretación de los signos Rorschach 2. Ampliar los alcances de la lectura tradicional de la Escuela Argentina de Rorschach, incluyendo una descripción pormenorizada de los siete deseos, defensas y estados, conceptos básicos del Algoritmo David Liberman (ADL). 3. Brindar una operacionalización alternativa de los conceptos del ADL, mediante una lectura complementaria del Rorschach. Objetivos específicos 1. Efectuar la administración y análisis de un protocolo Rorschach completo, a partir del enfoque tradicional de la Escuela Argentina de Psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach. 2. Arribar a un diagnóstico con el enfoque tradicional de la Escuela Argentina 3. Operacionalizar los siete deseos, defensas y estados, por medio de la propia semiología Rorschach, partiendo del tipo de localización, determinante, contenido, frecuencia y fenómenos especiales que aparezcan en las respuestas del entrevistado, con la finalidad de ampliar los alcances de la interpretación tradicional. 4. Arribar a un diagnóstico a partir de este enfoque complementario. 5. Comparar ambos diagnósticos, con la finalidad de constatar el grado de convergencia entre ambos. Muestra: 10 respuestas al test de Rorschach de un sujeto masculino adulto de 28 años. Instrumento: test de Rorschach. Resultados y conclusiones Desde la perspectiva tradicional, el análisis de las funciones yoicas de realidad, permitió inferir la predominancia de la corriente psicótica, siendo la prueba de realidad la función más comprometida, siguiéndole el juicio de realidad, y por último, la adaptación, que de las tres funciones, fue la más conservada, lo cual permitiría al sujeto cierto grado de ajuste a la realidad evitando la descompensación psicótica masiva y llana. Desde el enfoque complementario del Rorschach, tomando los conceptos teóricos del ADL para la interpretación del sus signos, también se observó la predominancia de la corriente psicótica, como, asimismo, de la corriente tóxica. Los resultados muestran que el enfoque planteado en el presente estudio puede ser considerado como un complemento importante de la lectura tradicional, ya que permite llegar a un diagnóstico similar, al tiempo que añade una mayor especificidad de los deseos, defensas y estados, como, asimismo, el valor de la corriente tóxica, de vital importancia en la clínica actual. Debe aclararse que el presente es un estudio piloto y, por consiguiente, sus resultados deberán ser convalidados en investigaciones posteriores con un número más amplio de casos.

General objectives of the study 1. Present a complementary approach to the interpretation of the Rorschach signs 2. Expand the scope of the traditional interpretation of the Argentine Rorschach School, including a detailed description of the seven wishes, defenses and states, basic concepts of the David Liberman Algorithm (DLA) 3. Provide an alternative operationalization the DLA concepts, by means of a complementary interpretation of the Rorschach. Specific objectives 1. Carry out the procedures and analysis of a full Rorschach protocol, from the standpoint of the traditional approach of the Argentine School of Rorschach Psychodiagnosis. 2. Obtain a diagnosis with the traditional approach of the Argentine School. 3. Operationalize the seven wishes, defenses and states, through the Rorschach semiology, based on location, determinant, content, frequency and special phenomena that appear in the answers of the respondent, in order to expand the scope of the traditional interpretation. 4. Obtain a diagnosis from this complementary approach. 5. Compare both diagnoses, in order to verify the degree of convergence between the two. Sample: 10 responses to the Rorschach test of an adult male, 28 years old. Instrument: Rorschach test. Results and conclusions From the traditional perspective point of view, the analysis of the ego functions of reality allowed to infer the predominance of the psychotic current, since reality testing was the function most implicated, followed by perception of reality, and finally, by adjustment, which was the most preserved of the three functions, allowing the individual some degree of adaptation to reality, avoiding massive, total psychotic decomposition. From the standpoint of the complementary Rorschach approach, taking the theoretical concepts of the DLA to interpret its signs, the prevalence of the psychotic current was also noted, as well as that of the toxic current. The results show that the proposed approach for this study can be considered an important complement to the traditional interpretation, since it allows to obtain a similar diagnosis while adding greater specificity concerning wishes, defenses, and states, and supplying the toxic current, of vital importance in clinical work nowadays. It should be noted, that the present study is a pilot study, and therefore its results must be validated in subsequent research with a greater number of cases.

The survey on female sexuality and HPV awareness in Linxiang district of Yunnan province / 重庆医学

Objective To understand information of initial sexual behavior age of females in Linxiang district of Yunnan province and investigate HPV and HPV vaccine awareness of rural women ,health workers and government staff .Methods During Decem-ber 2009 to December 2010 ,750 cases aged from 15 to 59 years included rural women ,government officials and medical staff in Linxiang district were randomly selected and investigated .Results The age of first sex was (22 .4 ± 2 .3) years old .The number of sexual partners was (1 .2 ± 0 .3) and proportion of premarital sex was low (8 .8% ) .HPV vaccine awareness of rural women was 8 .59% .The proportion of people who knew HPV vaccine could prevent cervical cancer was 6 .57% .The proportion of people who wanted to be vaccinated was 97 .66% .The cost of HPV vaccine which rural women could accept was 300 yuan .Conclusion Women in Linxiang area of Yunnan province have less premarital sex and lack of awareness in HPV .

Analysis on the intention of marriage and the influence factors among unmarried men who have sex with men / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the intention on marriage and the related influence factors among men who have sex with men (MSM).Methods Using the snowball sampling method,an anonymous questionnaire survey was achieved by recruiting MSM.Results A total number of 308 people were included in this survey,the numbers of 'planning to get married' was 34.4％,intended not to get married accounted for 65.6％ ; and the average age of intending to marry was (28.1 ± 3.3) years old.The intended marriage partners were ordinary women accounted for 83.8％,while another 16.2％ were lesbians.Reasons for getting married were under social pressure (65.1％),under family pressure (12.3％),and undr personal desire (22.6％).Those who intended to remain contact with gay after marriage accounted for 66.7％,with 16.2％ did not and those were not sure accounted for 17.1％.Using the multivariate analysis method,results showed that the independent factors for intention of marriage were:age,sexual orientation,registration for residency,cumulative numbers of regular sexual partners,number of anal sex in the last week,proportion of intention to get married was relatively low among those who were over 35 years of age and their residence of registration were in the city.However those who were bisexual,with uncertain sexual orientation,and with low cumulative numbers of regular sexual partners as well as less anal sex in the past week,occupied higher proportions.Conclusion MSM population under our current study showed a high percentage on marriage intention which posed serious challenges to the society and families.AIDS prevention on this population seemed to be impacted by demographic characteristics and sexual behavior.

Análisis de los deseos en dos cartas de Frida Kahlo / Analysis of desires in two letters by Frida Kahlo

A partir de dos cartas de Frida Kahlo (27 de marzo de 1927 y 29 de julio de 1932), serán analizados los deseos manifiestos y su relación con el período vital de la artista, remitiéndonos a la obra de arte en el mismo período histórico (Autorretrato con traje de terciopelo, septiembre de 1926, y Mi nacimiento o Nacimiento, 1932). El instrumento metodológico utilizado es el Diccionario Computarizado y las grillas diseñadas para el análisis de los actos del habla, aplicadas en los textos seleccionados. El resultado esperado es detectar los deseos dominantes, con independencia de los prejuicios que pueden generarse desde la biografía de la artista, en sus manifestaciones artísticas y cartas.

Based on two of Frida Kahlo’s letters (27 March 1927-29 July 1932), the manifest wishes and their relationship to the vital period of the artist will be analyzed, by referring to the work of art in the same historical period (Self-portrait in velvet clothes, September 1926, and My birth or Birth, 1932). The methodological instrument usedis the Computerized Dictionary and the grids designed for the analysis of speechacts, applied in selected texts. The expected outcome is the detection of the dominant wishes irrespective of the prejudices that could stem from the biography of the artist in its artistic manifestations and letters.

Aplicación del diccionario ADL en la investigación psicosocial, con especial énfasis en el análisis del discurso político / The DLA dictionary aplication in psychosocial research with special emphasis on the analysis of political discourse

El autor presenta tres estudios del discurso político realizados con el algoritmo David Liberman (ADL). Dos de ellos se centran en el análisis de las redes de palabras y el tercero combina dicho nivel de análisis con el de los actos del habla.

The author presents three studies on political discourse, applying the David Liberman algorithm (DLA). Two of them are centered on the word net analysis and the third one combines the mentioned level of analysis with the speech acts one.

Análisis computarizado y comparativo del discurso en pacientes orgánicos crónicos / Computerized and comparative analysis of discourse in chronic organic patients

El trabajo comienza describiendo los resultados obtenidos en una investigación previa donde a partir del discurso de pacientes con psoriasis y asma se detectaron los deseos y defensas dominantes que aparecían en sus relatos y actos del habla. Estos resultados se estudiaron en relación a cada afección en particular para finalmente investigar qué vinculación guardan con la respuesta desigual que presentaban los pacientes respecto a la medicación indicada para sus respectivos tratamientos.

The study describes, in the first place, the results obtained in a previous research in which the discourse of patients with psoriasis and asthma leads to detect the main wishes and defenses that surfaced in their narrations and speech acts. These results were studied in relation to each particular ailment so as to finally research the link to the dissimilar response the patients presented regarding the indicated medication fortheir respective treatments.

Estudio de deseos y defensas en dos pacientes oncológicos / Study of wishes and defenses in two cancer patients

Analizar el discurso de dos pacientes oncológicos, detectando los deseos y defensas dominantes. Muestra: fragmentos de entrevistas clínicas de dos pacientes al menos dos años después de finalizado su tratamiento oncológico. Método: el algoritmo David Liberman (ADL), que permite detectar pulsiones y defensas, así como también su estado, en episodios narrados, actos del habla y redes de palabras. Procedimientos: (1) selección y análisis de narraciones correspondientes al período en que se presume comenzó la enfermedad, (2) análisis de los actos del habla relacionados con esos relatos, (3) aplicación del diccionario computarizado al análisis de las narraciones, (4) comparación de los resultados de los diferentes niveles. Con respecto al punto (3), hemos optado por el enfoque manualizado -que, entre otros aspectos, posibilita el análisis del discurso agregando aquellas palabras que consideramos pertinentes y que no han sido detectadas por el diccionario- en lugar del automático, debido a que la extensión de la muestra era reducida. Resultados: el análisis de la muestra con los instrumentos del ADL permite detectar una combinación de varias pulsiones y defensas, las cuales tienen diferente relevancia en los fragmentos más importantes de las entrevistas. Mientras que en el nivel del relato ambos pacientes coincidían en la dominancia de procesos psíquicos regresivos patógenos, no sucedía lo mismo en el nivel de las palabras, donde los resultados de ambos sujetos eran divergentes. Estas divergencias consistían en que en uno de ellos se detectaron -en el nivel de las palabras- lenguajes inherentes a procesos psíquicos más desarrollados, y en el otro sujeto, por su parte, esos procesos psíquicos desarrollados se combinaban con funciones yoicas bastante más regresivas...

Objectives: To analyze the discourse of two cancer patients by detecting wishes and dominant defenses. Sample: fragments of clinical interviews of two patients at least two years aftercompletion of their cancer treatment.Method: the David Liberman algorithm (ADL), which allows detection of drives and defenses, as well as their state, in narrated episodes, speech acts and word networks. Procedures: (1) selection and analysis of narrations corresponding to the period inwhich the illness is presumed to have begun, (2) analysis of speech acts associated with these narrations, (3) application of the computerized dictionary to the analysis of the narrations, (4) comparison of the results at the different levels. Regardingissue (3), the manual approach was privileged -which, among other aspects, enables discourse analysis with the addition of words considered pertinent and that were not detected by the dictionary- in place of the automatic one, since the extension of thesample was short. Results: the analysis of the sample with the DLA instruments allows the detection of a combination of several drives and defenses, which have different relevance in themost important fragments of the interviews. While on the narration level both patients coincided in the dominance of pathogenic regressive psychic processes, on the level of words this wasn´t the case since on that level the results of both individuals weredivergent. These divergences consisted in that for one of them - on the level of the words- languages inherent to more developed psychic processes were detected, and for the other individual those evolved psychic processes were combined with quite more regressive ego functions. It´s possible to assume that, if for the first individual these pathogenic psychic processes were mitigated more neurotic ego functions would appear while in the second patient, on the other hand, new pathological psychic processes that currently have a secondary character would surface.

Wishes of the Elderly / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study is aimed to search the lived experiences of the participants and to analyze the contents so that we can be assured about what the elderly wish and find the appropriate nursing intervention for them in real life. METHOD: This is based on a phenomenological approach. Participants of this study consist of people older than 65 years old. Data was collected from May to August in 2001. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews and observations. The time used in each interview was from 50 minutes to 2 hours. Each participant was interviewed three to five times. Giorgi's phenomenological analysis was used in data analysis. RESULT: The elder's wishes are 1) a respected life, 2) a happy life, 3) a peaceful life, 4) a independent life, 5) a financially independent life, 6) a satisfactory life, 7) a mind to depend on someone, 8) a serving life, 9) a historic family, 10) a happy-ending life. CONCLUSION: The study will contribute for the nursing intervention to enhance the quality of life and successful aging of the elderly.