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Danggui Sinitang is first recorded in the Treatise on Cold Damage written by ZHANG Zhongjing in the Han dynasty. It is composed of Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Cinnamomi Ramulus， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Asari Radix et Rhizoma， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Tetrapanacis Medulla， and Jujubae Fructus and serves as a classic formula for treating the syndrome of blood deficiency and cold reversal. This study systematically reviews the records of Danggui Sinitang in ancient Chinese medicine books of various dynasties and the modern clinical applications to probe into the composition， plant species， processing， dosage， decocting method， and indications of Danggui Sinitang， aiming to provide a reference for the development and clinical application of this classic formula. The review of the records showed that there were a variety of records of Danggui Sinitang with different composition， and the composition of this formula listed in the Treatise on Cold Damage has a significant impact on later generations and has been used by medical practitioners throughout history. Although the dosage of some drugs decreased during the Ming and Qing dynasties， the medical practitioners continued to use the original formula. In terms of processing， although there were slight changes in the processing of Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and Tetrapanacis Medulla， the original processing method was inherited. In terms of indications， Danggui Sinitang was designed to treat cold reversal due to blood deficiency and dysentery. Furthermore， it was used to treat headache， convulsive disease， infantile convulsion， and private part adduction in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Nowadays， this formula is mostly used to treat diabetes peripheral neuropathy， rheumatoid arthritis， dysmenorrhea， Raynaud's disease and other diseases. In terms of precautions， ancient physicians believed that Danggui Sinitang should not be taken by pregnant women and should only be used for limb chills caused by blood deficiency and cold coagulation. For limb chills caused by other reasons， this formula should not be used indiscriminately. Modern research has not reported any serious adverse reactions related to this formula. Danggui Sinitang has a definite therapeutic effect. In subsequent research and development， quality control standards of Danggui Sinitang should be established while its safety is ensured， and the related preparations should be developed and applied.
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OBJECTIVE@#To assess the outcomes after acupoint application in patients with pharyngeal pain in a real-world settings, and analyze the characteristics of effective population and prescription characteristics of acupoint application.@*METHODS@#Based on CHUNBO platform, patients with pharyngeal pain who were candidates for acupoint application on the basis of physician-evaluation, were enrolled in a nationwide, prospective, 69-week multicenter observational study from August 2020 to February 2022. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match the confounding factors and the association rules were used to analyze the characteristics of effective population and prescription characteristics of acupoint application. Outcome assessments included the disappearance rate of pharyngeal pain (within 3, 7, and 14 days), disappearance time of pharyngeal pain, as well as adverse events.@*RESULTS@#Of 7,699 enrolled participants, 6,693 (86.9%) received acupoint application and 1,450 (21.7%) with non-acupoint application. After PSM, there were 1,004 patients each in the application group (AG) and non-application group (NAG). The disappearance rate of pharyngeal pain in the AG at 3, 7, and 14 days were all higher than those in the NAG (P<0.05). The disappearance time of pharyngeal pain in the AG were shorter than that in the NAG (logrank P<0.001, hazard ratio=1.51, 95% confidence interval: 1.41-1.63). The median age of effective cases was 4 years, mainly 3-6 years old (40.21%). The disappearance rate of pharyngeal pain in the application group with tonsil diseases was 2.19 times higher than that in the NAG (P<0.05). The commonly used acupoints for the effective cases were Tiantu (RN 22), Shenque (RN 8) and Dazhui (DU 14). The commonly used herbs for the effective cases were Natrii sulfas, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, and Herba Ephedrae. Among them, Natrii sulfas was applied to RN 8 most frequently (support 84.39%). A total of 1,324 (17.2%) patients experienced AEs, and mainly occurred in the AG, with significant difference in the incidence of AEs between goups (P<0.05). All AEs reported were the first grade, and the average regression days of AEs was 2.8 days.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Acupoint application in patients with pharyngeal pain resulted in improved effective rate and shortened duration, especially children aged 3-6 years old, and those with tonsil diseases. Acupoint of RN 22, RN 8 and DU 14, Natrii sulfas, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, and Herba Ephedrae were the most commonly used herbs in the treatment of pharyngeal pain.
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Child , Humans , Child, Preschool , Acupuncture Points , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods , Prospective Studies , PainABSTRACT
In medical research,predictive models have been widely used to predict disease progression and identify high-risk populations in advance, especially in the prevention and diagnosis of chronic diseases. In ophthalmology, the predictive and diagnostic models for fundus diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy have demonstrated expert-level accuracy. However, the application of predictive models is still in the exploratory stage as for myopia prevention and control. The establishment of a predictive model is helpful to identify the high-risk myopic children in advance, so that preventive measures such as adequate outdoor activities and reducing near work can be taken in time, which is of great significance to prevent or slow down the occurrence and development of myopia. Because the mechanism of myopia has not been fully elucidated, there are still challenges and limitations in the selection of application objects, predictors and predictive outcomes. This paper reviews the research progress of different types of myopia predictive models in order to provide reference for further development and improvement.
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ObjectiveThree methods were applied to conduct occupational health risk assessment for the working positions exposed to silicon dusts in a sanitary ceramic manufacturing factory， and the evaluation results were compared to explore the applicability of different occupational health risk assessment methods. MethodsOne large sanitary ceramic product manufacturing enterprise in Songjiang District， Shanghai was selected to conduct occupational health risk assessment for the working positions exposed to silicon dusts， using occupational hazard risk index evaluation method， exposure ratio evaluation method， and International Council on Mining and Metals （ICMM） quantitative occupational health risk assessment method . The consistency of the evaluation results of the three methods was tested using weighted Kappa method. ResultsFourteen working positions exposed to silicon dusts were identified， and three positions had excessive dust concentration： composite forming position of phase 2 workshop （0.80 mg·m-3）， addition forming position of phase 2 workshop （1.00 mg·m-3）， and glazing position of 1F in phase 2 workshop （1.50 mg·m-3）， with an excessive rate of 21.42%. The occupational hazard risk index evaluation method assessed 6 positions with no harm， 6 positions with mild harm， and 2 positions with moderate harm. The ICMM quantitative occupational health risk assessment method assessed 6 positions with potential risks， 2 positions with tolerable risks， and 6 positions with intolerable risks. The exposure ratio evaluation method assessed 8 positions with medium risk， 5 positions with high risk， and 1 position with extremely high risk. The consistency test results of the three evaluation methods were poor. The Kappa coefficient between the occupational hazard risk index evaluation method and the ICMM quantitative occupational health risk assessment method was 0.15. The Kappa coefficient between the occupational hazard risk index evaluation method and the exposure ratio evaluation method was -0.09. The Kappa coefficient between the ICMM quantitative occupational health risk assessment method and the exposure ratio evaluation method was 0.04. The RR values obtained by the three evaluation methods were significantly correlated： the correlation coefficients between RRICMM quantitative assessment method and RRexposure ratio evaluation method， RROccupational hazard risk index evaluation method and RRICMM quantitative assessment method， RROccupational hazard risk index evaluation method and RRexposure ratio evaluation method were 0.915， 0.604， and 0.594， respectively. The correlation between the assessment result level and CTWA was strong. ConclusionThe occupational hazard risk index evaluation method is suitable for the working positions with low silicon dust exposure concentration， the ICMM quantitative occupational health risk assessment method and the exposure ratio evaluation method are suitable for the positions with high silicon dust exposure concentration， but all these three evaluation methods have limitations. It is more reasonable to use multiple methods at the same time in actual evaluation work.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the functions and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） from plant skin and their Chinese patent medicines and explore the related laws of the medicinal tissue， property， taste， efficacy， and clinical application， so as to strengthen the theory of identifying symptoms for qualities and provide references for the development and utilization of TCM from plant skin and their Chinese patent medicines. MethodBy reviewing the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and some local pharmacopeias， TCM from plant skin and their Chinese patent medicines were screened out， and the characteristics， functions， and precautions of TCM from plant skin and their Chinese patent medicines were summarized. Statistical analysis was carried out with Excel. ResultA total of 62 TCM from plant skin were found， mainly distributed in one kingdom， three phyla， and 31 families. In terms of the family genus， Rutaceae>Leguminosae>Cucurbitaceae. In terms of the medicinal tissue， bark>root bark>fruit bark>seed bark. In terms of property and taste， warm>cold>plain>cool>hot， and bitter>sweet=pungent>acidic. In terms of meridians， lung>liver>spleen>heart>colorectal>kidney>stomach=bladder. In terms of TCM classification， most of them belong to the category of heat-clearing medicines. There were 485 types of Chinese patent medicines from plant skin， with the most Chinese patent medicines containing Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. Among the forms of administration， pills were the most predominant. In terms of the tastes of the medicines， bitter and sweet flavors predominated. In terms of functions， medicines for strengthening the body resistance were the most. For the precautions， contraindications during pregnancy were the most common. ConclusionThere is a correlation among medicinal tissue， property， taste， efficacy， and clinical application of TCM from plant skin. It is also necessary to pay attention to the contraindications of the medicines and rationally choose TCM from plant skin and their Chinese patent medicines under the guidance of TCM theory based on syndrome differentiation and treatment.
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@#his consensus aims to introduce the applications of 4K high-definition technology and fluorescence technology in thoracic surgery, summarize and categorize the technical support for pulmonary segment surgery, and innovatively propose technical support for precise sleeve resection of pulmonary segments. It provides a reference for clinical use, points out the direction for the research and innovation of domestically produced high-end endoscopes, promotes the widespread application of excellent domestically produced medical endoscopes, and facilitates the development of domestically produced medical equipment.
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Endometrial cancer originates from the endometrium and is one of the common gynecologic malignancies, with its incidence and mortality rate increasing year by year. Although endometrial cancer is more prevalent in the peri- and postmenopausal female population, it has been an evident trend in recent years towards younger patients. For young patients who have not yet given birth but intend to do so, the application of progestins in endometrial cancer treatment has made significant progress in clinical practice. Considering the existence of large individual differences and unclear mechanisms of action in the clinical application of progestins, this paper aims to provide an overview of the current clinical application status, efficacy, hormone resistance, and its mechanisms in the context of hormone therapy.
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Induced sputum testing is a non-invasive test that reflects the nature and extent of airway inflammation and plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of chronic airway diseases. This article outlines the development history of induced sputum technology, introduces the principle and operation of induced sputum technology, evaluates its safety, summarizes the three main test components, elaborates the role of this technology in various chronic airway diseases, such as reflecting the type of airway inflammation, predicting the efficacy of medication, and combining it with transcriptomics to study disease mechanisms, and briefly summarizes its innovations and makes a vision for the future.
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Simmering method is one of the traditional processing methods of Chinese materia medica， which has been documented in the herbal literature and medical books of the past dynasties and has a great variety， but at present， there are not many specific varieties of Chinese materia medica involved， and there are few related researches. By reviewing the ancient and modern related information， the authors have organized and analyzed the historical evolution， processing purpose， modern representative Chinese materia medica（processing technology， quality evaluation， pharmacological research） of simmering method. After sorting out， it was found that the simmering method was widely used in ancient times， which was first seen in Huashi Zhongzangjing of the Eastern Han dynasty， and was enriched and developed through the Tang， Song， Jin， Yuan， Ming and Qing dynasties， and entered its heyday in Ming and Qing dynasties along with the economic prosperity and development of the Ming dynasty， involving as many as 159 varieties of Chinese materia medica， and gradually perfecting the processing theory of the simmering method. However， the number of varieties that still use the simmering method in modern times significantly decreased. The main purposes of using simmering method in modern Chinese materia medica are to reduce adverse reactions， moderate medicinal properties， enhance therapeutic effects， remove non-medicinal parts， and facilitate further processing， etc. This paper combed the key information of simmering methods for Chinese materia medica from ancient to modern times， which can provide a literature basis for the clinical application and modern research of simmered products of Chinese materia medica.
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ObjectiveTo provide a reference for the establishment of an ideal corneal neovascularization （CNV） animal model by summarizing the modeling characteristics of CNV animal models. MethodWith "CVN" as the theme word， this paper searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang， Chinese medical journals full-text database， and PubMed database and screened out relevant literature on CNV animal experiments from 2013 to 2023. The database was established by Excel 2021， and the experimental animal strain， gender， modeling method， detection index， and application category were sorted out. The characteristics of the CNV animal model were analyzed. ResultAfter comparative analysis， it was found that the animal strains were Sprague-Dawley rats （87 times， 29.49%） and New Zealand white rabbits （52 times， 17.63%）. Male animals were recommended. Most modeling methods for efficacy verification and mechanism studies were the alkali burn method. Index detection methods included apparent index observation， histopathological detection， immunohistochemistry （IHC）， Western blot， and various polymerase chain reaction （PCR） tests. Detection indexes included apparent indication， corneal histopathology， CNV regulation， etc. ConclusionThe CNV model of SD rats induced by the alkali burn method is recommended for model replication， and the indexes are mainly selected from the growth of CNV， corneal histopathological test， and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）-related test. In addition， according to the demand， the corneal apparent indication and the basic indexes related to the regulation of CNV， such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 （VEGFR2）， basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）， and secretogranin Ⅲ （Scg3） are also selected. Clinical treatment of CNV relies on anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-VEGF drugs， and there is a lack of application of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， so the model needs to be improved by adding elements of TCM syndromes.
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Huangqitang comes from the Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang of the Song dynasty. It consists of four medicinal materials: Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Citrμs reticμlata， Cannabis sativa， and Apis cerana. It is a classic prescription for treating constipation in the elderly. This study systematically collated the literature records about Huangqitang in ancient Chinese medicine books and combined it with the current status of modern clinical applications to conduct in-depth analysis and research on the origin，composition， dosage, processing, preparation and administration, drug base, main symptoms， and other key information of the formula, so as to provide a strong reference for the development and clinical application of the classic Huangqitang compound preparation. Through systematic combing and textual research on the previous literature of Huangqitang， it can be seen that the formula of Huangqitang was first recorded in the Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang， and the medical books of the past dynasties mostly adopted this formula. In terms of drug base， the dried roots of the leguminous plant Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus are used， and for tangerine， the dried outer peel of the Rutaceae plant Citrus reticμlata and its cultivated varieties are used. The Moraceae plant Cannabis sativa with the peel removed is selected, and the Apis cerana is selected from the honey brewed by Apis cerana， an insect of the Apidae family. In terms of dosage， although the dosage of some drugs changed during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the dosage records basically followed the original prescriptions from the Song dynasty. In terms of processing, preparation, and usage， although the drug processing， preparation， and usage of Huangqitang in the medical books of the past dynasties have changed slightly， they are basically the same as the original prescription of the Song dynasty. In terms of main symptoms, Huangqitang is designed to treat constipation in the elderly. From the Song dynasty to the Qing dynasty， it was mostly used to treat constipation， secret congestion, asthenia， etc. in the elderly. In modern times， it is clinically used to treat constipation due to Qi deficiency， functional constipation， irritable bowel syndrome， and other diseases in the elderly. No adverse reactions have been found yet. In the subsequent research and development， it is necessary to carry out mass spectrometry analysis of Huangqitang， in-depth exploration of its prescription efficacy and mechanism of action， and other multi-omics scientific research. At the same time， it is important to establish quality control standards to provide a reliable scientific basis for the research and development, clinical treatment， and drug supervision of Huangqitang compound preparations.
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Tuoli Xiaodusan is the 65th formula in the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas（First Batch）. In this study， the bibliometric method was used to summarize and verify the ancient books about Tuoli Xiaodusan in terms of its historical origin， composition and dosage of the formula， indications， decoction and administration method， and processing， etc. According to the research， there is no definite date of the formation of Tuoli Xiaodusan， the earliest can be traced back to Lizhai Waike Fahui in Ming dynasty， which has been widely circulated， with many versions of prescription composition， and the modern influential version is from Waike Zhengzong in Ming dynasty， which is made up of 12 Chinese herbs including Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（3.73 g）， Chuanxiong Rhizoma（3.73 g）， Paeoniae Radix Alba（3.73 g）， Astragali Radix（3.73 g）， Angelicae Sinensis Radix（3.73 g）， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma（3.73 g）， Poria（3.73 g）， Lonicerae Japonicae Flos（3.73 g）， Angelicae Dahuricae Radix（1.87 g）， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma（1.87 g）， Gleditsiae Spina（1.87 g）， Platycodonis Radix（1.87 g）. The herb origins almost follow the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， except that Angelica dahurica var. formosana is only recommended as the origin of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix， and Glycryyhiza uralensis is only recommended as the origin of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. All the herbs are recommended to be used in the raw products. As for the preparation method， it is recommended to decoct with water， add 400 mL of water， boil until 160 mL， and take 2-3 times a day. The formula has the functions of nourishing Qi and nourishing blood， detoxifying and draining pus， and was mainly used to treat ulcerative diseases with the syndrome of syndrome of healthy Qi deficiency and pathogenic factors excess in ancient times， and in modern times， it is used for a wide range of treatment， involving the skin and soft tissues， bones， digestion and many other systemic diseases， and is also mainly used for syndrome of healthy Qi deficiency and pathogenic factors excess. In this study， the ancient and modern applications of Tuoli Xiaodusan were summarized， and its key information was identified， providing a basis for its wider clinical application， in-depth research and formulation development.
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@#Introduction: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is still a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally. One of the factors that cause a prehospital delay is the delay in early detection and inaccuracy of early treatment of ACS. The Internet of Things, which is supported by the high use of smartphones with the DETAK application, can be an opportunity to facilitate ACS education programs so that ACS can be detected early. Method: This study has used a quantitative research design with a quasi-experimental approach which pretest and posttest, in which both the experimental and control groups participate. The inclusion criteria of this study were age >45 years; obesity; smoker; Respondents with a history of: hypertension/diabetes mellitus/hyperlipidemia/hypercholesterolemia/CVD/families with cardiovascular disease. 252 respondents who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into control (n=126) and intervention groups (n=126). The intervention group was given education through the DETAK application and the control group was given leaflet about ACS. Results: The results of the study showed that there was an increased in early treatment ability was only found in the intervention group (p<.001). Mean differences of the ability of early detection (p<.001) and early treatment (p=.019)between intervention and control groups were both significance. Conclusion: There is potential for DETAK applications to improve the early detection and treatment capabilities of ACS.
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As a new type of immunosuppressant，iguratimod can mediate the anti-inflammatory signaling pathway by inhibiting the proliferation of inflammatory cells and reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines， and play the role of anti-inflammatory. It can affect the proliferation of immune cells and the expression of immune factors，reduce the production and deposition of immune complexes in the body，and play the role of immune regulation. It can regulate bone metabolism by mediating signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin，Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB and osteoprotegerin/nuclear factor-κB receptor activating factor ligand， and play a role in bone protection. It can inhibit pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the expression of transforming growth factor β1/ Smad2/3 signaling pathway，tumor necrosis factor-α，interleukin-1，interleukin-6，matrix metalloproteinase-9 and other inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue，and inhibiting the expression of collagen and fibronectin. Its efficacy and safety have been confirmed in the clinical application of rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjogren syndrome and included in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. It has also shown good efficacy in the clinical application of other connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and ankylosing spondylitis，and no obvious safety risks have been found.
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In environmental epidemiological research, extensive non-random environmental exposures and complex confounding biases pose significant challenges when attempting causal inference. In recent years, the introduction of causal inference methods into observational studies has provided a broader range of statistical tools for causal inference research in environmental epidemiology. The instrumental variable (IV) approach, as a causal inference technique for effectively controlling unmeasured confounding factors, has gradually found application in the field of environmental epidemiological research. This article reviewed the basic principles of IV and summarized the current research progress and limitations of applying IV for causal inference in environmental epidemiology. IV application in the field of environmental epidemiology is still in the initial stage. Rational use of IV and effective integration with other causal inference methods will become the focus of the development of causal inference in environmental epidemiology. The aim of this paper is to provide a methodological reference and basis for future studies involving causal inference to target population health effects of environmental exposures in China.
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This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of intelligent ophthalmology in China, including technological advancements, academic exchange platforms, policy support, future challenges, and potential solutions. Technologically, remarkable progress have been made in various areas of intelligent ophthalmology in China, including diabetic retinopathy, fundus image analysis, and crucial aspects such as quality assessment of medical artificial intelligence products, clinical research methods, technological evaluation, and industrial standards. Researchers are constantly improving the safety and standardization of intelligent ophthalmology technology by formulating clinical application guidelines and standards. Academic exchange platforms have been established to provide extensive collaboration opportunities for professionals across diverse fields, and various academic journals serve as publication platforms for intelligent ophthalmology research. Regarding public policy, the Chinese government has not only established a supportive policy environment for the advancement of intelligent ophthalmology through various documents and regulations, but provided a legal basis and management framework. However, there are still challenges to overcome, such as technological innovation, data privacy and security, outdated regulations, and talent shortages. To tackle these issues, there is a requirement for increased technological research and development, the establishment of regulatory frameworks, talent cultivation, and greater awareness and acceptance of new technologies among patients. By comprehensively addressing these challenges, intelligent ophthalmology in China is expected to continue leading the industry's global development, bringing more innovation and convenience to the field of ophthalmic healthcare.
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To promote the development of extracellular vesicles of herbal medicine especially the establishment of standardization, led by the National Expert Committee on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, research experts in the field of herbal medicine and extracellular vesicles were invited nationwide with the support of the Expert Committee on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, Professional Committee on Extracellular Vesicle Research and Application, Chinese Society of Research Hospitals and the Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Herbal Vesicles. Based on the collation of relevant literature, we have adopted the Delphi method, the consensus meeting method combined with the nominal group method to form a discussion draft of "Consensus statement on research and application of Chinese herbal medicine derived extracellular vesicles-like particles (2023)". The first draft was discussed in online and offline meetings on October 12, 14, November 2, 2022 and April and May 2023 on the current status of research, nomenclature, isolation methods, quality standards and research applications of extracellular vesicles of Chinese herbal medicines, and 13 consensus opinions were finally formed. At the Third Academic Conference on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, held on May 26, 2023, Kewei Zhao, convenor of the consensus, presented and read the consensus to the experts of the Expert Committee on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles. The consensus highlights the characteristics and advantages of Chinese medicine, inherits the essence, and keeps the righteousness and innovation, aiming to provide a reference for colleagues engaged in research and application of Chinese herbal vesicles at home and abroad, decode the mystery behind Chinese herbal vesicles together, establish a safe, effective and controllable accurate Chinese herbal vesicle prevention and treatment system, and build a bridge for Chinese medicine to the world.
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The discrimination of the cause of death is an important part in forensic medicine. With the advantages of simple operation， high test efficiency， and easy sensitivity to the death mechanism of the deceased， postmortem biochemistry analysis has become a significant auxiliary analysis method for discrimination of the cause of death. In this paper， we discuss the development status， advantages and current problems of postmortem biochemical analysis， and then describe the application prospect of postmortem biochemistry in the discrimination of the cause of death by posing feasible solutions， so that to provide an idea for this research.
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Objective To explore the progress on the application of in vivo drug analysis techniques in clinical pharmacy work. Methods Relevant literature was reviewed to provide an overview of the characteristics of clinical samples, common in vivo drug analysis methods used in the clinic, the application and existing problems of in vivo drug analysis in clinical pharmacy. Results and Conclusion In recent years, with the increasing demand for individualized and precise treatment in clinical practice and the continuous development of analytical techniques, in vivo drug analysis techniques have been widely used in clinical pharmacy work, which have become one of the important auxiliary techniques to promote rational clinical drug use, improve individualized treatment and reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions. However, in the actual application, there were still problems such as the invasive blood sampling that hinders sampling, the weak ability to interpret drug monitoring results and clinical testing methods that still need to be improved. These problems should be taken seriously and continuously improved and solved in the subsequent research and application.
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Gancao Fuzitang originates from the Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases （《伤寒杂病论》） and is mainly used to treat pain in the bones and joints and symptoms such as no flexion or extension. It has the effect of tonifying the spleen and kidney and removing dampness and turbidity， so it is widely used in the clinical treatment of various bone and joint diseases. This article reviewed the clinical research and mechanism of Gancao Fuzitang in the treatment of bone and joint diseases. The research has found that this prescription has good efficacy in treating bone and joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis， rheumatoid arthritis， ankylosing spondylitis， gout， and intervertebral disc herniation. Its mechanism of action may be related to regulating the level of inflammatory factors， antioxidation， and the protein expression of inflammatory and apoptotic cell-related pathways， improving bone and joint diseases， and alleviating related symptoms. This study can provide a reference for further deepening the research on the prevention and treatment of bone and joint diseases with Gancao Fuzitang.