Parathyroidectomy: still the best choice for the management of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism / Paratireoidectomia: ainda a melhor escolha para o tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo secundário grave

Abstract Introduction: Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a challenging endeavor with several factors contruibuting to treatment failure. Calcimimetic therapy has revolutionized the management of SHPT, leading to changes in indications and appropriate timing of parathyroidectomy (PTX) around the world. Methods: We compared response rates to clinical vs. surgical approaches to SHPT in patients on maintenance dialysis (CKD 5D) and in kidney transplant patients (Ktx). A retrospective analysis of the one-year follow-up findings was carried out. CKD 5D patients were divided into 3 groups according to treatment strategy: parathyroidectomy, clinical management without cinacalcet (named standard - STD) and with cinacalcet (STD + CIN). Ktx patients were divided into 3 groups: PTX, CIN (cinacalcet use), and observation (OBS). Results: In CKD 5D we found a significant parathormone (PTH) decrease in all groups. Despite all groups had a higher PTH at baseline, we identified a more pronounced reduction in the PTX group. Regarding severe SHPT, the difference among groups was evidently wider: 31%, 14% and 80% of STD, STD + CIN, and PTX groups reached adequate PTH levels, respectively (p<0.0001). Concerning the Ktx population, although the difference was not so impressive, a higher rate of success in the PTX group was also observed. Conclusion: PTX still seems to be the best treatment choice for SHPT, especially in patients with prolonged diseases in unresourceful scenarios.

Resumo Introdução: O manejo do hiperparat-ireoidismo secundário (HPTS) é uma tarefa desafiadora com diversos fatores que contribuem para o fracasso do tratamento. A terapia calcimimética revolucionou o manejo do HPTS, levando a alterações nas indicações e no momento apropriado da paratireoidectomia (PTX) em todo o mundo. Métodos: Comparamos taxas de resposta às abordagens clínica vs. cirúrgica do HPTS em pacientes em diálise de manutenção (DRC 5D) e pacientes transplantados renais (TxR). Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva dos achados de um ano de acompanhamento. Pacientes com DRC 5D foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a estratégia de tratamento: paratireoidectomia, manejo clínico sem cinacalcete (denominado padrão - P) e com cinacalcete (P + CIN). Os pacientes com TxR foram divididos em 3 grupos: PTX, CIN (uso de cinacalcete) e observação (OBS). Resultados: Na DRC 5D, encontramos uma redução significativa do paratormônio (PTH) em todos os grupos. Apesar de todos os grupos apresentarem um PTH mais elevado no início do estudo, identificamos uma redução mais acentuada no grupo PTX. Com relação ao HPTS grave, a diferença entre os grupos foi evidentemente maior: 31%, 14% e 80% dos grupos P, P + CIN e PTX atingiram níveis adequados de PTH, respectivamente (p< 0,0001). Com relação à população TxR, embora a diferença não tenha sido tão impressionante, também foi observada uma taxa maior de sucesso no grupo PTX. Conclusão: A PTX ainda parece ser a melhor escolha de tratamento para o HPTS, especialmente em pacientes com doenças prolongadas em cenários sem recursos.

Mining and analysis of adverse drug event signals of cinacalcet and etelcalcetide / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore and analyze the adverse drug event （ADE） signals of cinacalcet and etelcalcetide， to provide a reference for safe drug use in the clinic. METHODS ADE reports related to cinacalcet and etelcalcetide were extracted from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System from January 1st， 2004 to June 30th， 2023 using the OpenVigil online tool. The Bayesian confidence propagation neural network method was adopted to detect the signals of ADE from the key organ systems. The signals were encoded according to the preferred term in the ADE terminology set of the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities （26.0 edition）. RESULTS A total 41 709 and 1 710 ADE reports were extracted， and 29 and 45 safety signals were detected in key systems for cinacalcet and etelcalcetide， respectively； 20 and 36 positive signals were not included in the drug instructions. Hypocalcemia/decreased serum calcium， abnormal blood parathyroid hormone （PTH）/increased or decreased serum PTH were common ADEs of the two drugs， which were detected in the study. Among the signals not included in the drug instructions， new moderate and strong signals were detected， such as cinacalcet-induced calcification defense （metabolic and nutritional diseases）， bone starvation syndrome and high conversion bone diseases （musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases） as well as etelcalcetide-induced sudden death， necrosis and treatment of non-responders （general disorders， administration site）， unstable angina pectoris， myocardial ischemia （cardiac diseases）， intestinal perforation， gastric antrum vasodilation and gastric ulcer （gastrointestinal diseases）. CONCLUSIONS In the clinical application of the two drugs， apart from the common ADEs such as hypocalcemia and abnormal blood PTH， the surveillance of some new potential ADEs should also be carried out， such as bone starvation syndrome， calcification defense， ventricular disease and other cinacalcet-induced ADEs， sudden death， myocardial ischemia， unstable angina pectoris， intestinal perforation， gastric ulcer and other etecalcetide-induced ADEs. If new ADEs appear， clinic should promptly assess the benefits and risks， and update the treatment plan and pharmacological monitoring plan to ensure the safety of patient medication.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of cinacalcet vs. paricalcitol in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease / Análise de custo-efetividade do cinacalcete vs. paricalcitol no tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo secundário à doença renal crônica

ABSTRACT Introduction For the reduction of PTH levels, two classes of drugs are available in the Brazilian market: non-selective and selective vitamin D receptor activators and calcimimetics. Among the mentioned drugs, the SUS provides oral calcitriol, paricalcitol and cinacalcet. Objectives: Develop cost-effectiveness (CE) and budgetary impact (BI) analysis of cinacalcet versus paricalcitol for patients on dialysis with SHPT, from the perspective of SUS. Methodology: A decision tree model was constructed for CE analysis, which considered the outcome of avoided parathyroidectomy and a time horizon of 1 year. As for the BI analysis, two scenarios were considered, one of which was measured demand and other epidemiological, based on data from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (BSN). Results: The CE analysis showed that the use of cinacalcet results in one-off savings of R$1,394.64 per year and an incremental effectiveness of 0.08, in relation to avoided parathyroidectomy. The incremental CE ratio (ICER) was - R$ 17,653.67 per avoided parathyroidectomy for cinacalcet, as it was more effective and cheaper compared to paricalcitol. As for the BI analysis, it was estimated that the incremental BI with the expansion of the use of cinacalcet in the SUS will be between - R$ 1,640,864.62 and R$ 166,368.50 in the first year, considering the main and the epidemiological scenarios. At the end of 5 years after the expansion of use, an BI was estimated between - R$ 10,740,743.86 and - R$ 1,191,339.37; considering the same scenarios. Conclusion: Cinacalcet was dominant to avoid parathyroidectomies, being cost-effective.

RESUMO Introdução: Para a redução dos níveis do paratormônio (PTH) estão disponíveis no mercado brasileiro duas classes de medicamentos: ativadores do receptor da vitamina D (não seletivos e seletivos) e calcimiméticos. Dentre os medicamentos supracitados, o SUS disponibiliza calcitriol oral, paricalcitol e cinacalcete. Objetivos: Desenvolver análise de custo-efetividade (CE) e de impacto orçamentário (IO) do cinacalcete versus paricalcitol para pacientes em diálise com HPTS, na perspectiva do SUS. Metodologia: Foi construído um modelo de árvore de decisão para a análise de CE, que considerou o desfecho paratireoidectomia evitada e um horizonte temporal de 1 ano. Quanto à análise de IO, foram considerados dois cenários, um de demanda aferida e outro de abordagem epidemiológica, baseado nos dados da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN). Resultados: A análise de CE mostrou que o uso de cinacalcete resulta em economia de R$ 1.394,64 ao ano e efetividade incremental de 0,08, em relação a paratireoidectomia evitada. A razão de CE incremental (RCEI) foi de - R$ 17.653,67 por paratireoidectomia evitada para o cinacalcete, já que se mostrou mais efetivo e mais barato comparado ao paricalcitol. Estimou-se que o IO incremental com a ampliação do uso do cinacalcete no SUS estará entre - R$ 1.640.864,62 e R$ 166.368,50 no primeiro ano, considerando os cenários principal e epidemiológico baseado nos dados da SBN. Já ao final de 5 anos após a ampliação do uso, estimou-se um impacto incremental entre - R$ 10.740.743,86 e - R$ 1.191.339,37; considerando os mesmos cenários. Conclusão: Cinacalcete foi dominante para evitar paratireoidectomias, sendo custo-efetivo.

Assessment of the effect of cinacalcet on right ventricular function in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension by echocardiography: an experimental study / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of cinacalcet on right ventricular function in rats with MCT-induced arterial pulmonary hypertension by echocardiography.Methods:Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, PAH group, and cinacalcet group, with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the cinacalcet group were given intraperitoneal injection of cinacalcet hydrochloride with 30 mg/kg, and the control group and the PAH group were given equal-volume of solvent. Echocardiographic parameters: right ventricular wall thickness (RVWT), right ventricular basal dimension (RVD), left ventricular eccentricity index (EI), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC), tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (s′), right ventricular global longitudinal strain (RV4CSL), and right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWSL), etc. Histopathological parameters: pulmonary arteriole wall thickness (WT), right ventricular cardiomyocyte mean diameter (RV cell-D), collagen volume fraction (CVF) and right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVI). Echocardiographic and pathological parameters were compared among three groups, and the correlation between right ventricular pathological changes and strain parameters was analyzed.Results:①Compared with the control group, WT, RV cell-D, CVF and RVI in PAH group were increased (all P<0.01), the size of right ventricle and thickness of RV wall were increased (all P<0.05), and the right ventricular longitudinal strain was reduced ( P<0.01). ②Compared with the PAH group, rats in the cinacalcet group showed reduced WT, RV cell-D, CVF and RVI (all P<0.01), as well as improved structure and function of the right ventricle (all P<0.05). There was no statistical difference of the above parameters between cinacalcet and control group (all P>0.05). ③Correlation analysis: the right chamber remodeling parameters CVF and RV cell-D were positively correlated with WT ( rs=0.706 3, 0.629 4; both P<0.05); and RVFWSL correlated well with CVF, RV cell-D ( rs=-0.685 3, r=-0.767 2; both P<0.05). Conclusions:The right ventricular inverse remodeling of PAH rats with the intervention of cinacalcet was retained, suggesting that cinacalcet had a protective effect on the structure and function of the right ventricle in rats with PAH.

Bioequivalence study of cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To evaluate the bioequivalence of cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. METHODS: A randomized, open, double-period and crossover trial was conducted, 48 healthy volunteers were administered a single dose of cinacalcet test tablets or reference tablets orally under each fasting and fed condition. The concentration of cinacalcet was determined by validated LC-MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0 to study its bioequivalence. RESULTS: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of test tablets and reference tablets under fasting condition were as follows: C

Clinical study on different doses of paricalcitol combined with cinacalcet in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with maintenance hemodialysis / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of different doses of paricalcitol combined with cinacalcet in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).Methods:The clinical data of 90 patients with MHD combined with SHPT from December 2020 to December 2022 in Beijing Geriatric Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 30 patients were treated with cinacalcet (control group), 30 patients were treated with fixed dose paricalcitol combined with cinacalcet (experimental group A), and 30 patients were treated with adjusting dose of paricalcitol based on the level of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) combined with cinacalcet (experimental group B). All patients were continuously treated for 8 weeks. The blood calcium, blood phosphorus, iPTH, osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, type Ⅰ collagen carboxy terminal peptide cross-linking (β-CTX), N-terminal medium molecule fragment of calcium (N-MID), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and Klotho protein before treatment and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment were detected; coronary artery calcification (CAC) score and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) score were evaluated. The adverse reactions were recorded.Results:There were no statistical differences in the indexes before treatment among three groups ( P>0.05). There were no statistical differences in blood calcium and blood phosphorus after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment among three groups ( P>0.05). After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, the iPTH, β-CTX, osteoprotegerin, N-MID, osteocalcin and FGF-23 in experimental group A and experimental group B were significantly lower than those in control group, after 4 weeks of treatment: (936.99 ± 202.36) and (635.74 ± 135.44) ng/L vs. (1 028.56 ± 11.39) ng/L, (1.85 ± 0.32) and (1.50 ± 0.27) μg/L vs. (2.27 ± 0.69) μg/L, (71.18 ± 6.98) and (64.33 ± 7.87) ng/L vs. (80.15 ± 10.85) ng/L, (106.36 ± 14.42) and (92.64 ± 11.32) μg/L vs. (135.19 ± 15.18) μg/L, (66.17 ± 8.52) and (60.21 ± 7.85) μg/L vs. (73.15 ± 9.44) μg/L, (109.17 ± 11.24) and (98.50 ± 10.36) ng/L vs. (126.18 ± 15.64) ng/L; after 8 weeks of treatment: (632.17 ± 154.98) and (526.85 ± 98.45) ng/L vs. (819.85 ± 169.78) ng/L, (1.33 ± 0.15) and (1.15 ± 0.20) μg/L vs. (1.78 ± 0.27) μg/L, (65.78 ± 9.74) and (52.77 ± 7.18) ng/L vs. (74.26 ± 11.58) ng/L, (85.64 ± 11.62) and (70.25 ± 8.59) μg/L vs. (105.92 ± 19.17) μg/L, (48.17 ± 5.99) and (41.15 ± 6.44) μg/L vs. (59.24 ± 6.87) μg/L, (90.15 ± 11.25) and (82.58 ± 9.74) ng/L vs. (105.26 ± 14.35) ng/L, the indexes in experimental group B were significantly lower than those in experimental group A, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, the Klotho protein in experimental group A and experimental group B was significantly higher than that in control group, after 4 weeks of treatment: (124.25 ± 14.85) and (146.31 ± 16.85) U/L vs. (107.26 ± 11.36) U/L, after 8 weeks of treatment: (135.62 ± 16.87) and (150.24 ± 17.43) U/L vs. (115.56 ± 15.48) U/L, the Klotho protein in experimental group B was significantly higher than that in experimental group A, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, the CAC score and AAC score in experimental group A and experimental group B were significantly lower than those in control group, the indexes in experimental group B were significantly lower than those in experimental group A, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among three groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Compared with the fixed dose of paricalcitol combined with cinacalcet therapy, the adjusting the dosage of paricalcitol combined with cinacalcet therapy based on iPTH level has more definite therapeutic effects in patients with MHD combined with SHPT, which can improve bone metabolism and reduce vascular calcification.

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia as a differential diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism with negative images / Hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar como diagnóstico diferencial de hiperparatiroidismo primario con imágenes negativas / Hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar como diagnóstico diferencial de hiperparatireoidismo primário com imagens negativas

Introduction. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is a rare inherited calcium metabolism disorder in which an alteration of the parathyroid hormone secretion set-point causes hypercalcemia with relative hypocalciuria. Some data suggest that its prevalence is around 74.1 per 100,000 inhabitants. Often, patients are asymptomatic. However, they can develop mild symptoms and an overactive parathyroid adenoma, its main differential diagnosis. The objective was to describe a patient's case and highlight the importance of clinical suspicion and diagnosis to avoid unnecessary surgical neck explorations for parathyroid adenomas. Case report. This is the case of a 40-year-old man with a biochemical profile compatible with primary hyperparathyroidism with anatomical and functional images negative for adenoma and a calcium/creatinine clearance ratio below 0.001, considering familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Genetic studies evidence a mutation in the calcium sensor receptor gene and confirm the diagnosis. Discussion. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia's main differential diagnosis is an overactive parathyroid adenoma. For both, mild or no symptoms may be present; serum calcium exceeds the upper limit, and parathormone is more than 25pg/ml. The calcium/creatinine clearance ratio should be used to differentiate one from the other and avoid unnecessary surgical neck explorations. Besides the lack of information on this topic, evidence supports the use of calcimimetics to treat symptomatic hypercalcemia. Conclusions. Patients with mild hypercalcemia with parathyroid hormone readings above 25pg/ml and a calcium/creatinine clearance ratio below 0.001, or patients with primary hyperparathyroidism with negative imaging, should not undergo surgical neck explorations. In these cases, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is a reliable diagnosis; Cinacalcet may be administered in cases of symptomatic hypercalcemia.

Introducción. La hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar es un trastorno hereditario poco común del metabolismo del calcio en donde una alteración del punto de ajuste de la secreción de hormona paratiroidea ocasiona hipercalcemia con hipocalciuria relativa. Algunos datos sugieren que su prevalencia es de alrededor de 74.1 por 100,000 habitantes. Los pacientes muchas veces son asintomáticos. Sin embargo, pueden desarrollar síntomas leves y un adenoma paratiroideo hiperactivo, que representa su principal diagnóstico diferencial. El objetivo fue describir el caso de un paciente y resaltar la importancia de la sospecha y el diagnóstico clínico para evitar exploraciones quirúrgicas cervicales innecesarias en búsqueda de adenomas paratiroideos. Reporte de caso. Este es el caso de un hombre de 40 años con un perfil bioquímico compatible con hiperparatiroidismo primario, con imágenes anatómicas y funcionales negativas para adenoma, además de una relación de depuración de calcio/creatinina menor a 0.001, con consideración de hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar. Los estudios genéticos evidencian una mutación en el gen del receptor sensor del calcio y confirman el diagnóstico. Discusión. El principal diagnóstico diferencial de la hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar es un adenoma paratiroideo hiperactivo. En ambos casos, es posible que no haya síntomas o que estos sean leves; el calcio sérico excede al límite superior, y la paratohormona es mayor de 25pg/ml. Se debe usar la relación de depuración de calcio/creatinina para diferenciar entre estas patologías y evitar exploraciones quirúrgicas cervicales innecesarias. Aparte de la falta de información sobre este tema, la evidencia apoya el uso de calciomiméticos para tratar la hipercalcemia sintomática. Conclusiones. Los pacientes con hipercalcemia leve, con valores de hormona paratiroidea mayores de 25pg/ml y con una relación de depuración de calcio/creatinina menor de 0.001, o los pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario con imágenes negativas, no deben ser sometidos a exploraciones quirúrgicas cervicales. En estos casos, la hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar representa un diagnóstico confiable; se puede administrar Cinacalcet en casos de hipercalcemia sintomática.

Introdução. A hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar é um distúrbio hereditário raro do metabolismo do cálcio, no qual uma alteração no ponto de ajuste da secreção do hormônio da paratireóide causa hipercalcemia com hipocalciúria relativa. Alguns dados sugerem que sua prevalência gira em torno de 74.1 por 100,000 habitantes. Os pacientes geralmente são assintomáticos. No entanto, eles podem desenvolver sintomas leves e um adenoma de paratireoide hiperativo, que representa seu principal diagnóstico diferencial. O objetivo foi descrever o caso de um paciente e destacar a importância da suspeita clínica e do diagnóstico para evitar exploração cirúrgica cervical desnecessária em busca de adenomas de paratireoide. Relato de caso. É o caso de um homem de 40 anos com perfil bioquímico compatível com hiperparatireoidismo primário, com imagens anatômicas e funcionais negativas para adenoma, além de relação depuração de cálcio/creatinina menor que 0.001, considerando hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar. Estudos genéticos revelam uma mutação no gene receptor da sensibilidade ao cálcio e confirmam o diagnóstico. Discussão. O principal diagnóstico diferencial da hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar é um adenoma de paratireoide hiperativo. Em ambos os casos, os sintomas podem estar ausentes ou leves; o cálcio sérico excede o limite superior e o hormônio da paratireóide é superior a 25pg/ml. A relação depuração de cálcio/creatinina deve ser usada para diferenciar entre essas patologias e evitar exploração cirúrgica cervical desnecessária. Além da falta de informações sobre esta questão, as evidências apoiam o uso de calcimiméticos para tratar a hipercalcemia sintomática. Conclusões. Pacientes com hipercalcemia leve, com valores de hormônio da paratireóide maiores que 25pg/ml e uma relação de depuração de cálcio/creatinina menor que 0.001, ou pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo primário com imagens negativas, não devem ser submetidos a exploração cirúrgica cervical. Nesses casos, a hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar representa um diagnóstico confiável; Cinacalcet pode ser administrado em casos de hipercalcemia sintomática.

Judicialização do cinacalcete no estado do Rio de Janeiro / Judicialization of cinacalcet in Rio de Janeiro State

Objetivo: Analisar a judicialização do cinacalcete no estado do Rio de Janeiro e estimar o seu impacto no orçamento do estado do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 2015. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo que analisou os pareceres técnicos emitidos pelo Núcleo de Assessoria Técnica em Ações de Saúde do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio de Janeiro entre 2009 e 2016. Realizou-se uma busca no banco de licitações da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro para encontrar o valor pago por esse medicamento em 2015. Resultados: Entre 2009 e 2015, esse núcleo elaborou 23.852 pareceres, com 1.553 relacionados ao cinacalcete, sendo 359 em 2015. Entre os autores, 88% residiam na capital deste estado, 50,4% eram mulheres, 46% tinham renda entre 1 e 3 salários mínimos. A decisão judicial foi favorável ao autor em 100% dos processos. Conclusão: Em 2015, foram gastos cerca de 3,7 milhões de reais para compra desse medicamento, o que equivale a 2,5% dos recursos destinados à assistência farmacêutica do estado do Rio de Janeiro neste ano, caracterizando um elevado impacto no orçamento da saúde

Objective: Analyze the judicialization of cinacalcet in Rio de Janeiro and estimate its impact on the budget of Rio de Janeiro State in 2015. Methods: It is a cross sectional study that analyzed the technical reports issued by the Technical Advisory Core of the Court of Justice in Rio de Janeiro between 2009 and 2016. It was realized a search in the bids database of Health Secretary of Rio de Janeiro state to define the value spent for this drug in 2015. Results: Between 2009 and 2015, the Core Technical Advisory prepared 23,852 reports, 1,553 of them related to cinacalcet, 359 in 2015. Among the authors, 88% were living in the capital of Rio de Janeiro, 50.4% were women, 46% with income between 1 and 3 minimum wages. The court decision was favorable to the author in 100% of the processes. Conclusion: In 2015, about R$ 3.7 million were spent, which is equivalent to 2.5% of the resources destined to pharmaceutical assistance in Rio de Janeiro at that year, causing a high impact in the health's budget

To compare the cost-effectiveness of PTX and cinacalcet for patients with hemodialysis complicated with secondary hyperparathyroidism——a study based on real world data / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To compare the cost-effectiveness of parathyroidectomy (PTX) and cinacalcet in treatment of refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) on hemodialysis.Methods:Hemodialysis patients with refractory SHPT treated in China-Japan Friendship Hospital from Jan. 2016 to Jan. 2019 were retrospective studied. 77 patients treated with PTX and 47 patients treated with cinacalcet were included in the study. The two groups were matched according to the baseline variables, and then a cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the whole society was conducted. The effect index was the total effective rate of treatment for each group for 1 year (the treatment was effective if the parathyroid hormone decreases by≥30% after treatment) , and the cost included the direct cost and indirect cost within 1 year of treatment. Then the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the two treatment options was calculated, and a single-factor sensitivity analysis on the cost was performed.Results:58 cases in PTX group and 30 cases in cinacalcet drug treatment group were finally matched. The average ages were 47.0±10.1 years and 49.7±12.2 years, respectively. There was no statistical difference between baselines ( P>0.05) . The results of probability density regression (Probit regression) showed that the total effective rate of the PTX group was 27.3% higher than that of the cinacalcet drug group at 1 year of treatment ( P<0.01) . The average total cost of 1 year after PTX was 125,700 yuan, the average cost of cinacalcet drug group was 111,000 yuan, and the ICER of PTX relative to cinacalcet was 53,500 yuan. When each cost changes within the set value range, ICER changes from 30,000 yuan to 62,000 yuan. Conclusion:For patients with hemodialysis complicated with refractory SHPT, if the willing payment for each additional effective treatment case is more than 53500 yuan, the PTX treatment scheme is more economical than the drug treatment of cinacalcet, and the research results are stable.

Therapy for persistent hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism post-renal transplant: cinacalcet versus parathyroidectomy / Tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo hipercalcêmico persistente pós-transplante renal: cinacalcete versus paratireoidectomia

ABSTRACT Background: Persistent hyperparathyroidism post-transplant is associated with increases in the incidence of cardiovascular events, fractures, and deaths. The aim of this study was to compare both therapeutic options available: parathyroidectomy (PTX) and the calcimimetic agent cinacalcet. Methods: A single center retrospective study including adult renal transplant recipients who developed hypercalcemia due to persistent hyperparathyroidism. Inclusion criteria: PTH > 65 pg/mL with serum calcium > 11.5 mg/dL at any time after transplant or serum calcium persistently higher than 10.2 mg/dL one year after transplant. Patients treated with cinacalcet (n=46) were compared to patients treated with parathyroidectomy (n=30). Follow-up period was one year. Clinical and laboratory data were analyzed to compare efficacy and safety of both therapeutic modalities. Results: PTX controlled calcemia faster (month 1 x month 6) and reached significantly lower levels at month 12 (9.1±1.2 vs 9.7±0.8 mg/dL, p < 0.05); PTX patients showed significantly higher levels of serum phosphate (3.8±1.0 vs 2.9±0.5 mg/dL, p < 0.05) and returned PTH to normal levels (45±51 pg/mL). Cinacalcet, despite controlling calcium and phosphate in the long term, decreased but did not correct PTH (197±97 pg/mL). The proportion of patients that remained with PTH above normal range was 95% in the cinacalcet group and 22% in the PTX group. Patients treated with cinacalcet had better renal function (creatinine 1.2±0.3 vs 1.7±0.7 mg/dL, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Surgical treatment was superior to cinacalcet to correct the metabolic disorders of hyperparathyroidism despite being associated with worse renal function in the long term. Cinacalcet proved to be a safe and well tolerated drug.

RESUMO Introdução: O hiperparatireoidismo persistente pós-transplante está associado a aumento na incidência de eventos cardiovasculares, fraturas e óbitos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as opções terapêuticas disponíveis: paratireoidectomia (PTX) e o agente calcimimético cinacalcete. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de um único centro incluiu pacientes transplantados renais adultos que desenvolveram hipercalcemia devido a hiperparatireoidismo persistente. Critérios de inclusão: PTH > 65 pg/mL com cálcio sérico > 11,5 mg/dL a qualquer momento após o transplante, ou cálcio sérico persistentemente superior a 10,2 mg/dL um ano após o transplante. Os pacientes tratados com cinacalcete (n = 46) foram comparados aos pacientes tratados com paratireoidectomia (n = 30). O período de acompanhamento foi de um ano. Dados clínicos e laboratoriais foram analisados para comparar a eficácia e a segurança de ambas as modalidades terapêuticas. Resultados: a PTX controlou a calcemia mais rapidamente (mês 1 x mês 6) e atingiu níveis significativamente mais baixos no mês 12 (9,1 ± 1,2 v.s. 9,7 ± 0,8 mg/dL, p < 0,05); pacientes submetidos à PTX apresentaram níveis significativamente mais altos de fósforo sérico (3,8 ± 1,0 v.s. 2,9 ± 0,5 mg/dL, p < 0,05) e retornaram aos níveis normais de PTH (45 ± 51 pg/mL). O cinacalcete, apesar de controlar o cálcio e o fósforo no longo prazo, diminuiu, mas não corrigiu o PTH (197 ± 97 pg/mL). A proporção de pacientes que permaneceram com PTH acima da faixa normal foi de 95% no grupo cinacalcete e 22% no grupo PTX. Os pacientes tratados com cinacalcete apresentaram melhor função renal (creatinina 1,2 ± 0,3 v.s. 1,7 ± 0,7 mg/dL, p < 0,05). Conclusões: O tratamento cirúrgico foi superior ao cinacalcete para corrigir os distúrbios metabólicos do hiperparatireoidismo, apesar de estar associado a pior função renal no longo prazo. Cinacalcete provou ser um medicamento seguro e bem tolerado.

Un caso de hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica de causa genética en niño prepúber / Genetic hypercalcemic hypocalciuria in a prepubertal boy

Un paciente de 12 años consultó por vómitos recurrentes asociados con cefaleas, con varios episodios durante 7 meses, y retraso ponderal secundario a esa sintomatología. Había recibido previamente un tratamiento con antibióticos e inhibidores de la bomba de protones, por diagnóstico de gastritis a Helicobacter pylori, después de biopsia gástrica realizada durante una videoendoscopía digestiva alta. Se desconoce su historia familiar porque es hijo adoptivo. Al examen físico el paciente estaba adelgazado, sin tumoración a nivel de cuello; presentaba genitales prepuberales. Como el paciente continuó con vómitos cíclicos recurrentes, siguieron exámenes complementarios donde se constató en 2 oportunidades hipercalcemia (13,2-13,6 mg/dl), acompañada de hipofosfatemia (2,7 mg/dl). Con un diagnóstico presuntivo de hiperparatiroidismo primario se realizaron dosajes de laboratorio: calcemia total e iónica elevada (12,1 y 5,6mg/dl respectivamente), fosfatemia baja (2,8 mg/dl), fosfatasa alcalina sérica normal (151 mU/ml), PTH sérica normal (47,1 pg/ml), 25(OH)vitamina D sérica adecuada (22 ng/ml). La ecografía de glándulas tiroides y paratiroides mostró una imagen redondeada hipoecoica, avascular, de 4 mm axial por 4 mm cefalocaudal, por 3 mm ánteroposterior en topografía paratiroidea derecha, planteándose la posibilidad de hipertrofia paratiroidea versus adenopatía. Se realizó estudio de paratiroides por imágenes: centellograma con 99mTc-MIBI y PET-CT con 18F-colina, pero no se constató captación anormal. Se realizaron nuevos estudios de laboratorio: en orina de 24 horas el calcio era de 19 mg, el cociente calcio/creatinina urinaria 0,03 mg/mg, la reabsorción tubular de fósforo normal (82%) y el cociente de las tasas de depuración de calcio y creatinina muy bajo (0,00046). El CTX sérico era bajo. El diagnóstico clínico fue de hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica; ante la falta de antecedentes familiares, se realizó un estudio de posibles mutaciones puntuales en el gen del receptor de calcio (CaSR), hallándose la presencia en heterocigosis de la mutación p.Arg185Gln (p.R185Q) en la posición 554 (c.554G>A) del exón 4 del gene CaSR. Esto implica el cambio de una arginina por glutamina en el codón 185 de la proteína, y confirma el origen genético de la hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica en nuestro paciente. La edad ósea era de 12 años, y se indicó un tratamiento con testosterona i.m. a bajas dosis para acelerar el desarrollo puberal; luego de 4 aplicaciones mensuales su talla se ha incrementado en 4 cm y su peso en 3 kg. Una aplicación subcutánea de denosumab (60 mg) no controló la hipercalcemia. Continuó por un año con hipoorexia y un episodio de vómitos por semana, pero actualmente tiene buen apetito y excelente tolerancia digestiva. Se le ha prescripto cinacalcet oral (AU)

A 12-year-old patient who consulted for recurrent vomiting associated with headaches, with several episodes for 7 months, and low body weight. The patient had previously received treatment with antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors, due to gastritis with Helicobacter pylori, after gastric biopsy performed during videoendoscopy. His family history is unknown because he is an adopted son. At physical examination the patient was thin, without neck tumor; he had prepubertal genitalia. As he patient continued with recurrent vomiting, he was admitted for further evaluation. Laboratory studies revealed hypercalcemia (13.2-13.6 mg/dl), accompanied by hypophosphatemia (2.7 mg/dl). With a presumptive diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism, complementary determinations were performed: total and high total and ionized serum calcium (12.1 and 5.6 mg/dl, respectively), normal serum alkaline phosphatase (151 mU/ml), and PTH (47.1 pg/ml), and normal serum 25(OH) vitamin D (32 ng/ml). The ultrasonography of thyroid and parathyroid glands showed a rounded hypoechoic, avascular image, 4 mm in diameter in the lower right parathyroid topography. A parathyroid imaging studies were performed: scintigraphy with 99mTc-MIBI and PET-CT with 18F-choline, but no abnormal uptake was observed. New laboratory studies were carried out: in 24-hour urine the calcium was 19 mg, the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio was 0.03 mg/mg, the tubular reabsorption of phosphorus was normal (82%) and the ratio of clearances rates of calcium and creatinine very low (0.00046). Serum CTX was low. The clinical diagnosis was hypocalciuric hypercalcemia; in the absence of a family history, a study of possible point mutations in the calcium receptor gene (CaSR) was carried out; there was a heterozygous mutation: p.Arg185Gln (p.R185Q) at position 554 (c.554G)>A) of exon 4 of the CaSR gene. This involves the exchange of an arginine for glutamine at codon 185 of the protein, and confirms the genetic origin of the hypocalciuric hypercalcemia in our patient. Bone age was 12 years, and a treatment with testosterone i.m. at low doses to accelerate pubertal development was started; after 4 monthly applications height has increased by 4 cm and weight by 3 kg. Loss of appetite and a weekly episode of postprandial vomiting continued during one yeas, but now his appetite is normal and vomiting has subsided. A subcutaneous application of denosumab (60 mg) did not control hypercalcemia. He has been prescribed oral cinacalcet (AU)

Long-term effectiveness of cinacalcet in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism

BACKGROUND: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cinacalcet use is controversial in non-dialysis patients. METHODS: This retrospective observational study recruited patients receiving cinacalcet (off-label use) in 2010 and 2011. Patients were followed for three years from the beginning of treatment using an intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were studied: 14 CKD stage 3 (34.1%), 21 CKD stage 4 (51.2%), and 6 CKD stage 5 (14.6%). Median baseline parathyroid hormone (PTH) was 396 (101–1,300) pg/mL. Upon cinacalcet treatment (22 ± 12 months), PTH levels decreased by ≥ 30% in 73.2% of patients (P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI], 59–87%), with a mean time for response of 18.7 months (95% CI, 15.4–22.1). Sixteen patients were followed for 36 months and treated for 32 ± 9 months. Mean reduction in their PTH levels was 50.1% (P < 0.001; 95% CI, 33.8–66.4%) at 36 months, with 62.5% of patients (P < 0.001; 95% CI, 35.9–89.1%) presenting reductions of ≥ 30%. Serum calcium levels decreased from 9.95 ± 0.62 mg/dL to 9.21 ± 0.83 and 9.12 ± 0.78 mg/dL at 12 and 36 months, respectively (P < 0.001). Serum phosphorus levels increased from 3.59 ± 0.43 to 3.82 ± 0.84 at 12 months (P = 0.180), remaining so at 36 months (P = 0.324). At 12 and 36 months, 2 (12.5%) patients experienced hypocalcemia. Meanwhile, 1 (6.3%) and 4 (25.0%) patients reported hyperphosphatemia at 12 and 36 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cinacalcet remained effective for at least 36 months in non-dialysis patients with SHPT. Electrolytic disturbances were managed with concurrent use of vitamin D and its analogs or phosphate binders.

Alteraciones endocrinas asociadas al uso medicamentos en el Programa Distrital de Farmacovigilancia de Bogotá durante el periodo 2012 a 2016 / Medication-use related endocrine disruption reported to the local pharmacovigilance program in Bogota, during 2012- 2016 / Alterações endócrinas associadas ao uso de medicamentos no Programa Distrital de Vigilância farmacológica em Bogotá no período 2012-2016

Objetivos. Conocer las reacciones adversas tipo endocrino asociado al uso de medicamentos y reportado al Programa Distrital de Farmacovigilancia de Bogotá durante el periodo 2012 a 2016. Materiales y métodos. Los reportes analizados corresponden al periodo del 1º de enero de 2012 al 31 de diciembre de 2016 del Programa Distrital de Farmacovigilancia. Su análisis se hizo mediante algoritmos de causalidad y por tipo de evento. Resultados. Se analizaron 85 reportes. Uno de ellos relacionado con una sospecha de problema de calidad del medicamento, los otros 84 relaciona-dos con reacciones adversas sobre los cuales se centró la investigación. De los 84 reportes, 36 (42,9 %) corresponden a reacciones adversas a medicamento tipo A y 26 (31 %) a reportes de reacciones adversas a medicamentos de tipo fallo terapéutico. Los principales efectos secundarios a los medicamentos fueron el aumento de los niveles de hormona paratiroidea por uso de cinacalcet en 27 (34,1 %) reportes, seguidas por el síndrome de Cushing relacionado con la administración de prednisolona en 12 (14,1 %), bocio por uso de adalimumab en 12 (14,1 %), hiperprolactinemia por el uso de risperidona en 10 (11,8 %) e hipotiroidismo inducido por amiodarona en 3 (3,4 %). Conclusiones. El desarrollo de estos estudios permite conocer las principales reacciones adversas que se presentan durante el uso habitual de los medicamentos, así como su perfil de seguridad.

Objective. Becoming familiar with medication-use related endocrine disruption reported to the local pharmacovigilance program in Bogotá during 2012-2016.Tools and methods. Analyzed reports are dated between January 1st, 2012 and December 31st, 2016 and were gathered from the Pharmacovigilance Program in Bogotá. The analysis of the said reports was conducted through causality algorithms and event type.Results. Out of 87 analyzed reports, two were not included in the study due to lack of information for its classification in one case and, medication-related problems in another case. 36 reports (42.9 %) were found to have adverse reaction to type A medications, while 26 reports (34.1%) were found to have medication related problem type therapeutic failure. The main medication related problems were associated to the use of Cinacalcet with increased levels of parathormone in 27 out of 87 analyzed reports in this study. Other medication related problems found were: Cushing Syndrome, associated with the use of prednisolone in 12 reports; Goiter associated to the use of adalimumab in 12 reports; Hyperprolactinemia associated to the use of Risperidone in 10 reports and, Hypothyroidism associated to the use of Amiodarone in 3 reports. Conclusions: Carrying out such studies allows for the understanding of the main medication-use problems that are shown during common use of medications, as well as their safety profile.

Objetivo. O objetivo do artigo é conhecer as alterações endócrinas associadas ao uso de medicamentos reportadas pelo Programa Distrital de Vigilância farmacológica em Bogotá. Materiais e métodos. Os reportes analisados correspondem ao período de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro 2016 e a analise foi realizada com algoritmos de causalidade e por tipo de evento. Resultados. Foram analisados 87 reportes, embora no final dois deles foram desconsiderados, um por corresponder a um problema relacionado com o medicamento e o outro por falta de informações para classifica-lo. Encontraram-se 36 (42%) de reportes associados a reações adversas perante os medicamentos tipo A e 26 (31%) de reportes de RAM tipo falho terapêutico. As principais RAM foram por uso de cinacalcet com aumento dos níveis de parathormona em 27 reportes (34%), seguidas de Síndrome de Cushing relacionado com prednisolona em 12 reportes (14,1%), bócio por uso de adalimumab em outros 12 re-portes, hiperprolactinemia por uso de risperidona em 10 casos (11,8%) e hipotiroidismo induzido por amiodarona em 3 casos. Conclusoes. O desenvolvimento destes estudos, permite conhecer as principais reações adversas causadas pelo uso habitual dos medicamentos mesmo como seu perfil de segurança.

Preparation of Cinacalcet Nanoemulsion and Its In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To improve the dissolution and oral bioavailability of cinacalcet in fasted state by preparing cinacalcet nanoemulsion. METHODS: The oil phase, emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers were selected by solubility test and phase diagram studies. The dissolution in vitro and bioavailability in Bealge dogs of cinacalcet nanoemulsion were evaluated. RESULTS: The cinacalcet nanoemulsion was prepared with oleic acid(as oil phase), OP-10 (as emulsifier), PEG200 (as co-emulsifier) and water (W-W=3:8:4:15) and showed goog physical properties with regular round appearance. The average particle size of cinacalcet nanoemulsion was (24.1±3.8) nm. The poly-dispersity index (PDI) and Zeta potential were (0.261±0.032) and (-26.1±1.7) mV, respectively, which proved that the cinacalcet nanoemulsion formed a stable system. The in vitro dissolution of cinacalcet was significantly improved after being prepared into nanoemulsion. The pharmacokinetic study showed that the bioavailability of cinacalcet nanoemulsion was significantly enhanced in Beagle dogs in fasted state and the absorbtion of cinacalcet nanoemulsion had no difference in fed and fasted state. CONCLUSION: Cinacalcet nanoemulsion is easy to prepare and has small particle size, which can significantly improve the dissolution and bioavailability of cinacalcet in fasted state.

Quantitative Determination of Cinacalcet in Dialysis Patients' Plasma by a High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Method / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method to determine the cinacalcet concentration in plasma of dialysis patients. METHODS: Fendiline hydrochloride was selected as the internal standard (IS), in the meantime, plasma samples were extracted through the solid phase extraction (SPE), and the internal standard method was used to determine the concentration of cinacalcet. The analyte was separated by Inertsil SIL-150A (2.1 mm×50 mm, 5 μm) matched with guard column Inertsil SIL-150A (3.0 mm×50 mm,5 μm). The cinacalcet was eluted with acetonitrile, water and formic acid (90:10:1=V:V:V) at a rate of 0.35 mL•min-1. On MS, electrospray ionization (ESI) source with positive ion mode and multiply reaction monitoring (MRM) was used. The MRM transitions of cinacalcet and the IS were 358.1→155.1 and 316.0→212.1, respectively. The concentration in dialysis patients after 25 mg dose (one piece of tablet) within 24 h was determined by using the established HPLC-MS/MS method in this paper. RESULTS: A good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.1-50 ng•mL-1 of cinacalcet, and the validated accuracy and precision all were within ±15%. Long-term, freeze-thaw and autoinjector stability of cinacalcet QC samples were all in the range of 1.4%-3.9%. The matrix of cinacalcet is (104.5±3.1)%, (105.6±4.3)% and (104.0±3.1)% respectively and the matrix of IS is (106.4±3.0)%. This validated method can meet the guidance for bioanalytical method validation. CONCLUSION: The HPLC-MS/MS method is sensitive and specific enough to meet the quantitative requirements for determining cinacalcet in human plasma. It is rapid, accurate and in line with the guidance for bioanalytical method validation.

Study on the in vivo-in vitro Correlation of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride Tablets / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the in vitro dissolution behavior and in vivo pharmacokinetics of Cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets, and to evaluate its in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC). METHODS:HPLC method was adopted to determine the accumulative dissolution(Q) of Cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets in 8 kinds of medium [pH 1.2 hydrochloric acid solution,pH 2.0 hydrochloric acid solution,pH 4.5 acetate buffer solution,pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution,water,artificial gastric fluid(SGF),full belly artificial intestinal fluid(FeSSIF),fasting artificial intestinal fluid(FaSSIF)],and the dissolution curves were drawn. HPLC-MS method was used to determine the blood concentrations of Cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets. A total of 12 healthy male volunteers were selected and given single oral dose of Cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets 75 mg under the state of fasting or satiety(high-fat food). The blood concentration of cinacalcet hydrochlorid was determined before medication(0 h)and 0.5,1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24 h after medication. Average blood concentration-time curves were drawn. The in vivo accumulative absorption percentage (F) of satiety group was calculated by using DAS 3.0 software. Linear regression of F with in vitro Q was carried out to analyze its IVIVC. RESULTS:There was great difference among dissolution curves of Cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets in 8 kinds of dissolution mediums. There were differences of AUC0→t,AUC0→∞ and cmax between fasting group and satiety group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05),showing high-fat food had significant effect on in vivo pharmacokinetics. Correlation coefficient of in vivo F in satiety group with in vitro Q of the tablets in FeSSIF was highest (0.977 9),manifesting good IVIVC (class A). CONCLUSIONS:The in vitro dissolution behavior of Cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets in FeSSIF(paddle method,50 r/min)is well associated with its in vivo pharmacokinetics,which can be used for predicting in vivo dissolution and absorption of the tablets.

Uncertainty Evaluationon of the Content Determination of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride by HPLC / 中国药师

Objective:To establish an HPLC method for the content determination of cinacalcet hydrochloride and evaluate the un-certainty in the measurement. Methods:An Inertsil ODS-SP chromatographic column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) was used,the mo-bile phase was composed of phosphate buffer solution(pH 6.5) and acetonitrile(60: 40),the flow rate was 1.0 ml·min-1,the de-tection wavelength was 272 nm,the column temperature was 30℃ and the injection volume was 20 μl. The content calculation formula-tion was deduced,the influencing factors were determined,and each component was assessed. Results:The resolution between cina-calcet and the impurity was satisfied,the linear relationship within the range of 10-100 μg?ml-1was excellent(r=0.999 9),the av-erage recovery was 101.09% (RSD=0.54%,n=9),and the LOQ was 0.254 μg?ml-1. The expanded uncertainty was 1.22%, and the result of the content determination was(100.74 ± 1.22)% (k=2). Conclusion:The method is simple,fast,selective,ac-curate and reliable,and can provide reference for the development of quality standards for generic drugs. Based on the influencing fac-tors of uncertainty,the main influencing reasons for the determination results can be found out to improve the reliability of determina-tion.

Effectiveness of cinacalcet in combination with calcitriol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with maintenance hemodialysis / 中华全科医师杂志

One hundred and twenty maintenance hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism were randomly assigned to receive cinacalce,calcitriol or combination of cinacalce and cacitriol for treatment,with 40 cases in each group.Patients were followed up for 12 months;and the blood tests,echocardiography,examinations for osteoporosis and soft tissue calcification were performed every month.After 3 months of treatment,the serum levels of parathyroid hormone were decreased in all three groups (P ＜ 0.01);while the parathyroid hormone decreased more markedly with less influence on serum calcium and phosphorus levels in combination group.There were no significant changes in alkaline phosphatase,osteoporosis and cardiac valve calcification after treatment,compared with before treatment.There were no cases of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia appearing in combination group after treatment.The study indicates that the combination of cinacalcet with calcitriol has better therapeutic effect for treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in maintenance dialysis patients.

Treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism: Cinacalcet or surgery? / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Patients with end-stage renal disease have a 30％-50％ incidence of hyperparathyroidism.Renal hyperparathyroidism causes multiple systemic diseases,which affect the life quality of patients,and seriously endangers patients' life.Now there are two major treatments,Cinacalcet and surgery.This article is aimed to discuss the characteristics of the two methods and review the latest research on renal hyperparathyroidism.It is advised that Cinacalcet may apply to:1,patients with mild to moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism;2,patients who do not accept the surgery;3,patients with surgical contraindication.And surgical procedures are applicable to:1,patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation;2,patients with invalid Cinacalcet treatment;3,patients who cannot tolerate the side-effect of Cinacalcet;4,patients unable to undertake economic burden of Cinacalcet.However,these conclusions still require higher levels of clinical trials to be validated.

Custos do tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo secundário à doença renal crônica, com cinacalcete ou paratireoidectomia, para pacientes não controlados com a terapia clínica convencional sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde / Secondary hyperparathyroidism treatment costs with cinacalcet or PTX, for uncontrolled patients with conventional clinical therapy under Brazilian Public Health System perspective

Objetivos: Estimar a população elegível para o tratamento de pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPTS), não controlados com terapia convencional, bem como avaliar a utilização de recursos para o tratamento dessa população com cinacalcete ou paratireoidectomia (PTX). Métodos: Utilização da técnica Delphi por painel de especialistas. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando questionário estruturado, enviado por meio eletrônico aos especialistas, e seguida de encontro presencial. Os custos foram obtidos de bases de dados governamentais. Apenas custos médicos diretos foram incluídos, sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (em reais no ano de 2014). Os dados foram avaliados pelo Microsoft Excel versão 2013. Resultados: A população no cenário de mundo real indicada para o tratamento com cinacalcete foi de 7.705 pacientes. Já a população real encaminhada para a PTX foi de 7.691 pacientes, sendo esse número 76,3% maior que a população ideal com indicação de PTX, que foi de 1.822 pacientes. O custo estimado do tratamento com cinacalcete foi de R$ 27.712,95 (considerando a dose recomendada em bula para cinacalcete, de 30 a 180 mg/ dia) e de R$ 16.841,85 para PTX (incluindo os períodos pré e pós-cirúrgico). A análise de sensibilidade foi baseada na dose média de cinacalcete, conforme o estudo EVOLVE (66,8 mg/dia). Nesse cenário, o custo do tratamento com cinacalcete foi de R$ 11.924,13 (57% menor que o cenário com a dose de bula). Conclusão: No cenário SUS, o número de pacientes encaminhados para PTX foi 76,3% maior que os idealmente indicados à cirurgia, o que ocorre devido à falta de opções terapêuticas.

Objectives: To estimate patient management patterns, associated medical resource utilization and use of cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic hemodialysis patients and much uncontrolled with conventional treatment, in the Unified Healthcare System (SUS) setting, in 2014. Methods: An expert panel was carried using the Delphi technique. The research was done by structured and unambiguous questionnaires that were sent by email to the entire Delphi panel, followed by a face meeting. Expense inputs were mainly obtained from government fee schedules and pharmaceutical price tables. Only medical direct costs were included under the perspective of SUS [in 2014 Brazilian Real (BRL)]. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel Worksheet version 2013. Results: The eligible population to cinacalcet treatment was 9,513 patients. Considering an ideal scenario, this number goes to 7,705 patients. The estimated population for parathyroidectomy was 7,691 patients in a real scenario and 1,822 in an ideal scenario (76.3% more patients than the ideally suited to the procedure). The estimated annual cost with cinacalcet treatment is 27,712.95 BRL (considering the label dose for cinacalcet) and 16,841.85 BRL for parathyroidectomy (including pre and post-operative period), respectively. A sensitivity analysis was performed considering the cost of cinacalcet treatment using the drug's dose of EVOLVE study (66.8 mg). This scenario showed a total cost of 11,924.13 BRL (57% less than label dose scenario). Conclusion: 76.3% more patients are indicated to the surgery due the absence of other therapeutic options for management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic hemodialysis patients and much uncontrolled with conventional treatment, in the SUS setting.