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Objective To explore the effects of L-carnitine combined with citicoline on the therapeutic effect of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(NHIE)and serum nitric oxide(NO)and endothelin-1(ET-1).Methods A total of 95 children with HIE admitted to the hospital from April 2020 to January 2023 were selected and were divided into observation group(47 cases)and control group(48 cases)by random number table method.The control group was given citicoline,and the observation group was given citicoline combined with L-carnitine.The therapeutic effect was evaluated on 14 days after treatment,and the recovery time of original reflex,muscle tone and consciousness was calculated.The levels of oxidative stress indexes[malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD)]and vascular endothelial function indexes(NO,ET-1)were detected before treatment and 14 days after treatment.Neonatal neurobehavioral score(NBNA)was used to evaluate the neurological function of the children,and the safety of the treatment regimen was ob-served.Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between NBNA and vascular endothe-lial function indexes.Results The total effective rate in the observation group was 91.49％,which was higher than 72.92％in the control group(P＜0.05).The original reflex recovery time,muscle tone recovery time and consciousness recovery time of NHIE children in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in NBNA scores between the two groups before treatment(t=1.225,P=0.224).After treatment,the NBNA score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group(t=6.223,P＜0.001).After treatment,MDA level decreased and SOD level in-creased in two groups(P＜0.05).After treatment,the level of MDA in the observation group was lower than that in the control group,while the level of SOD was higher than that in the control group(P＜0.05).After treatment,the levels of NO and ET-1 were decreased in both groups(P＜0.05).The levels of NO and ET-1 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group after treatment(P＜0.05).The adverse drug reaction rates in observation group and control group were 17.02％and 8.33％,respectively,and there was no significant difference between two groups(P＞0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum NO,ET-1 and NBNA score in NHIE children were negatively correlated(r=-0.546,-0.608,P＜0.05).Conclusion L-carnitine combined with citicoline could improve the therapeutic effect of NHIE,shorten the re-covery time of clinical manifestations,and improve nerve function,oxidative stress and vascular endothelial function without increasing drugs and adverse reactions.In addition,vascular endothelial function indexes are negatively correlated with NBNA score,which could be used as auxiliary reference indexes for judging NHIE.
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Stroke is a major cause of death worldwide. Prompt treatment and decision-making is essential for good outcomes. The two major therapeutic approaches for acute ischemic stroke are thrombolytics and neuroprotectants. Piracetam, a nootropic drug aims to increase cerebral blood flow, enhance oxygen extraction, restore membrane fluidity and modulate neurotransmission. Likewise, citicoline has been shown to positively influence cerebral plasticity and neurorepair processes. The present article aims to offer insights on the current management of acute stroke and to position piracetam and its combination with citicoline in the management of acute stroke and post-stroke sequelae based on an expert panel discussion.
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Introduction: Myopia is a very common condition affectingpeople worldwide. Current research aimed to study the effectsof oral citicoline as treatment option in myopic amblyopia.Material and Methods: Patients of myopic amblyopia ofage group 5-30 years were evaluated between June2018 toMarch2019. Detailed eye examinations including visualacuity, refraction, and dilated fundoscopy were done. Patientswere randomly divided into 2 groups. 1 group of patients weregiven oral citicoline(500mg) daily for 12 weeks. Other groupof patients was given placebo daily for 12 weeks. All patientswere followed up to at monthly interval for 6 months; visualacuity and refraction were done in each follow up visit.Results: Total 378 patients with myopic amblyopia wereidentified. Visual acuity improved or became stable overtime following citicoline therapy, as compared to placebo.Maximum improvement in visual acuity was from 6/60 to6/9(p).Conclusion: Citicoline therapy resulted in significantimprovement or stability of visual acuity in myopic amblyopicpatients.
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Background: Citicoline has emerged as a potential neuroprotectant in experimental models in stroke patients. Citicoline has shown some beneficial effects in human ischaemic stroke and with an excellent safety profile while in haemorrhagic stroke data is limited. Authors conducted this study to test role of citicoline in stroke patients in terms of cognition, memory and post stroke disability.Methods: In this prospective study, patients had to be previously independent, aged >18 years of age, presented within 24 hours of onset of symptoms of stroke diagnosed by neuroimaging (CT or MRI). Patients received either a placebo or 500 mg/12 h citicoline for 12 weeks (orally or intravenously). The primary aim was to evaluate improvement in cognition, memory and post stroke disability after 12 weeks. The efficacy endpoint was the percentage of subjects with MMSE and DRS at 12 weeks.Results: Total 75 stroke patients were enrolled, 40 in control group and 35 in citicoline group were allotted randomly. Patients in citicoline group were given intravenous citicoline 500 mg/12 hour during hospital stay and orally 500 mg/12 hour after discharge for up to 12 weeks. Control Group was given Placebo. cognition, memory and post stroke disability show positive improvement in citicoline group.Conclusions: Citicoline shows beneficial effects in stroke in terms of cognition, memory and post stroke disability.
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Resumen: La enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV) isquémica es una condición médica que implica, según su grado, discapacidad importante para el paciente, además de altos costos para su tratamiento agudo y crónico, así como en el manejo de la discapacidad con alta incidencia y prevalencia a nivel mundial. Desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico, representa una catástrofe en el funcionamiento cerebral que involucra daño estructural y funcional. Se han desarrollado múltiples estrategias para el manejo de esta patología; actualmente, el estándar de oro para su manejo es el rt-PA; sin embargo, por sus características, pocos pacientes tienen acceso al mismo. Razón por la que se han desarrollado estrategias farmacológicas diversas para su manejo: la citicolina se ha usado durante años, no obstante, genera controversias dado que su utilidad, demostrada en estudios experimentales, no se ha reproducido en la práctica clínica; más aún, algunos estudios sugieren que podría empeorar el pronóstico del paciente, lo que justificaría el abandono de su uso en el tratamiento de ECV isquémica (ictus). Por tal motivo ofrecemos esta revisión del tema con el fin de brindar herramientas que permitan aclarar dicha controversia.
Abstract: Ischemic cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is a medical condition that, according to its extension, implies significant disability for the patient, as well as high costs for its acute and chronic treatment, as well in the management of disability, with high incidence and worldwide prevalence, from the physiopathological point of view represents a catastrophe in brain functioning that involves structural and functional damage. Multiple strategies have been developed for the management of this pathology, currently the gold standard for its management is the rt-PA, however, due to its characteristics, and few patients have access to it, because it various pharmacological strategies have been developed. Citicoline has been used for years, nevertheless generates controversies since its usefulness, demonstrated in experimental studies, has not been reproduced in clinical practice but some studies suggest that it could worsen the patient's prognosis, which would justify the abandonment of its use in the treatment of ischemic CVD (ictus), for this reason we offer this review of the subject in order to provide tools to clarify this controversy.
Resumo: A doença cerebrovascular (DCbV) isquêmica é uma condição clínica que de acordo com sua extensão, implica em uma significativa incapacidade para o paciente, ademais de altos custos para seu tratamento agudo e crônico, bem como no manejo da incapacidade com alta incidência e prevalência a nível mundial. Do ponto de vista fisiopatológico representa uma catástrofe no funcionamento do cérebro que envolve danos estruturais e funcionais. Múltiplas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas para o tratamento dessa patologia, atualmente o padrão ouro para o seu manejo é o rt-PA, porém, devido às suas características, poucos pacientes têm acesso a ele, razão pela qual várias estratégias farmacológicas foram desenvolvidas, a citicolina vem sendo utilizada há anos, gera controvérsias, uma vez que sua utilidade, demonstrada em estudos experimentais não foi reproduzida na prática clínica, mas alguns estudos sugerem que ela poderia piorar o prognóstico do paciente, o que justificaria o abandono do seu uso no tratamento de DCbV isquêmica (ictus), por esse motivo oferecemos esta revisão, a fim de fornecer ferramentas para esclarecer esta controvérsia.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of edaravone combined with citicoline sodium on acute cere-bral infarction and its effects on the levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors. METHODS:108 patients with acute cere-bral infarction were randomly divided into edaravone group(single group)and edaravone+citicoline sodium group(drug combina-tion group),with 54 cases in each group. Based on routine treatment,single group was given Edaravone injection 30 mg added in-to 100 ml 0.9% Sodium chloride injection intravenously,bid,used up within 30 min each time;drug combination group was addi-tionally given Citicoline sodium injection 0.5 g added into 250 ml 0.9% Sodium chloride injection intravenously,qd,on the basis of single group. Treatment course of 2 groups lasted for 2 weeks. NIHSS,HDS,Barthel index,oxidant stress indicator and inflam-matory factors were compared between 2 groups before and after treatment. RESULTS:After treatment,the effective rate of NI-HSS in drug combination group was 81.48%,which was significantly higher than single group(53.70%),with statistical signifi-cance (χ2=9.511,P=0.002). HDS score and Barthel index of 2 groups were significantly increased after treatment,especially in drug combination group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). Compared with before treatment,contents of MDA and ET-1 in 2 groups were decreased significantly,while SOD activity and NO content were increased significantly;the inflammatory cytokines IL-6,IL-8,IL-12 and IL-16,TNF-α were all decreased gradually,with statistical significance (P<0.05);the improvement of each indicator in drug combination group was more significant than single group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLU-SIONS:Edaravone combined with citicoline sodium show good therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction, can decrease the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation and promote the recovery of the neurological function and the daily liv-ing ability.
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Objective:To analyze the osmotic pressure of citicoline sodium injection from different manufacturers to provide experi-mental basis for improving the national standard of the product. Methods:The cryoscopic method was used to detect the osmotic pres-sure of 479 batches of citicoline sodium injection from 45 pharmaceutical factories. Results:The osmotic pressure of citicoline sodium injection was within the range of 359-692 mOsmol · kg-1 , that of citicoline sodium for injection was within the range of 401-1408 mOsmol·kg-1 , and that of citicoline sodium chloride injection was within the range of 278-299 mOsmol·kg-1 . Conclusion:The os-motic pressure of citicoline sodium injection and citicoline sodium for injection from different manufacturers is obviously different. It is necessary to detect osmotic pressure in the quality standard in order to evaluate the quality of preparation process.
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Background: The prevalence of psychosomatic complaints in children and adolescents has been reported to be between 10% and 25%. In addition, these problems present in a wide range of people across different age groups. Complaints of impaired learning and memory are common in patients treated with drugs acting on the central nervous system including the prototypical antidepressant drugs (AAD) such as fluoxetine and amitriptyline. Concomitant administration of the nootropic drug citicoline may help in the maintenance of cognition through the retention of memory and learning capacity. Methods: Albino rats were used for this study as they are the most standardized of all experimental animals and divided into five groups of six rats each including the control group. The test apparatus used was the Morris water maze which is one of the most widely used tasks in behavioral neuroscience for studying the psychological processes and neural mechanisms of spatial learning and memory. The drugs used in the study were fluoxetine amitriptyline and citicoline. All the rats received respective treatment for the period of 20 days. The experiment was conducted during the last week. During this period, the rats were simultaneously trained and tested for 4 days for learning behavior (i.e. from 14th to 17th day of the study) designated as day 1, day 2, day 3, and day 4. After a gap of 2 days, i.e. on day 20, the rats were tested for the retention of memory on Morris water maze (designated as day 6). Results: There was a statistically significant impairment in learning behavior of the rats in fluoxetine and amitriptyline group when compared to control group (p<0.01 is highly significant) but no such significance was obtained when the groups containing the AADs was supplemented with citicoline. In addition, fluoxetine caused more impairment than amitriptyline and supplemental citicoline was beneficial in retaining the memory and preventing learning impairment, but the combination is more beneficial in the amitriptyline group as compared to the fluoxetine group. Conclusions: Cognition in individuals with depression may be influenced by several factors, including basic neuropathology and the frequency and severity of depressive episodes. The major finding of the present study is that learning was impaired by both the antidepressants, i.e., fluoxetine and amitriptyline but was reversed by citicoline which has a novel mechanism of action.
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Objective To observe the clinical effect of edaravone combined with citicoline for treatment of acute ischemic cerebral infarctio.Methods Eighty-two cases patients of acute cerebral infarction were selected from March 2012 to August 2013 in the General Hospital of XingTai Mining group.According to admission order,they were randomly divided into observation group and control group,and each group of 41 cases.Single blind studies were carried out and on the basis of conventional treatment methods,the control group was given ozagrel sodium 80 mg,2 times/d,continuous 14 days.Observation group applied 30 mg edaravone,2 times/d,continuous 14 days.Besides this,observation group were given citicoline 1 000 mg,ontinuous 14 days.Comparison of therapeutic effects were observed for 14 days.Results Before and after treatment,the national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) score,Barthel index,superoxide dismutase (SOD) of observation group were (14.1±3.2) and (5.1±1.6),(51.6±13.5) and (73.1±15.9),(145.3±32.6) U/L and (226.9± 39.7) U/L,which of control group were (13.7 ± 3.3) and (10.2± 3.0),(53.4± 13.8) and (59.9±14.1),(143.6±33.8) U/L and (179.4±35.7) U/L,and there were significant difference between before and after treatment of two groups(observation group:t=16.108,6.600,10.171,P＜0.01;control group:t =5.025,2.110,4.663,P＜0.05),and between observation group and control group after treatment(t =0.605,3.977,5.697,P＜0.01).Furthermore observation group's total effective rate was 97.6％ (40/41),significantly better than that of control group,and the difference was significant (80.5％ (33/41),x2 =4.49,P ＜0.05).Conclusion It is better that edaravone combined with citicoline for the treatment of acute ischemic cerebral infarction which can effectively protect the brain tissue,improve the patients' neurologic deficits and their ability of daily life.
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Purpose: To study the neuroprotective eff ect of topical citicoline. Materials and Methods: Experimental phase to evaluate the ability of citicoline eye drops to reach the vitreous and the retina: The right eyes of 5 mice CD1 were treated with two drops per day for three days of citicoline 1% and 2% (OMK1, Omikron Italia s.r.l.), and then the vitreous was analyzed with the liquid chromatography and spectrometry mass (LC-MS/MS). Clinical phase to determine if topical citicoline is able to delay glaucoma progression, considering perimetric parameters and electro functional tests. Patients were randomized in two groups, OMK1 and OAG. The fi rst group was treated with OMK1 three times per day, plus hypotensive therapy for two months and one month of wash out. The second group was treated only with hypotensive treatment for three months. Results: LC-MS/MS detected the molecule very well, and only OMK1 showed systemic absorption. Thirty-four patients were enrolled, 16 in the OMK1 and 18 in the OAG group. Perimetric parameters showed a positive trend in individual eyes of patients in OMK1 group, but these values were not statistically signifi cant in the whole group. Retinal ganglion cells function improved as shown by reduced P50 latency (P = 0.04) and increased P50-N95 amplitude (P < 0.0001) of pa ern electroretinogram, up to 30 days after the washout (P = 0.01; P = 0.002). Visual evoked potential and retino-cortical time improvement regressed after 30 days of washout. In OAG group, there was any change during the follow-up. No adverse reactions were reported in both groups. Conclusions: Topical citicoline seems to have a neuroprotective action.
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Aim: To study the effectiveness of the addition of citicoline to patching in the treatment of amblyopia in the age group of 4‑13 years. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial, which included patients who were randomly divided into two groups. Both the groups received patching therapy till plateau was achieved in phase 1 of the study. Then in phase 2, group I received citicoline plus patching and group II continued to receive only patching. Outcome Measures: Outcome was measured by the visual acuity in logMAR every month in phase 1 till plateau was achieved and then for 12 months in phase 2. Results: No significant difference was found in the mean visual acuities in these two groups in phase 1 till plateau was reached. In phase 2, for the initial four months, there was no significant difference in the visual acuities in these two groups, at the respective intervals. However, five months onward, up to 12 months, there was a significant difference in the visual acuities in these groups.The result was the same in younger patients (< seven years of age) as well as in older patients (> seven years of age). In phase 2, the mean proportional improvement in group I was significantly more than that in group II, at two months and onward, at the respective intervals. Conclusion: The improvement in visual acuity with citicoline plus patching was significantly more than that with patching alone, in one year of treatment.
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Objective To investigate the effects of injection of citicoline into Zusanli (ST36) acupoint on neural function and expression of growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in rats with traumatic brain injury. Methods 40 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were ran-domly divided into 5 groups:sham-operated group (group A, n=8), acupoint injection of citicoline group (group B, n=8), acupoint injection of saline group (group C, n=8), intraperitoneal injection of citicoline group (group D, n=8) and intraperitoneal injection of saline group (group E, n=8). Opened brain trauma was induced with the modified Feeney method in the groups B, C, D and E, and were treated as de-sign, once a day for 14 days. They were assessed with nervous function score and open-field test before and 8, 14, 15, and 22 days after inju-ry. The expression of GAP-43 in the brain were detected with immunohistochemistry 28 days after injury. Results The nervous function scores and open-field test scores improved more significantly in the group B than in the groups C, D and E (P<0.05). The expression of GAP-43 increased in the group B than in the groups C, D and E (P<0.05). Conclusion Acupoint injection of citicoline into Zusanli may im-prove the expressions of GAP-43 to promote the recovery of neural function in rats after traumatic brain injury.
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@#Objective To investigate the effects of injection of citicoline into Zusanli (ST36) acupoint on neural function and expression of growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in rats with traumatic brain injury. Methods 40 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham-operated group (group A, n=8), acupoint injection of citicoline group (group B, n=8), acupoint injection of saline group (group C, n=8), intraperitoneal injection of citicoline group (group D, n=8) and intraperitoneal injection of saline group (group E, n=8). Opened brain trauma was induced with the modified Feeney method in the groups B, C, D and E, and were treated as design, once a day for 14 days. They were assessed with nervous function score and open-field test before and 8, 14, 15, and 22 days after injury. The expression of GAP-43 in the brain were detected with immunohistochemistry 28 days after injury. Results The nervous function scores and open-field test scores improved more significantly in the group B than in the groups C, D and E (P<0.05). The expression of GAP-43 increased in the group B than in the groups C, D and E (P<0.05). Conclusion Acupoint injection of citicoline into Zusanli may improve the expressions of GAP-43 to promote the recovery of neural function in rats after traumatic brain injury.
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Objective To investigate the effect of drugs in combination with rehabilitative training on motor function and the expression of survivin in the ischemic penumbra after focal cerebral ischemia.Methods One hundred and twenty male,adult,Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)by suturing.Ninety-six of them were then randomly divided into a control group,a drug group,a rehabilitative trainiug group,and a drugs in combination with rehabilitative training group,with 24 in each.For three days the rats in the control group received no treatment,while those in the drug group received 500 mg/kg of citicoline daily,those in the rehabilitative training group received motor training including balancing,grasping,rotating and walking exercises,aud those in the drug and rehabilitative training group received both citicoline and the motor training.Behavioral tests were administered to all groups,and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of survivin in the ischemic penumbra.Results Average behavior scores in the drug group and the control group were not significantly different at day 7,14 or 21 after the MCAO.Average behavior scores in the rehabilitative training and drug in combination with rehabilitative training groups were significantly superior to those of the control and drug groups at day 14 and 21.At those time points the average scores in the drug in combination with rehabilitative training group were also significantly better than those of the rehabilitation training group.Compared with control group,at the 7th,14th and 21st day after MCAO,expression of survivin in the other three groups had increased significantly.Expression of survivin in the group where drug treatment was combined with rehabilitative training was significantly greater than in the drug and rehabilitative training groups.Conclusions Citicoline in combination with rehabilitative training can improve the recovery of motor function in rats significantly better than the other approaches.This might be partially attributed to the up-regulation of survivin expression in the peri-ischemic cortex.
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@#Objective To explore the effects of citicoline injection into Zusanli point (ST36) on learning and memory function of rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods The model was induced with the improved Feeney method. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham-operation group, control group, acupuncture point saline injection group, intraperitoneal drug injection group and acupuncture point drug injection group with 8 rats in each group. The rats in the acupuncture point drug or saline injection group were treated with acupuncture injection of citicoline or saline daily. The rats in the intraperitoneal drug injection group and control group were treated with intraperitoneal injection of citicoline or saline daily. The treatment continued for 14 d. The learning and memory function was evaluated with the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test. Results Acupuncture point injection of citicoline can significantly shorten the escape latent period of TBI rats in Morris water tests and extend the latent period of learning and memory of TBI rats (P<0.05). Conclusion Acupuncture point injection is effective on the recovery of learning and memory function of rats after TBI.
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A simple, rapid, accurate, precise, and inexpensive method for the determination of citicoline has been developed using double beam UV spectrophotometer. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis was carried out on a Shimadzu UV 1800 (Shimadzu, Japan) spectrophotometer, in a 1cm quartz cuvette. Citicoline has absorption maxima at 272 nm and the measurements were obtained against distilled water. Beer Lambert’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 5-50μg/ml with correlation coefficient (r2) 0.9998. The analytical method was successfully validated in order to verify its proper selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision for the goal intended and its further implementation for the quantification of the active compound in the pharmaceutical speciality for quality control.
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Objective To investigate the effects of citicoline combined with rehabilitative training on motor function after focal cerebral ischemia. Methods One hundred and twenty male adult Sprague-Dawley rats ( 3 months old) were subjected to left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by suturing. Ninety-six of them were randomly divided into four groups of 24: a control group, a drug group, a rehabilitative training group, and a drug combined with rehabilitative training group. The rats in the control group did not receive any treatment. Three days after reperfusion, those in the drug group received 500 mg/kg of citicoline daily; those in the rehabilitative training group received motor training including balancing, grasping, rotating and walking exercises; those in the combined group received both citicoline and the motor training program. Behavioral tests were administered at the 7th, 14th and 21st days after MCAO. At the same time points, immunohistochemistry was used to detect calcium-binding protein S100 and β-tubulin expression in the peri-ischemia region of the cortex. Results ①As compared with the control group, the drug group at the 7th, 14th and 21st day after MCAO and the other two groups at the 7th day after MCAO showed no significant difference in average behavior scores. But at the 14th and 21st day the rehabilitative training group as well as the drug combined with rehabilitative training group had average behavior scores significantly superior to those of the control group, especially in the drug combined with rehabilitative training group. ②As compared with the control group, the expression of S100 and β-tubulin in the drug and rehabilitative training groups at the 7th day after MCAO showed no significant difference. In the drug combined with rehabilitative training group the average score was significantly higher than in the other groups at the 7th day after MCAO. All the other groups had average scores significantly higher than that of the controls at the 14th and 21st day after MCAO, especially the drug combined with rehabilitative training group. Conclusions Citicoline combined with rehabilitative training can significantly improve motor function recovery in rats. The effect of the combined modalities was more obvious, and the functional enhancement might be partially attributable to the up-regulation of S100 and β-tubulin in the cortex.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral white matter (WM) lesions are frequently observed in human cerebrovascular diseases, and are believed to be responsible for cognitive impairment. Various neuroprotective agents can suppress this type of WM or neuronal damage. In this study, we investigated whether citicoline, a drug used to treat acute ischemic stroke, can attenuate WM lesions and cognitive decline caused by chronic hypoperfusion in the rat. METHODS: Animals were divided into immediate- and delayed-treatment groups. Those in the immediate-treatment group received a sham operation, citicoline (500 mg/kg/day), or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) treatment. Citicoline or PBS was administered intraperitoneally for 21 days after occluding the bilateral common carotid arteries. Rats in the delayed-treatment group were intraperitoneally administered with either 500 mg/kg/day citicoline or PBS for 21 days beginning on the 8th day after the operation. From the 17th day of administration, the rats were placed in an eight-arm radial maze to examine their cognitive abilities. After completing the administration, tissues were isolated for Kluver-Barrera and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining. RESULTS: In the immediate-treatment group, cognitive functions were preserved in the citicoline-treated group, and WM damage and TUNEL-positive cells differed significantly between the citicoline- and PBS-treated animals. In the delayed-treatment group, there was no decrease in WM damage and TUNEL-positive cells, but cognitive improvement was evident for citicoline treatment relative to PBS treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that citicoline can prevent WM damage and aid cognitive improvement, even after a certain extent of disease progression. Citicoline might be useful in patients with acute ischemic stroke as well as in chronic stroke accompanied with cognitive impairment.
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Animals , Humans , Rats , Carotid Artery, Common , Cytidine Diphosphate Choline , Disease Progression , DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase , Neurons , Neuroprotective Agents , Salicylamides , StrokeABSTRACT
Objective To study the neuroprotective effects of citicoline(CC) on the toxicity induced by 6-OHDA towards dopaminergic mesencephalic neurons in primary culture-Parkinson′s disease(PD) model in vitro and its mechanism. Methods Mesencephalic neurons in culture were prepared from embryonic 15-day Wistar rats.Cultures were treated for 6,8,10 d with various concentrations of CC(2,1,0.1,0.01 and 0.001 mmol?L~(-1)).At 11th day,the cultures were co-treated with the toxin 6-OHDA(50 ?mol?L~(-1)) for 0.5 h,the cells were collected.Seven groups were categorized as follows:CC(2,1, 0.1,0.01 and 0.001 mmol?L~(-1)) +6-OHDA,control and(6-OHDA) group.The cell viability was evaluated with MTT assay.Intracellular free Ca~(2+),[Ca~(2+)]i,was labeled by using the fluorescent dye Fluo3-AM and detected by flow cytometer.By measuring the intracellular Rhodamine(123 fluorescence) density with flow cytometer,mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP) was evaluated.(Results Cultures) were treated with 2,1 and 0.1 mmol?L~(-1) CC,the viability of cell was increased(P
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Objective To study the changes of cerebral haemodynamics in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) treated with Shengmai injection compared with citicoline,and explore the clinical interventions of Shengmai injection on HIE.Methods Fifty patients with HIE were randomized into 2 groups: shengmai group treated with Shengmai injection(n=30),and citicoline group treated with citicoline(n=20).The haemodynamic parameters included peak systolic flow velocity(PSFV),end-diastolic flow velocity(EDFV),pulsation index(PI) and resistance index(RI) of anterior and middle cerebral artery were detected by color Doppler ultrasound before treatment and on 7~(th) day after treatment respectively.Control group(n=50) compared with the two groups.Results PSFV,PDFV and RI of HIE patients were significantly lower than those of control group(P