Prevalence of dyslipidemia in children from 2 to 9 years old / Prevalencia de dislipidemias en niños de 2 a 9 años / Prevalência de dislipidemias em crianças de 2 a 9 anos

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the occurrence of dyslipidaemia and associated factors in children aged 2 to 9 years. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out with 700 children, in a region of Northeast Brazil. For comparison of means, Student's t test was used; and, for the comparison of medians, the Mann-Whitney test. Results: A prevalence of dyslipidaemia of 68.4% was found. In isolation, the majority had a level of: total desirable cholesterol (386; 55.1%), undesirable lipoprotein cholesterol (376; 53.7%), low density lipoproteins - desirable cholesterol (514; 73.4%) and desirable triglyceride (509; 72.7%). In the final multivariate model, only the variable "preschool age" was significant (prevalence ratio = 1.14), indicating that these children are more likely to have dyslipidaemia than those of school age. Conclusion: An association was found between dyslipidaemia and preschool age. The need for programs and strategies to better understand this problem is indicated, in addition to preventing early coronary diseases.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la ocurrencia de dislipidemias y factores asociados en niños de 2 a 9 años. Métodos: Estudio transversal, realizado con 700 niños, en una región del noreste de Brasil. Para comparar medias se utilizó la prueba t de Student; y, para la comparación de medianas, la prueba de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de dislipidemia del 68,4%. De forma aislada, la mayoría presentó un nivel de: colesterol deseable total (386; 55,1%), colesterol de lipoproteínas indeseables (376; 53,7%), lipoproteínas de baja densidad - colesterol deseable (514; 73,4%) y triglicéridos deseables (509; 72,7%). En el modelo multivariado final, solo la variable "edad preescolar" fue significativa (razón de prevalencia = 1,14), lo que indica que estos niños tienen más probabilidades de tener dislipidemia que los que están en edad escolar. Conclusión: Se encontró asociación entre dislipidemia y edad preescolar. Se indica la necesidad de programas y estrategias para comprender mejor este problema, además de prevenir enfermedades coronarias precoces.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de dislipidemias e fatores associados em crianças de 2 a 9 anos. Métodos : Estudo transversal, realizado com 700 crianças, em uma região do Nordeste brasileiro. Para comparação de médias, utilizou-se o teste t de Student; e, para a comparação de medianas, o teste de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Encontrou-se uma prevalência de dislipidemia de 68,4%. Isoladamente, a maioria apresentou nível de: colesterol total desejável (386; 55,1%), colesterol da lipoproteína não desejável (376; 53,7%), lipoproteínas de baixa densidade - colesterol desejável (514; 73,4%) e triglicerídeo desejável (509; 72,7%). No modelo multivariado final, apenas a variável "idade pré-escolar" foi significante (razão de prevalência = 1,14), indicando que essas crianças têm mais chance de ter dislipidemia do que aquelas na idade escolar. Conclusão: Encontrou-se associação entre a dislipidemia e a idade pré-escolar. Indica-se a necessidade de programas e estratégias para melhor conhecimento sobre esse problema, além da prevenção de agravos coronarianos precoces.

Heart rate deflection point as an alternative to determining the anaerobic threshold in dyslipidaemic patients

Aim: The aim of the present study was to verify the agreement between the ventilatory method (VT) and the alternative method of heart rate deflection point (HRDP) in determining the anaerobic threshold (AT) during incremental treadmill test in dyslipidaemic patients. Methods: Twenty-seven dyslipidaemic patients (61.50 ± 10.46 years) performed an incremental treadmill test, in which the AT was determined using both methods. Bland-Altman statistics was adopted in order to verify the agreement between the methods. Results: Agreement in AT determination between the VT and HRDP methods was observed (p < 0.05) for heart rate (138.00 ± 23.80 and 136.26 ± 22.18 bpm, respectively), oxygen uptake (31.00 ± 10.33 and 31.00 ± 11.17 ml.kg−1.min−1), and treadmill velocity (7.67 ± 1.71 km.h-1and 8.00 ± 1.75 km.h-1). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the HRDP method can be adopted for the determination of the AT in dyslipidaemic patients, showing agreement with the VT method.(AU)

Retrospective study of comorbidities in patients with gout / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the relationship between gout and its comorbidities such as hypertension,diabetes and dyslipidaemia.Methods The clinical data in 187 cases of gout admitted in the Third Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University from June 2013 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were grouped according to the disease course,with or without tophi and nephrolithiasis.Then the relationship between gout and its comorbidities was investigated.Results The most common comorbidity of gout was dyslipidaemia (51.45％),followed by hypertension (46.52％),osteoarthritis (43.09 ％),fatty liver(42.19 ％),kidney stone (35.90 ％),renal dysfunction (23.53 ％) and diabetes (16.58 ％).The patients with longer disease duration(≥ 10 years) were more likely to suffer higher prevalence of tophi,renal dysfunction,hypertension and osteoarthritis.Furthermore,the patients with tophi demonstrated remarkably higher levels of serum uric acid and greater prevalence of renal dysfunction and osteoarthritis than those without tophi.In addition,the prevalence rate of comorbidities had no difference between the patients with and without kidney stones.Conclusion The patients with gout have higher morbidity rate of comorbidities.Gout patients with younger onset age,longer disease duration,older age or tophi are more likely to present with comorbidities.

Perfil lipídico em escolares de Vitória - Brasil / Lipid profile in schoolchildren in Vitória - Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The growing prevalence of obesity is currently considered the most important nutritional disorder. It is characterized, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) as a worldwide epidemic in developing and developed countries. In an associated form, there is an increasing prevalence of dyslipidaemia. Aiming to improve the current situation and prevent the progression of the epidemic, the American Academy of Pediatrics recently reinforced the need for cholesterol screening in overweight children older than two years. OBJECTIVE: To determine overweight and lipid profile in children aged between six and nine years. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with children from Vitoria, ES. For nutritional classification the Z-score > + 1 SD body mass index-for-age (according to WHO / 2007) was used; for the lipid profile the Atherosclerosis Prevention Guidelines in Childhood were used. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference and triceps skinfold thickness) followed the standard techniques described by WHO. Data were organized and analysed using SPSS, version 8.5 and calculated the absolute, relative and mean (SD) frequencies and the association between overweight, lipid profile and other variables is adopted as significant when p < 0.05. RESULTS: The sample comprised a total of 511 children of both sexes (46.7% male), with a mean age of 101.6 ± 11.1 months. Overweight was found in 197 (38.5%) children: overweight in 71 (13.9%) and obesity in 126 (24.6%). Total cholesterol was elevated in 167 (32.7%) as were high LDL-C (136-27%). High triglycerides were found in 21 participants (4.1%). Significant association was found between waist circumference and high levels of triglycerides (p = 0.019) and HDL-C (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Excess weight of the sample investigated is considered high and its health effects are important, with an increased total cholesterol greater than 32%. The high levels of HDL-C are protective factors for coronary heart disease, although the lipid profile had been changed.

INTRODUÇÃO: A prevalência crescente da obesidade é atualmente considerado o distúrbio nutricional mais importante. Caracteriza-se, de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) como uma epidemia mundial nos países em desenvolvimento e desenvolvidos. Numa forma associada, há um aumento da prevalência da dislipidemia. Com o objetivo de melhorar a situação actual e prevenir a progressão da epidemia, a Academia Americana de Pediatria reforçou recentemente a necessidade de triagem de colesterol em crianças com sobrepeso com idade superior a dois anos. OBJETIVO: Determinar o perfil sobrepeso e lipídico em crianças com idade entre seis e nove anos. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, transversal com crianças de Vitória, ES. Para a classificação nutricional do Z-score> + 1 SD índice para idade de massa corporal (segundo a OMS / 2007) foi utilizada; para o perfil lipídico as Diretrizes Prevenção da Aterosclerose na Infância foram utilizados. As medidas antropométricas (peso, altura, circunferência da cintura e dobra cutânea tricipital) seguiu as técnicas padrão descritas pela OMS. Os dados foram as frequências (SD) absolutos, relativos e média e a associação entre, perfil lipídico excesso de peso e outras variáveis organizados e analisados usando SPSS, versão 8.5 e calculada é adotado como significativo quando p <0,05. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por um total de 511 crianças de ambos os sexos (46,7% do sexo masculino), com idade média de 101,6 ± 11,1 meses. O excesso de peso foi encontrado em 197 (38,5%) crianças: Excesso de peso em 71 (13,9%) e obesidade em 126 (24,6%). O colesterol total foi elevada em 167 (32,7%) eram como níveis elevados de LDL-C (136-27%). Triglicéridos elevados foram encontrados em 21 participantes (4,1%). associação significativa foi encontrada entre a circunferência da cintura e níveis elevados de triglicéridos (p = 0,019) e HDL-C (p = 0,033). CONCLUSÃO: O excesso de peso da amostra investigada é considerada alta e seus efeitos sobre a saúde são importantes, com um colesterol total aumentou mais de 32%. Os altos níveis de HDL-C são fatores de proteção para a doença cardíaca coronária, embora o perfil lipídico tinha sido mudado.

Importancia de la interpretación del colesterol total y de los triglicéridos para el diagnóstico de las dislipidemias / Importance of the interpretation of the total cholesterol and triglyceride content for the diagnosis of dyslipidemias

Objetivo: describir la importancia de la interpretación del colesterol total y de los triglicéridos para el diagnóstico de las dislipidemias. Métodos: se evaluaron 2 159 resultados de lipidogramas, realizados en el Laboratorio de Bioquímica, del Instituto de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular entre enero-2008-2009. Se utilizaron las recomendaciones de expertos y las referencias de los diagnosticadores para decidir la positividad o no del resultado. Resultados: se encontró que el colesterol fue positivo en el 32 por ciento de las órdenes según las recomendaciones y el 9,96 por ciento según la referencia. En el mismo orden los triglicéridos fueron positivos en el 43,14 por ciento y en el 38,96 por ciento, respectivamente. Estos hallazgos denotaron que al seguir los criterios de las referencias se deja de diagnosticar una hipercolesterolemia o una hipertrigliceridemia en el 68,88 y 9,68 por ciento respectivamente. Por las recomendacione de expertos se encontró que el orden de frecuencias de las dislipidemias fue: hipertrigliceridemia (42,42 por ciento), hipercolesterolemia (30,33 por ciento) e hiperlipemia combinada (27,25 por ciento). Al constatar la gravedad de las dos primeras se observó que la hipercolesterolemia era: leve (59,89 por ciento), moderada (31,59 por ciento) y grave (8,52 por ciento), mientras que la hipertrigliceridemia era moderada (51,67 por ciento) y grave (48,33 por ciento). Conclusiones: la interpretación correcta de los resultado del estudio lipídico es de gran importancia y representa un aporte social para el diagnóstico de una dislipidemia(AU)

Objective: to describe the importance of right interpretation of the total cholesterol and triglyceride content for the diagnosis of the dyslipidemias. Methods: evaluation of 2 159 results of study of lipid analyses made at the laboratory of biochemistry of the Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery from January 2008 to January 2009. The experts' recommendations and diagnosticians' references were used to decide whether the results were positive or not. Results: it was found that the cholesterol indexes were positive in 32 percent of the analyses according to the recommendations and in 9.96 percent according to the references. Similarly, triglycerides indexes were positive in 43.14 percent and 38.96 percent, respectively. These findings indicated that applying the criteria of the diagnosticians' references, hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia was not duly diagnosed in 68.88 percent and 9.68 of analyses, respectively. According to the experts' recommendations, the order of frequency of dyslipidemias was hypertriglyceridaemia (42.42 percent), hypercholesterolemia (30.33 percent) and combined hyperlipidemia (27.25 percent). Considering the severity of the two first, it was observed that hypercholesterolemia was mild (59.89 percent), moderate (31.59 percent) and severe (8.52 percent) whereas hypertriglyceridemia was moderate (51.67 percent) and severe (48.33 percent). Conclusions: the correct interpretation of results of the lipid study is highly significant and represents a social contribution to diagnosis of dyslipidemia(AU)

Hyperlipidaemia in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders: Prevalence & risk factors.

Background & objectives: several studies have shown a close relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and dyslipidaemia. This study was designed to clarify the relationship of metabolic dysfunctions in sleep related-breathing disorders (SRBD), including OSA and simple snoring. The end point was to determine the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia and hyperuricaemia in SRBD. Factors contributing to hyperlipidaemia and hyperuricaemia in SRBD were also evaluated. Methods: Outpatients >20 yr old with complaint of habitual snoring were prospectively enrolled. All patients underwent an overnight polysomnography (PSG) in a sleep laboratory and blood assay after overnight fasting. The factors of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), and desaturation index (DI) were recorded in the PSG report. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between metabolic dysfunctions and these factors. Results: Of the 275 patients (88.4% male), 236 (85.8%) were diagnosed with OSA (AHI>5/h). The mean (± SD) of age, BMI, AHI, and DI were 44.2 ± 11.4 yr, 27.4 ± 4.0 kg/m2, 37.9 ± 30.6/h, and 21.2 ± 23.2/h, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, and hyperuricaemia in this study was 61.1, 55.3, and 25.8 per cent, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that DI was a significant independent factors contributing to hypercholesterolaemia [odds ratio (OR)=1.016, P=0.010, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.004-1.028] and hypertriglyceridaemia (OR=1.021, P=0.002, 95% CI=1.008-1.034). Interpretation & conclusions: The data of the present study support a high prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in SRBD. DI may be a determining factor contributing to hyperlipidaemia in SRDB. Underdiagnosis of hyperlipidaemia in SRBD is a critical problem.

Lipoprotein (a) and its immune complexes concentrations in patients with various dyslipidaemias / 医学研究生学报

Objective:To investigate the possible interaction of Lp(a), and Lp(a) circulating immune complexes (CIC) 〔Lp(a)-CIC〕 level with triglyceride (TG). Methods:Plasma Lp(a), Lp(a)-CIC and LDL-CIC levels were determined by ELISAs in 232 patients with various dyslipidaemias, respectively. Results:Hypertriglyceridaemic patients exhibited the lowest plasma Lp(a) levels, while hypercholesterolaemic patients exhibited the highest. Patients with mixed hyperlipidaemia had intermediate serum Lp(a) concentrations, which were significantly lower than those in the controls. Interestingly, we also found that hypertriglyceridaemic patients exhibited the lowest plasma Lp(a)-CIC and LDL-CIC levels, while hypercholesterolaemic patients exhibited the highest. TG levels were negatively correlated with Lp(a) (r=-0.15, P