ABSTRACT
Resumen La miocarditis es una enfermedad inflamatoria del tejido cardíaco de etiología variable, infecciosa o no in fecciosa. Su presentación va desde formas asintomáticas hasta fulminantes. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 24 años, con antecedente de hepatitis autoinmune, en fase cirrótica compensada. Consultó por disnea de 15 días de evolu ción. Presentó cuadro gastrointestinal un mes previo a la consulta. El examen físico reveló signos de sobrecarga hídrica. El laboratorio informó elevación de biomar cadores cardiacos, insuficiencia hepática aguda sobre crónica y graves trastornos de coagulación. Se realizó un ecocardiograma transtorácico que evidenció disfunción biventricular grave global, con adelgazamiento de las paredes. Las hipótesis diagnósticas fueron compromiso cardíaco por reactivación de enfermedad autoinmu ne versus miocarditis viral. Se realizó una resonancia magnética que confirmó la disfunción ventricular grave en la que se observó realce tardío de gadolinio suges tivo de miocarditis. Se indicó tratamiento con pulsos de metilprednisolona. El primer día de la internación evolucionó con signos de shock cardiogénico y arritmia ventricular refractaria al tratamiento. Posteriormente a una evaluación multidisciplinaria exhaustiva y dificulto sa por el estado clínico, se planteó la posibilidad de un trasplante cardiaco. Se instauró soporte con membrana de oxigenación extracorpórea (ECMO) como puente al trasplante. Al séptimo día de colocado el ECMO, y luego de gran mejoría de los parámetros del hepatograma, recibió un trasplante cardíaco. Tuvo buena evolución postoperatoria, sin embargo, a los dos meses falleció por una infección oportunista. Los resultados de la biopsia del órgano explantado confirmaron el diagnóstico de miocarditis linfocítica.
Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the cardiac tissue of variable etiology, both infectious and non-in fectious. Its presentation can range from asymptomatic to fulminant forms. We present the case of a 24-year-old male patient with a history of autoimmune hepatitis in compensated cirrhotic phase. He consulted for dyspnea of 15 days evolution. He had presented gastrointestinal symptoms one month prior to the consultation. Physical examina tion revealed signs of heart failure. Laboratory examina tion showed elevated cardiac biomarkers and acute on chronic hepatic insufficiency. A transthoracic echocar diogram showed severe global biventricular dysfunction. The diagnostic hypotheses were cardiac involvement due to reactivation of autoimmune disease versus viral myocarditis. An MRI was performed which confirmed very severe ventricular dysfunction and late gadolinium enhancement suggestive of myocarditis. It was indicated treatment with methylprednisolone pulses. On the first day of hospitalization he evolved with clear signs of car diogenic shock and ventricular arrhythmia refractory to medical treatment. After an exhaustive multidisciplinary evaluation, which was difficult due to his clinical condi tion, the possibility of a heart transplant was considered. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support was established as a bridge to transplantation. On the seventh day after ECMO, and after great improvement of the hepatogram parameters, the patient received a heart transplant. He had good postoperative evolution. However, he died two months after the transplant due to an opportunistic infection. The results of the biopsy of the explanted organ confirmed the diagnosis of lym phocytic myocarditis.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: Pediatric cardiac tumors are rare and, among them, 90% are benign. Cardiac fibroma is the second most frequent tumor, after rhabdomyoma. The objective of this study is to report a case of cardiac fibroma diagnosed incidentally in a patient admitted with acute viral bronchiolitis. Case description: A 5-month-old male infant was admitted to the pediatric emergency department with acute viral bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization. He presented a detectable respiratory syncytial virus in oropharyngeal swab, blood test with lymphocytosis and a chest radiography revealed cardiomegaly. Further cardiologic testing was performed detecting elevation of cardiac biomarkers, an electrocardiogram with alteration of left ventricular repolarization and echocardiogram with a heterogeneous mass in the left ventricular, with areas of calcification. A chest angiotomography suggested rhabdomyosarcoma or cardiac fibroma and a magnetic resonance showed a mass, with characteristics suggesting fibroma. The final diagnosis was made after two cardiac catheterizations for biopsy of the lesion, confirming cardiac fibroma by anatomopathological examination. Because the patient had moderate to severe systolic dysfunction, he was submitted to heart transplant. Comments: One third of cardiac fibromas are asymptomatic, generally diagnosed late through tests ordered for other reasons. The gold-standard test for definitive diagnosis is biopsy. Cardiac fibroma usually does not present spontaneous regression and, in most cases, partial or total surgical resection is necessary. When tumors are unresectable, heart transplantation should be indicated. It is essential to have detailed characterization of the cardiac mass to establish the most appropriate therapeutic approach for each patient.
RESUMO Objetivo: Tumores cardíacos pediátricos são raros e, entre eles, 90% são benignos. O fibroma cardíaco é o segundo mais frequente, após o rabdomioma. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de fibroma cardíaco, cujo diagnóstico foi incidental em um paciente internado por bronquiolite viral aguda. Descrição do caso: Lactente do sexo masculino com cinco meses foi atendido em um pronto atendimento pediátrico com quadro de bronquiolite viral aguda, necessitando de hospitalização. Em exames complementares, apresentou vírus sincicial respiratório detectável, hemograma com linfocitose, além de radiografia de tórax com cardiomegalia. Em investigação cardiológica, as enzimas cardíacas encontravam-se elevadas, o eletrocardiograma apresentava alteração de repolarização de parede lateral de ventrículo esquerdo e o ecocardiograma demonstrou massa heterogênea em ventrículo esquerdo, com áreas de calcificação. A angiotomografia de tórax sugeriu rabdomiossarcoma ou fibroma cardíaco e a ressonância magnética demonstrou massa cuja localização e características sugeriram fibroma. O diagnóstico foi conclusivo após dois cateterismos para biópsia da lesão, confirmando fibroma cardíaco pelo anatomopatológico. Em razão da disfunção sistólica moderada a grave, o paciente foi submetido a transplante cardíaco. Comentários: Um terço dos fibromas cardíacos é assintomático, geralmente diagnosticado tardiamente por meio de exames solicitados por outro motivo. O padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico definitivo é a biópsia. O fibroma cardíaco não costuma apresentar regressão espontânea, sendo submetido, na maioria dos casos, a ressecção cirúrgica parcial ou total. Nos tumores irressecáveis, o transplante cardíaco deve ser indicado. A caracterização detalhada da massa cardíaca é fundamental para traçar a conduta terapêutica mais adequada para cada paciente.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and imaging characteristics and the evolution of heart transplantation patients due to anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy Methods: Patients with a diagnosis of ACM who received a heart transplantation in our institution in the period of November 2009-April 2021 were included. Clinical characteristics, pre-transplant studies, and clinical outcomes after transplantation were collected retrospectively from the electronic medical record. Results: A total of 11 patients were included in the study. The median age at the time of cancer diagnosis was 15 years (IQR 10-37 years), while the median age at the time of heart transplant was 56 years (IQR 39-62 years). Regarding post-transplant outcomes, three patients died in the post-operative period. One died 4 years after the intervention due to chronic rejection, while the other seven had a favorable evolution. No oncological relapse was observed with a median follow-up of 2.5 years (IQR 1.86-3.85 years). Conclusion: End-stage anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy can occur many years after chemotherapy treatment, so close cardiovascular follow-up is extremely important. Heart transplantation is a treatment option after an exhaustive multidisciplinary evaluation, to minimize the risk of oncological relapse.
Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, imagenológicas y la evolución de los pacientes trasplantados cardiacos por cardiotoxicidad inducida por antraciclinas. Métodos: Serie de casos descriptiva de pacientes consecutivos trasplantados cardiacos debido a cardiotoxicidad mediada por antraciclinas en el periodo de Noviembre de 2009 a Abril de 2021.Las características clínicas, los estudios complementarios pretrasplante y la información sobre la evolución posterior al trasplante fue recolectada de la historia clínica electrónica de forma retrospectiva. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 11 pacientes. La mediana de edad al diagnóstico de la patología oncológica fue de 15 años (RIC 10-37 años), mientras que la mediana de edad en la que recibieron el trasplante cardiaco fue de 56 años (RIC 39-62 años). Con respecto a la evolución posterior al trasplante, 3 pacientes murieron en el periodo del post operatorio inmediato. 1 paciente falleció a los 4 años del trasplante y los otros 7 pacientes tuvieron una evolución favorable. No se observó recaída oncológica en ningún paciente durante una mediana de seguimiento o de 2,5 años (RIC 1.86-3.85 años). Conclusión: La etapa final de la miocardiopatía inducida por antraciclinas puede ocurrir muchos años después del tratamiento con quimioterapia, por lo que es extremadamente importante un seguimiento cardiológico estricto. El trasplante cardiaco es una opción en este grupo de pacientes luego de una exhaustiva evaluación multidisciplinaria, con el fin de minimizar el riesgo de recaída oncológica.
ABSTRACT
Resumen El 21 de julio de 1988, en México se realizó con éxito el primer trasplante de corazón; 34 años después, diversos centros hospitalarios del país efectúan este procedimiento. Aquí se presenta información y comentarios de los resultados obtenidos en este periodo en el Hospital General "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, donde se han llevado a cabo 234 trasplantes (uno de cada tres efectuados en el país), con una supervivencia a corto y mediano plazo equiparable a la reportada en el resto del mundo. Ese hospital es el único centro que realiza trasplante simultáneo de corazón-riñón y retrasplante cardiaco electivo, con resultados favorables.
Abstract On July 21, 1988, a successful heart transplant was carried out for the first time in Mexico; 34 years later, several hospitals in the country have performed this procedure. We present information and comments on the results obtained within this period at Mexican Social Security Institute La Raza National Medical Center "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza" General Hospital, where 234 transplants have been performed (one out of every three carried out throughout the country), with a short- and mid-term survival comparable to that reported in the rest of the world. This hospital is the only center that performs simultaneous heart-kidney transplantation and elective heart re-transplantation, with favorable results.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Chylothorax after an orthotopic heart transplant is a rare but potentially detrimental occurrence. This is the first reported case of bilateral chylothorax complicating a heart-kidney transplant patient. No universally accepted protocol exists for the management of chylothorax in general population, let alone the immunocompromised transplant patient. This case presents unique challenges to the management of postoperative chylothorax given heart-kidney transplant's effect on the patient's volume status and immunocompromised state. We make the argument for aggressive treatment of chylothorax in an immunocompromised heart-kidney transplant patient to limit complications in a patient population predisposed to infection.
ABSTRACT
Resumo Fundamento A Doença de Chagas (DC) é uma causa importante de transplante cardíaco (TC). O principal obstáculo é a reativação da DC (RDC), normalmente associada a altas doses de imunossupressores. Estudos anteriores sugeriram uma associação do micofenolato de mofetila com aumento na RDC. No entanto, preditores de mortalidade são desconhecidos. Objetivos Identificar os fatores de risco de mortalidade em pacientes com DC após o TC e o impacto do regime antiproliferativo sobre a sobrevida. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes chagásicos submetidos ao TC entre janeiro de 2004 e setembro de 2020, em protocolo de imunossupressão que priorizava o uso de azatioprina e sua mudança para micofenolato de mofetila em caso de rejeição. Realizamos regressão univariada para identificar preditores de mortalidade e comparamos sobrevida, rejeição, e evidência RDC entre os pacientes que usavam azatioprina, micofenolato de mofetila, e aqueles que mudaram de azatioprina para micofenolato (grupo "Mudança") após a alta. Um valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Foram incluídos 85 pacientes, 54,1% homens, idade mediana 49 (39-57) anos, e 91,8% com prioridade na lista de espera. Dezenove (22,4%) usavam azatioprina, 37 (43,5%) micofenolato de mofetila, e 29 (34,1%) trocaram a terapia; a sobrevida não foi diferente entre os grupos, 2,9 (1,6-5,0) x 2,9 (1,8-4,8) x 4,2 (2,0-5,0) anos, respectivamente; p=0,4. Não houve diferença na taxa de rejeição (42%, 73% e 59% respectivamente; p=0,08) ou de RDC (T. cruzi positiva na biópsia endomiocárdica 5% x 11% x 7%; p=0,7; uso benzonidazol 58% x 65% x 69%; p=0,8; PCR positiva para T. cruzi 20% x 68% x 42% respectivamente; p=0,1). Conclusões Este estudo retrospectivo com pacientes com DC e TC não mostrou diferença na sobrevida entre os diferentes regimes antiproliferativos. O uso de micofenolato de mofetila não foi associado com taxas significativamente mais altas de RDC ou rejeição do enxerto nesta coorte. Novos ensaios randomizados são necessários para abordar essa questão.
Abstract Background Chagas' disease (CD) is an important cause of heart transplantation (HT). The main obstacle is Chagas' disease reactivation (CDR), usually associated to high doses of immunosuppressants. Previous studies have suggested an association of mycophenolate mofetil with increased CDR. However, mortality predictors are unknown. Objectives To identify mortality risk factors in heart transplant patients with CD and the impact of antiproliferative regimen on survival. Methods Retrospective study with CD patients who underwent HT between January 2004 and September 2020, under immunosuppression protocol that prioritized azathioprine and change to mycophenolate mofetil in case of rejection. We performed univariate regression to identify mortality predictors; and compared survival, rejection and evidence of CDR between who received azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and those who changed from azathioprine to mycophenolate mofetil after discharge ("Change" group). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Eighty-five patients were included, 54.1% men, median age 49 (39-57) years, and 91.8% were given priority in waiting list. Nineteen (22.4%) used azathioprine, 37 (43.5%) mycophenolate mofetil and 29 (34.1%) switched therapy; survival was not different between groups, 2.9 (1.6-5.0) x 2.9 (1.8-4.8) x 4.2 (2.0-5.0) years, respectively; p=0.4. There was no difference in rejection (42%, 73% and 59% respectively; p=0.08) or in CDR (T. cruzi positive by endomyocardial biopsy 5% x 11% x 7%; p=0.7; benznidazole use 58% x 65% x 69%; p=0.8; positive PCR for T. cruzi 20% x 68% x 42% respectively; p=0.1) rates. Conclusions This retrospective study did not show difference in survival in heart transplant patients with CD receiving different antiproliferative regimens. Mycophenolate mofetil was not associated with statistically higher rates of CDR or graft rejection in this cohort. New randomized clinical trials are necessary to address this issue.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the morbidity and risk factors of de novo malignancy after heart transplantation (HT).Methods:From June 2004 to August 2021, 995 patients undergoing HT were selected and followed up.The epidemiological characteristics, the morbidity of de novo malignancy (DNM) and its risk factors were examined.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for calculating the cumulative incidence and mortality of DNM.Log rank test was utilized for comparing the survival rate of each subgroup.Cox regression model was employed for examining the relationship between the included factors and the endpoint of DNM.Results:The median follow-up period was 6.36(3.64, 10.18) years.Thirty-six patients (3.6%) developed DNM during follow-up.Lung cancer accounted for 22.2%(8/36) of DNM while digestive system tumors accounted for 38.9% (including gastric cancer 6/36, 16.7%; liver cancer 3/36, 8.3%; colon cancer 2/36, 5.6%). The cumulative morbidity of DNM at Year 1/5/10/15 post-HT was 0.1%, 2.3%, 4.9% and 7.6% respectively.The median survival time of DNM recipients was 83.32 months.The mean survival time was significantly lower than those without DNM[(115.32±13.12) vs.(194.22±2.58), P<0.001]. The mortality of DNM recipients was around 6.57 folds higher ( HR=6.57, 95% CI: 4.06-10.64, P<0.01). Age was an independent risk factor for an occurrence of DNM.Hypertension and diabetes were also correlated with DNM. Conclusions:DNM after HT is associated with shorter survival time.And age is an independent risk factor for DNM after HT.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To summarize the incidence and long-term outcomes of postoperative renal dysfunction(RD) and explore the clinical predictors of postoperative RD to provide reference for preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of heart transplantation(HT).Methods:The relevant clinical data are retrospectively reviewed for 1 095 HT recipients.They are grouped into two groups of RD(352 cases)and non-RD(normal, 743 cases)according to whether or not RD occurred after HT.Two groups are compared to explore the clinical predictors associated with postoperative RD.For further examining the prognostic impact of perioperative renal dysfunction, the recipients are assigned into four groups based upon perioperative renal function.The long-term outcomes of four groups are compared.Results:The median follow-up period is 5.6 years.Among 352 RD patients (32.1%), there are new-onset(276 cases, 25.2%), occurring during postoperative hospitalization (99, 28.1%)and post-discharge until Year 1(111 cases, 31.5%).Compared with normal group, RD group have advanced age, greater body mass index(BMI), higher preoperative serum creatinine, longer cardiopulmonary bypass time, a higher ratio of male, diabetic history, preoperative RD, transplantation for previous graft failure, preoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenerator(ECMO)and intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP); donors in this group had advanced age and higher ratio of male (all P<0.05).In terms of postoperative data, RD group had higher ratios of ECMO/IABP implantation, tracheostomy, infection, longer postoperative mechanical ventilation time, intensive care unit(ICU)stay and in-hospital stay than normal group( P<0.05).Long-term survival of patients with postoperative RD is significantly lower than that with postoperative normal kidney function( P<0.01).Long-term survival rate of patients with preoperative RD is significantly lower than that of those without preoperative RD, regardless of whether or not kidney function normalized postoperatively; long-term survival rate of patients with postoperative new-onset RD is significantly lower than that in those with normal kidney function( P<0.01).Advanced recipient age, higher BMI, existence of preoperative RD, postoperative cyclosporine dosing(versus tacrolimus)and cold ischemic time≥6 h are independent risk factors of RD post-HT. Conclusions:RD occurs predominantly within the first year post-HT.Advanced recipient age, higher BMI, existence of preoperative RD and cold ischemic time≥6 h are independent predictors of RD post-HT.The incidence of RD post-HT significantly affects perioperative and long-term survivals.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the clinical outcomes of recipients with refractory heart failure requiring an insertion of mechanical circulation support(MCS)device prior to heart transplantation(HT).Methods:From March 2017 to December 2021, retrospective review is performed for clinical data of 7 recipients with refractory heart failure requiring a bridging placement of MCS.There are 2 males and 5 females with an average age of(39.0±16.3)years(7~56 years)and an average weight of(57.6±19.9)kg(7~56 kg).The primary diseases of recipients are dilated cardiomyopathy(4 cases)severe viral myocarditis(2 cases)and ischemic cardiomyopathy(1 case).All of them develope acute decompensation of congestive heart failure.Before implanting MCS, two or more inotropic drugs are offered at maximal doses ages or IABP device, 6 cases required cardio-pulmonary resuscitation treatment and another patient for Heartcon assistance.All the patients bridge to heart transplatation.Results:Adjuvant therapy of MCS was offered for(20.0±11.5)d(7~34 d).Emergency HT is performed.Two post-HT deaths occurr due to multiple organ failure(1 case)and severe infection(1 case).The remainders recover smoothly during a follow-up period of(6~24 months).Conclusions:MCS device is recommended as a bridging too for HT recipients with refractory heart failure.It is imperative to improve clinical outcomes with MCS support before an onset of multiple organ dysfunction.Despite a perioperative mortality, long-term prognosis is generally satisfactory.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)bridging heart transplantation in critically ill children.Methods:The clinical data of two cases of critical infants with venous-arterial ECMO(VA-ECMO)bridging heart transplantation and literature review were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Two cases received orthotopic heart allograft with VA-ECMO support, and were discharged uneventfully without significant postoperative complications.On the 13th day of ECMO assistance, the first child was treated with orthotopic heart transplantation in a hospital qualified for heart transplantation, and the ECMO was evacuated during the operation.After 21 days of the heart transplantation, the patient was discharged from the hospital.The patient was followed up to be healthy after heart transplantation, and had the same development as children of the same age, and had been taking anti-rejection drugs for a long time.On the 10th day of VA-ECMO treatment, the second case received awake ECMO after cardiac function improved.On the 12th day of VA-ECMO treatment, the patient was successfully evacuated from VA-ECMO and waited for heart transplantation.Cardiac orthotopic transplantation was performed after the 17 days after VA-ECMO evacuation.The patient was transferred to the general ward after 6 days of hospitalization in the intensive care unit, and was discharged 23 days after transplantation with conventional anti-rejection therapy.Discharge follow-up in good health, normal school life.Conclusion:When VA-ECMO cannot be withdrawn from the heart of the critically ill children and the end-stage heart, VA-ECMO bridging heart transplantation should be selected at the right time for the children who meet the indications for heart transplantation to create survival opportunity for the previously hopeless children, save the life of the end-stage children, and improve the quality of life.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Demand for donor hearts and lungs exceeds their supply. Extended Criteria Donor (ECD) organs are used to help meet this demand, but their impact on heart-lung transplantation outcomes is poorly characterized. Methods and results: The United Network for Organ Sharing was queried for data on adult heart-lung transplantation recipients (n = 447) from 2005‒2021. Recipients were stratified based on whether they received ECD hearts and/or lungs. Morbidity was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. Mortality was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimation, log-rank tests and Cox regression. Sixty-five (14.5%) patients received two ECD organs, 134 (30.0%) received only an ECD lung, and 65 (14.5%) only an ECD heart. Recipients of two ECD organs were older, more likely to have diabetes, and more likely transplanted from 2015‒2021 (p < 0.05). Groups did not differ by pre-transplant diagnosis, intensive care unit disposition, life support use, or hemodynam-ics. Group five-year survival rates ranged from 54.5% to 63.2% (p = 0.428). Groups did not differ by 30-day mortality, strokes, graft rejection, or hospital length of stay. Conclusions: Using ECD hearts and/or lungs for heart-lung transplantation is not associated with increased mortality and is a safe strategy for increasing donor organ supply in this complex patient population.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of severe and moderate primary graft dysfunction (PGD) in our center, to identify, retrospectively, donors' and recipients' risk factors for PGD development, and to evaluate the impact of PGD within 30 days after heart transplantation. Methods: Donors' and recipients' medical records of 64 consecutive adult cardiac transplantations performed between January 2016 and June 2017 were reviewed. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) criteria were used to diagnose moderate and severe PGD. Associations of risk factors for combined moderate/severe PGD were assessed with appropriate statistical analyses. Results: Sixty-four patients underwent heart transplantation in this period. Twelve recipients (18.7%) developed severe or moderate PGD. Development of PGD was associated with previous donor cardiopulmonary resuscitation and a history of prior heart surgery in the recipient (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively). The 30-day in hospital mortality was similar in both PGD and non-PGD patients. Conclusion: The use of the ISHLT criteria for PGD is important to identify potential risk factor. The development of PGD did not affect short-term survival in our study. More studies should be done to better understand the pathophysiology of PGD.
ABSTRACT
Organ transplantation is an effective treatment for multiple end-stage diseases. In recent years, rapid progress has been made in the field of organ transplantation, which has been widely accepted and applied in clinical practice. However, low utilization rate of donors and high postoperative complications remain to be urgently resolved. Heat shock protein (HSP) is a category of protein family induced by heat shock or other stressors. Upon stress stimulation, HSP plays an anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis role in mitigating the stress-induced damage. HSP is also involved in the processes of promoting immune response and anti-rejection, etc. Organ transplantation, as a stress stimulus, could induce HSP to function in the process of organ transplantation through many patterns, thereby alleviating the allograft damage, improving the utilization rate of donors and prolonging the postoperative survival of recipients. In this article, research status on the role of HSP in lung transplantation, heart transplantation, liver transplantation and kidney transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for donor protection of organ transplantation and treatment of postoperative complications.
ABSTRACT
With gradual maturity of surgical technique of heart transplantation, extensive use of immunosuppressants and the improvement of organ distribution system, the shortage of donor heart has become a bottleneck issue restricting the development of heart transplantation in clinical practice. How to expand the donor pool for heart transplantation remains to be urgently solved. In recent years, with the development of science and technology and the application of new technology, groundbreaking progresses have been made on how to expand the donor pool for heart transplantation within the transplantation community. Multiple research results have been gradually translated into clinical practice, driving the development of heart transplantation in clinical settings. In this article, the latest technologies and strategies to expand the donor pool for heart transplantation were reviewed, the roles of organ preservation technology, use of marginal donor heart, xenotransplantation, artificial heart and bioartificial heart in alleviating the shortage of donor heart were investigated, and existing challenges and future directions to expand the donor pool for heart transplantation were summarized, aiming to provide reference for subsequent development of heart transplantation in clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of renal insufficiency before heart transplantation on perioperative death, complications and long-term survival, and to compare the differences between preoperative serum creatinine (Scr) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in preoperative risk assessment. Methods Clinical data of 1 095 heart transplant recipients were retrospectively analyzed. According to preoperative Scr level, all recipients were divided into the Scr < 133 μmol/L(n=980), Scr 133-176 μmol/L (n=83) and Scr≥177 μmol/L groups (n=32). According to preoperative eGFR, all recipients were divided into eGFR≥90 mL/(min·1.73m2) (n=436), eGFR 60-89 mL/(min·1.73m2) (n=418) and eGFR < 60 mL/(min·1.73m2) groups (n=241). Clinical prognosis of postoperative renal function, perioperative and long-term outcomes of recipients were compared among different groups. The effect of eGFR and Scr level on renal function injury and long-term survival after heart transplantation was assessed. Results With the increase of preoperative Scr level, the proportion of recipients undergoing postoperative continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) was increased, the proportion of recipients receiving postoperative mechanical circulatory support was elevated, the incidence of postoperative complications was increased, the duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit(ICU) stay was prolonged, and the in-hospital fatality was increased. The differences among three groups were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). With the decrease of preoperative eGFR, the proportion of recipients receiving postoperative CRRT was increased, the proportion of recipients using postoperative intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was elevated, the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay was prolonged, and the in-hospital fatality was increased. The differences among three groups were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Scr≥177 μmol/L was an independent risk factor for postoperative death [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 3.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89-6.99, P < 0.01]. Among different groups classified by Scr and eGFR, the cumulative incidence rate of postoperative renal function injury and long-term survival rate were statistically significant among three groups (all P < 0.05). In patients with preoperative Scr < 133 μmol/L, the cumulative incidence rate of postoperative long-term renal function injury was significantly increased with the decrease of preoperative eGFR (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in postoperative long-term survival rate among patients stratified by different eGFR (P > 0.05). Conclusions Renal insufficiency before heart transplantation is associated with poor perioperative and long-term prognosis. Preoperative Scr and eGFR are the independent risk factors for postoperative renal function injury. Scr yields low sensitivity in the assessment of preoperative renal function, whereas it has high accuracy in predicting perioperative death risk. And eGFR is a more sensitive parameter to evaluate preoperative renal function, which may identify early-stage renal functional abnormality and take effective measures during early stage to reduce adverse effect on prognosis.
ABSTRACT
High-quality donor heart is the prerequisite and fundamental guarantee for successful heart transplantation. Reasonable donor heart preservation technique plays a key role in improving the quality of donor heart and the prognosis of heart transplantation. Static cold storage (SCS) is currently the standard preservation technique for cardiac allograft. However, it is prone to cause severe cold ischemia injury to the donor heart, and it is impossible to evaluate heart function during SCS. As an important emerging technique of organ preservation, machine perfusion better matches with physiological conditions compared with SCS, which may remove metabolic wastes and provide basic substances for metabolic needs during organ preservation, prolong the preservation time and improve the preservation effect to a certain extent. Besides, it may also effectively evaluate organ function and improve clinical prognosis of heart transplantation. Meantime, it can also repair organ damage, significantly optimize organ quality and improve the utilization rate of donor organs. In this article, research status of machine perfusion of donor heart was reviewed.