La ilustración anatómica: comunión entre arte y medicina / The anatomical illustration: communion between art and medicine

El artículo describe de forma sucinta hechos claves en el discurrir histórico de la ilustración anatómica desde el siglo xv. Se realiza un breve repaso de la conexión entre el arte y la medicina en el Renacimiento, donde es clara la comunión entre médicos y artistas en torno a las disecciones anatómicas. Se resaltan algunos elementos históricos tras el origen de la profesión de ilustrador médico y se destaca, principalmente en el siglo xx, el protagonismo de algunos médicos ilustradores, aquellos que no solo han dado libertad a sus habilidades artísticas con el dibujo, sino que también han dedicado su vida al arte de la medicina.

Summary The article succinctly describes key events in the historical course of anatomical illustration since the 15th century. A brief review of the connection between art and medicine in the Renaissance period is made, where the communion of doctors and artists around anatomical dissections is clear. Some historical elements behind the origin of the profession of medical illustrator are highlighted and, mainly, the prominence in the 20th century of some medical illustrators, who have not only given freedom to their artistic skills with drawing, but also, have dedicated their lives to the art of medicine.

Different Types of 態ackground� of Illustration-based PowerPoint Slides: Anatomy Teachers� Preferences and Perceived Influence on Learning

Background: Teachers are often in dilemma on how to use illustrations effectively in teaching Anatomy using multimedia (for e.g., PowerPoint) slides. 態ackground� is an important element for creating illustration-based PowerPoint slides but is often overlooked when designing such slides. Some general guidelines on the PowerPoint slide background for presenting textual materials are available, but guidelines on the background for presenting illustrations in PowerPoint slides are almost nil. This descriptive type of observational study was part of a broader research that was designed to assess the preferences of Bangladeshi Anatomy teachers towards different types of background of illustration-based PowerPoint slides and their perceived influence on learning.Material & Methods:A survey was conducted among 39 Anatomy teachers from Bangladesh. Seven PowerPoint slides with one same pair of Neuroanatomy illustrations but seven different types of background dealing with the following characteristics were shown to them to collect their preferences and perceived influence on learning: White/Light-coloured homogeneous/Dark-coloured homogeneous; Slightly decorated/Heavily decorated; Related to subject/Not related to subject. Resultsand Conclusion:The survey revealed that most of the participants preferred either light-coloured homogeneous background (around 64%) or white background (around 60%). The least preferred (about 18%) one was the heavily decorated background not related to the subject. Some interesting trends of preference were also observed, including those related to male and female teachers as well as to their length of experience. In most Anatomy teachers� perceptions, learning would be influenced by using their preferred 慴ackgrounds�. Although the results of the present study reveal some insight into the preferences of Anatomy teachers and their perceived influence of different illustration-based PowerPoint slide 慴ackgrounds� on learning, further studies are recommended on larger samples focusing on more specific issues of PowerPoint slide backgrounds before making any conclusive comments on these issues.

Different Types of 態ackground� of Illustration-based PowerPoint Slides: Anatomy Postgraduate Students� Preferences and Perceived Influence on Learning

Background: 態ackground� is an important visual element for creating multimedia (e.g., PowerPoint) slides on which text and illustrations are placed. Although some general guidelines for the background for textual materials on PowerPoint slides are available, detailed and specific guidelines on the background for illustrations are almost lacking. As part of a broader research, this qualitative study was designed to assess the preferences of Anatomy postgraduate students towards different types of background of illustration-based PowerPoint slides and their perceived influence on learning.Material & Methods:An FGD was conducted among eight Anatomy postgraduate students from two medical colleges of Bangladesh. Seven PowerPoint slides with one same pair of Neuroanatomy illustrations but seven different types of background dealing with the following characteristics were shown to them: White/light-coloured homogeneous/Dark-coloured homogeneous; Slightly decorated/Heavily decorated; Related to subject/Not related to subject. The discussion was on which background they liked most and why, and whether they think that the background would enhance students� learning.Resultsand Conclusion:Six broad 憈hemes� emerged from the FGD: 1. No single type of background yielded a unanimous preference. 2. Coloured homogeneous backgrounds seemed to be the most preferred type with no clear-cut difference between the light-coloured and dark-coloured ones. 3. Preferences for white or slightly decorated background was moderate. 4. Among the slightly decorated backgrounds, preference for those related to the subject was greater than for those not related. 5. No preference was shown for the heavily decorated background not related to the subject. 6. Despite some positive comments regarding the influence of slide background on learning, no definitive conclusion could be drawn. While these results provide some baseline answers to the research questions, further studies addressing more specific issues of background and viewer characteristics are recommended.

Estado del conocimiento de la historiografía de la educación en Tamaulipas siglo XIX / State of knowledge of 19th Century higher education historiography in Tamaulipas

Resumen El estado de Tamaulipas está ubicado al noreste de México, región geográfica colonizada años más tarde que el centro y el sur del país. Se ha documentado poco del devenir histórico de las primeras instituciones educativas del nivel superior de la entidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue presentar el estado actual que guarda el conocimiento de la historiografía de la educación en Tamaulipas del siglo XIX. Se localizaron 22 obras editadas y publicadas entre 1948 y 2018, que recogieron las memorias y experiencias educativas. Se sometieron a un procedimiento, con base en criterios historiográficos, que permitió ordenarlas en historias, biografías, crónicas o memorias. Se agruparon en correspondencia a espacios y temporalidades, en generales o regionales y por periodos históricos. Se describen las obras que hablan de las dos etapas: la inicial, referente a la fundación de las primeras instituciones por maestros republicanos ilustrados; escritas por sus egresados, historiadores por vocación, autores de las primeras historias de la educación estatal, que trabajaron en un marco ilustrado, liberal, republicano y juarista, promotor de ofrecer al pueblo una educación pública, laica, gratuita y obligatoria, en el que quedó institucionalizada la educación superior del estado. La segunda etapa ocurre en el siglo XX, con la creación de la Universidad de Tamaulipas, que sería después la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, institución que permite formar historiadores de profesión, maestros e historiadores de raigambre decimonónica, que complementan el marco histórico educativo. Este trabajo permite un punto de partida al investigador interesado en continuar con la línea de la historia e historiografía de este tiempo y espacio.

Abstract The state of Tamaulipas is located in the northeast geographical region of Mexico, which was colonized several years after the center and south of the country. Little has been documented of the historical evolution of the first higher education institutions of the state. The aim of this work is to show the current state of knowledge of the historiography of education in Tamaulipas in the 19th century. Twenty-two edited and published works, which collected memories and educational experiences between 1948 and 2018 were found. They underwent a procedure, based on historiographic criteria, which allowed their classification into histories, biographies, chronicles, or memoirs. They were grouped according to spaces and temporalities in general or regional, and by historical periods of education. The works that discuss each of the stages are described as follows: those of the initial stage, referring to the founding of the first institutions by illustrated republican teachers were written by its graduates, historians by vocation, authors of the first histories of state education, who worked within an enlightened, liberal, republican and juarista framework, promoter of offering the people a public, secular, free and compulsory education, in which higher education in the state was institutionalized. The second stage occurred in the 20th century, with the creation of the University of Tamaulipas, which would later become the Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, an institution that educates professional historians, history teachers and historians of nineteenth-century roots, which complement the historical educational framework. This work provides a starting point for the researcher who is interested in continuing with the line of history and historiography of this time and space.

Aprendizaje por observación de interacciones didácticas de ilustración y retroalimentación / Interbehavioral survey about learning by observation in didactic interactions of illustration and feedback

De acuerdo con los principios del modelo interconductual del desempeño didáctico y de los estudios realizados desde el área del aprendizaje por observación en contextos educativos, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la observación de interacciones didácticas de ilustración y retroalimentación sobre el desempeño efectivo en una tarea de igualación a la muestra de segundo orden con términos metodológicos de la investigación en psicología como instancias. Participaron 20 estudiantes universitarios, quienes fueron asignados de manera aleatoria dentro de tres grupos experimentales y un grupo control. El diseño experimental fue de tipo a-b-a, con una prueba inicial, un entrenamiento y una prueba final. Los grupos experimentales se distinguieron entre sí por el tipo de entrenamiento observacional que recibieron: ilustración, retroalimentación e ilustración-retroalimentación. Los resultados indican que este último fue el más efectivo, de acuerdo con el promedio de intentos realizados para responder a los reactivos del entrenamiento, así como del incremento en el desempeño de los participantes entre ambas pruebas. Estos resultados se discuten en términos de: a) las características de las interacciones didácticas de ilustración y la retroalimentación, y b) la importancia de la regulación lingüística en el aprendizaje por observación en situaciones educativas.

In accordance with the principles of the interbehavioral model of didactic performance and the researches carried out in the area of learning by observation, the objective of the following study was to evaluate the effects of the observation of didactic interactions of illustration and feedback on effective performance in a second-order matching-to-sample task with methodological terms of research in psychology as instances. Twenty university students participated, they were assigned randomly in a trial in three experimental groups and a control group. The experimental design was of A-B-A type, with an initial test, training and a final test. The experimental groups were distinguished by the type of observational training which received: illustration, feedback and illustration-feedback. The results indicate that this latter was the most effective according to the average of attempts made to respond to the reagent of the training, as well, as of the increase in the performance of the participants between both tests. These results are discussed in terms of: a) characteristics of the didactic interactions of illustration and feedback, and b) the importance of the linguistic regulation in learning by observation in real educational situations.

LA FORMALIZACIÓN DEL CONSENTIMIENTO INFORMADO EN INVESTIGACIÓN Y LA PÉRDIDA SENTIMENTAL DEL PACIENTE / FORMALIZATION OF INFORMED CONSENT IN RESEARCH AND THE PATIENT'S EMOTIONAL LOSS / A FORMALIZAÇÃO DO CONSENTIMENTO INFORMADO EM PESQUISA E A PERDA SENTIMENTAL DO PACIENTE

El consentimiento informado en investigación se inscribe en la relación médico-paciente, que ha sufrido, y sigue sufriendo, importantes cambios: desde el planteamiento clásico, como relación de amistad, al planteamiento contemporáneo, como relación entre extraños (enemigos potenciales, siguiendo tesis ilustradas sobre la sociedad), que es regulada por normas éticas y legales. El principal objetivo de estas últimas es conseguir, mediante requisitos formales, que dicha relación no perjudique al paciente. Bajo esta luz, se examina y compara el consentimiento informado en las principales normativas internacionales y en la ley española. Especialmente, nos centramos en la hoja de información al paciente, la comprensión, la voluntariedad, la certificación y la comunicación de los resultados de la investigación. Se concluye con la observación de la seria limitación intrínseca de la que adolecen estas normativas, que impiden, más que favorecen, el trato adecuado al paciente.

Informed consent for research is part of the doctor-patient relationship, which has suffered and continues to suffer important changes. These range from the classic approach, such as friendship, to the contemporary approach, namely, a relationship between strangers (potential enemies, according to illustrated notions of society) regulated by ethical and legal standards. The primary objective of these standards is to ensure, through formal requirements, that the relationship does not harm the patient. With this perspective in mind, the study examines and compares informed consent in light of the most important international standards and under Spanish law. There is a particular focus on the patient information sheet, understanding, willingness, certification and communication of research results. The study concludes there are serious inherent constraints in these regulations that prevent rather than promote treating the patient properly.

O consentimento informado em pesquisa está apoiado na relação médico-paciente, que sofreu, e continua sofrendo, importantes mudanças: da proposta clássica, como relação de amizade, à proposta contemporânea, como relação entre estranhos (inimigos potenciais, seguindo teses ilustradas sobre a sociedade), que é regulada por normas éticas e legais. O principal objetivo destas últimas é conseguir, mediante requisitos formais, que essa relação não prejudique o paciente. Sob esse prisma, examina e compara-se o consentimento informado nas principais normativas internacionais e na lei espanhola. Especialmente, centra-se no prontuário do paciente, na compreensão, na voluntariedade, na certificação e na comunicação dos resultados da pesquisa. Conclui-se com a observação da séria limitação intrínseca da qual sofrem essas normativas, que impedem, mais do que favorecem, o tratamento adequado do paciente.

Research on Source and Origin of Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang Theory in Jiu Jing Tu ;from Dunhuang / 中国中医药信息杂志

By systematically combing the records of Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang from medical literatures of Zu Bi Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Maxibustion Canon of Foot and Arm), Yin Yang Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Maxibustion Canon of Ying and Yang), Ling Shu Jing Mai (Meridians, a chapter of Miraculous Pivot), Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Jiu Jing Tu (Illustration of Moxibustion) from Dunhuang, it can be found that the formation and development of theory of main and collateral channels is a long-term dynamic process containing constantly summing up the experiences. The record about only the 2.3 inch one-line loop route carved out beside the posterior midline of dorsal lumbosacral portion by Bladder Meridian Foot-Taiyang may be a positioning mode of acupoint exclusively used by moxibustion and summed up by people good at moxibustion therapy using their clinical experience. In addition, thoughts that the heavy-moxibustion is a good method for difficult miscellaneous diseases (especially for the serious illnesses after attacked by wind and cold pathogens) may be included.

Los principios de la homeopatía, a medio camino entre lo antiguo y lo moderno / The principles of homeopathy, halfway between the old and new

Los críticos de la Homeopatía han señalado que esta materia carece de bases científicas y que hay pocas evidencias documentales que den cuenta de su eficacia.El presente trabajo es un ensayo que coloca al lector en el contexto histórico,filosófico y político que nació la Homeopatía, como un punto de partida que despuésse transforma en una exposición en la que se discute si la medicina configuradapor Samuel Hahnemann es antigua o moderna. El autor dedica gran parte de su ensayo a destacar algunas ideas fundamentales de Crítica de la razón pura, obra del célebre filosofo alemán (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant,y señala cómo, a partir de ellas, es que la medicina alopática empezó a interesarse por atender las consecuencias de la enfermedad y no la enfermedad misma. Kant actuó de buena fe y coloco en la mesa de discusión ideas revolucionarias que dieron pie a la sistematización de las ciencias modernas. Sin embargo, ello no significa, señala el autor de este artículo, que algunos conceptos utilizados en Homeopatía, como “totalidad”, “organismo” o “fuerza vital” deban ser ignorados a priori.

Critics of homeopathy have pointed out that this matter has no scientific basis andthe existing evidence is too insufficient to account for their effectiveness. This paper is a trial that places the reader in the historical, philosophical and political in which homeopathy came as a starting point, this point then transformed into an exhibition in which it is discussed whether the regime of Samuel Hahnemann is ancient or modern. The author devotes much of his trial will highlight some fundamental ideasof “Critique of Pure Reason”, by the famous German philosopher (1724-1804) ImmanuelKant, and shows how, from them, is that allopathic medicine became interestedto address the consequences of the disease and not the disease itself. Kant acted in good faith and placed on the table for discussion revolutionary ideas that led to the systematization of modern science. However, this does not mean, says the author of this article, some concepts used in homeopathy as “all”, “body” or “life force” should be ignored a priori.

Nostalgia y esclavitud en la era de las revoluciones / Nostalgia and slavery during the age of revolutions

Este ensaio é uma reconstrução do processo de apropriação discursiva que o cirurgião espanhol Francisco Barrera y Domingo utilizou para produzir seu estudo sobre a nostalgia dos escravos em Cuba do século dezoito.

Cet essai est une reconstruction du processus d'appropriation discursive que le chirurgien espagnol Francisco Barrera y Domingo utilisa pour produire son étude sur la nostalgie des esclaves à Cuba au dix-huitième siècle.

This essay is a reconstruction of the process of discursive appropriation that Spanish surgeon Francisco Barrera y Domingo used to produce his study on slave nostalgia in 18th century Cuba.

Eficácia de um simulador multimídia no ensino de técnicas básicas de videocirurgia para alunos do curso de graduação em medicina / Efficacy of multimedia simulator in teaching basic skills in videosurgical techniques for undergraduate students of medicine

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia de programa educacional informatizado, com recursos de multimídia, como instrumento de ensino para alunos do segundo ano do curso de graduação em Medicina. MÉTODO: Para este estudo prospectivo, duplo cego e randomizado foi desenvolvido um simulador multimídia de técnicas básicas de videocirurgia. Doze alunos selecionados foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em Grupo 1 (orientados a navegar individualmente no simulador) e Grupo 2 (levados a assistir a uma aula expositiva). Posteriormente, foram submetidos a avaliação objetiva com 10 questões práticas. Os alunos do Grupo 1 também avaliaram subjetivamente o programa. RESULTADOS: No Grupo 1, 16,7 por cento dos alunos acertaram 8 procedimentos, 50,0 por cento acertaram 9 e 33.3 por cento acertaram os 10. No Grupo 2, 50,0 por cento dos alunos acertaram 9 procedimentos e 50,0 por cento acertaram os 10 procedimentos. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos (teste de Mann-Whitney; p=0,423). Na análise subjetiva, 83,3 por cento concordaram que o programa foi de fácil uso, 83,4 por cento acharam-no agradável e 50,0 por cento concordaram ter tido um feed-back imediato. Todos concordaram que o programa foi didático e afirmaram o desejo de ter programas assim para outros tópicos, mas metade discordou que programas como este já são suficientes para substituir o professor. CONCLUSÃO: O programa é eficaz na aprendizagem de técnicas básicas de vídeocirurgia para os alunos do segundo ano do curso de graduação em Medicina.

BACKGROUD: The search for new pedagogical tools is unremitting in every phase of the history of Mankind. The Information Technology has come to join the collection of resources that educators can rely on. METHODS: The purpose of this task was to develop a computer educational program, with multimedia resources, and review its efficiency as a teaching aid for students in their second year of Medical School. This was a double-blind, randomized, prospective trial. An educational interactive multimedia program on Basic Videosurgery Techniques was developed for this research. Twelve students were selected to take part in the experiment and randomly divided into two groups of six. Group I students were instructed to individually use the multimedia simulator for 60 minutes, while Group II students were invited to watch a one-hour theoretical class with Data-show as a teaching aid. Group I were also asked to carry out, through a questionnaire, a subjective validation of the program. RESULTS: he Mann- Whitney test was used for the statistics analyses . 16.7 percent of the students in Group I performed 6 of the procedures correctly , 50.0 percent got 9 procedures 33.3 percent performed 10 procedures correctly, with an average score of 9.2 + 0.72 correct answers, whereas in Group II, 50 percent of the students performed 9 procedures and 50.0 percent performed 10 procedures correctly, with an average score of 9.5 + 0.55 correct answers. Statically, there was no significant differences between groups regarding the number of correct answers (p=0.423), but as for the subjective evolution about the multimedia program, 83.0 percent agreed that the program can be easily handled; 83.4 percent found the program nice to use; 50.0 percent agreed they had an immediate feedback; 100 percent declared the program educational and reassured their intention to have access to programs like that for other subjects. Finally, 50,0 percent disagree that the program proved...

A study of the services of black & white slides and photographs at school of medical illustration and audiovisual technology, Siriraj Hospital.

The total number of black and white slides and photographs requested from staffs of the Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital were analyzed at the School of Medical Illustration and Audiovisual Technology, between January 2, 1980 to December 28, 1984. Total number of B&W slide was 44,815 slides, of which 11,932 slides (26.62%) were serviced for the Department of Medicine, and 9,012 slides (20.11%) for the Department of Surgery. The tendency of B&W slid services has become lower since 1980 due to a greater requirement of colour slides. The total number of B&W photographs was 50,241 picture, of which 16,153 (32.15%) and 10,412 (20.72%) were serviced for the Department of Medicine and Surgery respectively. It is very interesting to note that the tendency for B&W pictures has not lowered since 1980 as the B&W slides but has increased. This is due to the fact that B&W pictures are still more necessary for printing in medical literature and textbooks than the colour pictures.