Voluntad e intelecto: encuentros y desencuentros entre Tomás de Aquino y Duns Escoto / Will and Intellect: agreements and disagreements between Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus / Vontade e do intelecto: acordos e desacordos entre Tomás de Aquino e Duns Scotus

Resumen Introducción: la voluntad y el intelecto, dos potencias fundamentales que obran en el espíritu de los hombres determinando de una manera u otra sus elecciones, han sido desarrolladas y comprendidas de formas distintas por diferentes filósofos a la lo largo de la historia, entre ellos, los filósofos medievales Santo Tomás de Aquino y Juan Duns Escoto, cuyo pensamiento sobre estos asuntos se analiza en el presente artículo a partir de referencias como la Suma Teológica de Aquino, Giovanni Duns Scoto: una introduzione bibliografica de Todescan y La vida del espíritu de Hannah Arendt, entre otras. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar los conceptos de voluntad e intelecto al interior del pensamiento de Tomás de Aquino y Duns Escoto, con el fin de identificar los puntos de encuentro y desencuentro entre ambos autores. Materiales y métodos: este análisis hace parte de una investigación cualitativa con enfoque hermenéutico, que empleó como instrumento de interpretación la revisión documental. Resultados: se logró establecer que la diferencia principal entre el pensamiento de ambos autores se refiere a la primacía que una potencia tiene sobre la otra: en Tomás de Aquino prima el intelecto sobre el deseo, mientras que en Duns Escoto prima la voluntad sobre el intelecto. Conclusión: para efectos de la prevalencia de una potencia sobre la otra, juegan un papel fundamental asuntos como el libre albedrío y, sobre todo, la forma en que ambas potencias actúan en la psique del hombre al momento de la toma de decisiones.

Abstract Introduction: The Will and the Intellect, two fundamental powers that work in the spirit of men, determining in one way or another their choices, have been developed and understood in different ways by different philosophers throughout history, among them, the medieval philosophers St. Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus, whose thinking on these matters is analyzed in this article, from references such as the "Theological Summa" of Aquinas, "Giovanni" of Duns Scoto, "A bibliographical introduction" by Todescan, and" The life of the spirit" by Arendt, among others. Objective: The objective of this article is to analyze the concepts of Will and Intellect within the thought of Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus, in order to identify the points of encounter and disagreement between both authors. Material and methods: This analysis is part of a qualitative research with a hermeneutic approach, which used documentary review as an instrument of interpretation. Results: It was established that the main difference between the thinking of both authors, refers to the primacy that one power has over the other: in Thomas Aquinas the intellect over desire, while in Duns Scotus the will prevails over the intellect. Conclusions. For the effects of the prevalence of one power over the other, issues such as free will play a fundamental role and, above all, the way in which both powers act in the psyche of man at the moment of decision making.

Resumo Introdução: Vontade e Intelecto, dois poderes fundamentais que operam no espírito dos homens, determinando de uma maneira ou de outra suas escolhas, foram desenvolvidos e compreendidos de diferentes maneiras por diferentes filósofos ao longo da história, entre eles, os filósofos medievais Santo Tomás de Aquino e João Duns Scotus, cujo pensamento sobre essas questões é analisado neste artigo, a partir de referências como a "Summa Teologico" de Aquino, "Giovanni" de Duns Scoto, "Uma introdução bibliográfica" de Todescan, e "A Vida do Espírito" de Arendt, entre outros. Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os conceitos de Vontade e Intelecto no pensamento de Tomás de Aquino e Duns Scotus, a fim de identificar os pontos de encontro e discordância entre os dois autores. Materiais e métodos: Esta análise é parte de uma pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem hermenêutica, que utilizou a revisão documental como instrumento de interpretação. Resultados: Foi estabelecido que a principal diferença entre os pensamentos de ambos autores refere-se à primazia que um poder tem sobre o outro: em Tomás de Aquino, o intelecto sobre o desejo, enquanto em Duns Scotus a vontade prevalece sobre o intelecto. Conclusões: Para os efeitos da prevalência de um poder sobre o outro, questões como o livre arbítrio jogan um papel fundamental e, sobretudo, o modo como ambos poderes atuam na psique do homem no momento da tomada de decisão.

Machine Learning Cases in Clinical and Biomedical Domains

The aim of this paper is twofold: Firstly, to provide introductory knowledge to the reader who has little orno knowledge of machine learning with examples of applications in clinical and biomedical domains, andsecondly, to compare and contrast the concept of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and the Qur’anic conceptof intellect (aql) in the Qur’an. Learning algorithm can generally be categorised into supervised andunsupervised learning. To better understand the machine learning concept, hypothetical data of glaucomacases are presented. ANN is then selected as an example of supervised learning and the underlyingprinciples in ANN are presented with general audience in mind with an attempt to relate the mechanismemployed in the algorithm with Qur’anic verses containing the verbs derived from aql. The applications ofmachine learning in clinical and biomedical domains are briefly demonstrated based on the author’s ownresearch and most recent examples available from University of California, Irvine Machine LearningRepository. Selected verses which indicate motivation to use the intellect in positive manners and rebuke tothose who do not activate the intellect are presented. The evidence found from the verses suggests thatANN shares similar learning process to achieve belief (iman) by analysing the similitudes (amsal) introducedto the algorithm.

The Openness/Intellect Model on the M5-50: Supporting the Flexibility of IPIP-Based Instruments / El Modelo Apertura/Intelecto en M5-50: apoyando la flexibilidad de instrumentos basados en IPIP

This study examined ways to improve fit and interpretive capacity of the M5-50, an IPIP-based personality instrument, using the Openness/Intellect model (O/I) given a history of poor performance of the M5-50 Openness scale (Socha, Cooper, & McCord, 2010). With participants from Amazon's MTurk (n = 305), theoretical models for the five-factor model, Openness as a 10-item single factor, and the O/I model were tested and fitted poorly. After removing one problematic item, the O/I model showed acceptable fit. Findings indicate that the O/I model improved psychometric validity and interpretive capacity for the M5-50. The flexibility and open access of IPIP-based instruments such as the M5-50 makes the IPIP an optimal choice for instrument adaptation and construction in Latin America.

Este estudio examinó maneras de mejorar el ajuste y la capacidad interpretativa del M5-50, un instrumento de medición de la personalidad basado en el IPIP, utilizando el modelo Apertura/Intelecto (O/I por sus siglas en inglés) dado el historial de desempeño pobre de la escala de Apertura del M5-50 (Socha, Cooper, y McCord, 2010). Con participantes de Amazon MTurk (n = 305), se analizaron modelos teóricos para los cinco factores de la personalidad, Apertura como un factor individual de 10 ítems, y el modelo O/I; todos los análisis tuvieron ajustes deficientes. Luego de remover un ítem con problemas, el modelo O/I demostró ajuste aceptable. Los resultados indican que el modelo O/I mejoró la validez psicométrica y la capacidad de interpretación del M5-50. La flexibilidad y el acceso libre a los instrumentos basados en el IPIP, como ser el M5-50, hacen del IPIP una elección óptima para la adaptación y construcción de instrumentos en Latinoamérica.

Human Rights: Illusion or Reality; Theological (Shiite) Perspective.

ABSTRACT: The discussion is based around these issues, history of Human Rights, timeline for Human Rights history, question asked in this regard and enemy and friend of „human rights‟. Describing the problems and its resolve from logical reasoning perspective; intellectual argumentation based on logical reason of, what is universal human right, democracy and illegal wars in the world by super powers as example America? Attempt to describe the inner construction of a human being-perfection-. Introduction to the concept of infallibility in different parts in the article, purify yourself and being purified. What is it, is it possible for a creation named human to be not fallible, is the idea or practicing it impossible or there is a great sphere of being able to practicing it and reaching the status if one finds guidance for the right way with peace and human rights prevailed in the world. Majority of the thought in the text, based on hadith-tradition- from the Prophet of Islam Peace upon Him and His family Ahl al-Bait Peace upon Them.

Human Rights: Illusion or Reality; Theological (Shiite) Perspective.

Abstract: The discussion is based around these issues, history of Human Rights, timeline for Human Rights history, question asked in this regard and enemy and friend of ‘human rights’. Describing the problems and its resolve from logical reasoning perspective; intellectual argumentation based on logical reason of, what is universal human right, democracy and illegal wars in the world by super powers as example America? Attempt to describe the inner construction of a human being-perfection-. Introduction to the concept of infallibility in different parts in the article, purify yourself and being purified. What is it, is it possible for a creation named human to be not fallible, is the idea or practicing it impossible or there is a great sphere of being able to practicing it and reaching the status if one finds guidance for the right way with peace and human rights prevailed in the world. Majority of the thought in the text, based on hadith-tradition- from the Prophet of Islam Peace upon Him and His family Ahl al-Bait Peace upon Them.

Effect of TEAS(Transcutaneous Electrical Acupuncture Point Stimulation) on Intellect and Daily Activity of the Aged / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

We investigated whether TEAS affected intellect in the elderly, prevented the decline of daily activity and/or improved HDS-R and elderly activity valuation scale in 93 aged patients over 70.<BR>As a result, HDS-R and the elderly activity valuation scale increased after 8 weeks, in the physical exercise group that also received TEAS treatment, indicating a tendency to improve. Improved intellect was measured by asking subject to guess the time and date, recollect some words, and remember five items in HDS-R. All items on the elderly activity valuation scale were improved except for hearing and appetite. Many patients showed increased scores in combination with TEAS. Before treatment, patients in both groups were divided into 4 subgroups by HDS-R score and change in HDS-R was investigated after treatment for 8 weeks. Those scoring 16 points or more on the initial test tended to show an increased score in both groups, those showing 11-15 points initially demonstrated an increased score only in exercise in the combined group, and those showing 10 points or less did not demonstrate any change in either group.<BR>Based on these results, physical therapy combined with TEAS appeared to accelerate daily activity and promote intellect and cognition in the elderly.