The Intersection of LGBTQ+ Mental Health and the Rise of Same-Sex Marriage: Understanding Current Trends and Implications forLGBTQ+Rights and Societ

The mental health of LGBTQ+ individuals is often marred by societal stigma and discrimination. However, recent strides in LGBTQ+ rights, particularly the legalization of same-sex marriage, present promising prospects.This article examines the intersection of LGBTQ+ mental health and same-sex marriage, emphasizing the positive effects on well-being.Legal recognition of same-sex marriage is associated with improved mental health outcomes, including reduced rates of depression and anxiety, heightened social support, and enhanced self-esteem. Moreover, it fosters societal acceptance, diminishes internalized stigma, and promotes positive parenting experiences within LGBTQ+ families.Additionally ,same-sex marriage yields economic advantages, such as financial stability and increased workplace productivity among LGBTQ+ individuals. Despite these advancements, disparities persist, with many countries yet to legalize same-se x marriage and LGBTQ+ individuals facing ongoing discrimination.Continuous advocacy efforts are vital to ensure equal rights and protections for the LGBTQ+ community globall.

Selección de pareja y apego en padres de familia de una unidad educativa de Riobamba / Partner selection and attachment in parents of an educational unit in Riobamba

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar los criterios de selección de pareja en relación al apego en adultos. Esta investigación fue cuantitativa, correlacional, de corte transversal, con 170 participantes, escogidos a través de un muestreo no probabilístico bola de nieve y discriminados con criterios de inclusión. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la Escala de Selección de Pareja de Romero, la cual evalúa los criterios para la selección de pareja. Para determinar el apego se empleó el instrumento CAMIR. En los resultados de selección de pareja, se evidenció que en similitud y atractivo la mayoría de los participantes consideran de baja importancia, en aspectos no verbales y complementariedad la mayoría indican tener un nivel de importancia medio; los rasgos de personalidad y la satisfacción de necesidades tuvieron un nivel de importancia alta. En apego, la mayoría de los evaluados, muestran un tipo de apego seguro e inseguro preocupado. De la misma manera, la gran mayoría no presentó un tipo de apego inseguro evitativo e inseguro desorganizado. Se concluye que existió correlación entre estilos de apego y selección de pareja, evidenciándose en la correlación positiva entre el estilo de apego seguro con el criterio satisfacción de necesidades; el estilo de apego inseguro evitativo tuvo una correlación positiva con: el criterio similitud, atractivo físico, aspectos no verbales y rasgos de personalidad; por último, el estilo de apego inseguro preocupado mantuvo una correlación positiva con el criterio complementariedad.

Abstract This research aimed to analyze the partner selection criteria concerning attachment in adults. This research was quantitative, correlational, and cross-sectional, with 170 participants chosen through non-probabilistic snowball sampling and discriminated with inclusion criteria. The Romero Partner Selection Scale, which evaluates the criteria for partner selection, was used for data collection. The CAMIR instrument was used to determine attachment. In the results of partner selection, it was evident that in similarity and attractiveness, the majority of participants consider it to be of low importance; in non-verbal aspects and complementarity, the majority indicate having a medium level of importance; Personality traits and needs satisfaction had a high level of significance. In attachment, most of those evaluated show a type of secure and preoccupied insecure attachment. In the same way, the vast majority did not present a kind of avoidant and disorganized insecure attachment. It is concluded that there was a correlation between attachment styles and partner selection, evident in the positive correlation between the secure attachment style and the needs satisfaction criterion; the insecure-avoidant attachment style had a positive correlation with the similarity criterion, physical attractiveness, non-verbal aspects, and personality traits; Finally, the preoccupied insecure attachment style maintained a positive correlation with the complementarity criterion.

Marriage intention among HIV-infected men who have sex with men / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the marriage intention and its influencing factors among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to provide the reference for formulating high-risk behavior intervention strategies and reducing the risk of HIV transmission among this population.@*Methods@#Unmarried HIV-infected MSM were sampled from newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Gongshu District of Hangzhou City from 2020 to 2022. Participants' sociodemographic information, family status and marriage intention were collected using questionnaire surveys. Factors affecting marriage intention were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#A total of 430 questionnaires were allocated and 400 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 93.02%. The respondents had a mean age of (28.90±4.67) years, and included 271 cases with registered residence outside Hangzhou City (67.75%). There were 82 cases indicating that they would probably or definitely get married, accounting for 20.50%, including 46 cases (56.10%) aged 30 years and older, 67 cases (81.71%) engaged in commercial services/freelance work/worker and 53 cases (64.63%) being the only children. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that unmarried HIV-infected MSM who were aged 30 years and older (OR=2.751, 95%CI: 1.230-6.154), had a monthly income of <10 000 Yuan (5 000 to <10 000 Yuan, OR=7.010, 95%CI: 2.049-23.981; <5 000 Yuan, OR=5.229, 95%CI: 1.803-15.165), had a high school education and below (OR=5.935, 95%CI: 1.775-19.844), were the only children (OR=3.407, 95%CI: 1.468-7.910), came from families with economic conditions above the average level (OR=8.906, 95%CI: 2.070-38.308), did not disclose their sexual orientation (OR=3.298, 95%CI: 1.118-9.727), held a positive attitude towards government policies (OR=70.544, 95%CI: 14.583-341.237), had no homosexual intercourse in the past six months (OR=3.583, 95%CI: 1.278-10.044), and had not informed their sexual partners of their HIV status (OR=2.910, 95%CI: 1.228-6.897) were more willing to get married.@*Conclusion@#A certain proportion of unmarried HIV-infected MSM in Gongshu District are willing to get married, and their marriage intention is affected by age, educational level, family economic conditions, the only children or not, disclosing sexual orientation or not, having homosexual intercourse in the past six months or not, informing sexual partners of HIV status or not, and the attitude towards government policies.

Efeitos de um Programa de Intervenção na Transição para a Parentalidade / Efectos de un Programa de Intervención durante la Transición a la Paternidad / The Effects of an Intervention Program during the Transition to Parenthood

Resumo Este estudo investigou os efeitos de um programa de intervenção para casais na transição para a parentalidade sobre a saúde mental da mulher e a conjugalidade avaliada pelo casal. Um casal com baixa escolaridade foi submetido a uma adaptação para o contexto brasileiro, em modalidade domiciliar, do programa Bases da Família, com avaliação piloto por um delineamento experimental de caso único com medidas repetidas. O Self-Reporting Questionnaire e o Inventário Beck de Depressão avaliaram a saúde mental da mulher, e a Escala de Ajustamento Diádico e observações da comunicação do casal foram as medidas da conjugalidade. Houve aprimoramento da comunicação do pai e aumento da satisfação diádica autorrelatada pela mãe. O programa não foi eficaz para o favorecimento da saúde mental materna. O foco do programa em dimensões individuais e conjugais da transição para a parentalidade beneficia o relacionamento do casal, entretanto, parece não favorecer a saúde mental materna.

Abstract This study investigated the effects of an intervention program for couples during the transition to parenthood on women's mental health and conjugality as assessed by the couple. A couple with low levels of education underwent a Brazilian-adapted version of the Family Foundations program, with a home-based intervention, using pilot evaluation through a single-case experimental design with repeater measures. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory assessed maternal mental health, while the Dyadic Adjustment Scale and observations of couple communication measured couple functioning. There was an improvement in the father's communication and an increase in the mother's self-reported dyadic satisfaction. The program was not effective in promoting maternal mental health. The program's focus on individual and conjugal dimensions of the transition to parenthood benefits the couple's relationship; however, it does not seem to favor maternal mental health.

Resumen Este estudio investigó los efectos de un programa de intervención para parejas en la transición a la parentalidad sobre la salud mental de la mujer y la conyugalidad evaluada por la pareja. Una pareja con bajo nivel educativo fue sometida a una adaptación del programa Family Foundations para el contexto brasileño, con una intervención en el hogar, evaluado mediante un diseño experimental de caso único con medidas repetidas. El Self-Reporting Questionnaire y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck evaluaron la salud mental materna, y la Escala de Ajuste Diádico y observaciones de la comunicación evaluaron la conyugalidad. Hubo una mejora en la comunicación del padre y un aumento en la satisfacción diádica autoinformada por la madre. El programa no fue efectivo para favorecer la salud mental materna. El enfoque del programa en las dimensiones individuales y conyugales de la transición a la parentalidad beneficia la relación de pareja; sin embargo, no parece favorecer la salud mental de la mujer.

Has childlessness rate increased in India? Evidence from national family health surveys

Background: In the recent years developing countries have been experiencing an increase in the number of women without children. Is India also one of them? This paper tries to analyse whether childlessness has increased in India and what are the factors which determine childlessness. Methods: The present paper uses cross sectional data from the fourth and fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS 4 and NFHS 5). The analysis is based on complete childlessness which includes women above 40 years of age. Bi-variate analysis and binary logistic regression has been used. Results: The results indicate that overall, 7% of women were childless in India in 2015-2016 which increased to 12% in 2019-2021; the increase was statistically significant. Childlessness was positively associated with level of education, age at marriage, body mass index (BMI) level, and presence of thyroid. Urban women were more prone to experience childlessness. Conclusions: Although childlessness is less in India compared to the developed world, the percentage of childless women is likely to rise given the increasing trends of woman’s schooling, age at marriage, media exposure, etc. This would in turn increase the demand on reproductive health care services.

Spousal violence among consanguineous marriage in India: a social-ecological analysis using nationally representative cross-sectional study

Background: Marriage is a second most event after birth. Wikipedia states consanguinity marriage as the property of being from the same kinship as another India is a socially and culturally diverse country, which is also reflected in considerable variation in the prevalence of IPV across regions. The aim of study to identify the prevalence and the factors influencing the spousal violence among consanguineous marriage in India. Methods: The present study utilised the fourth wave of the National family health survey (2015-16), the Indian version of the demographic and health survey. Descriptive, bivariate with Chi-square tests and multivariable multilevel logistic regression analyses were done to determine the extent of association between spousal violence and various predicter variables. Results: The study established the prevalence of spousal violence among consanguineous marriage were higher (33.0%) compared with spousal violence among non-consanguineous marriage (26.0%). Women those who get married with any blood relation experienced more physical violence (16.6%), emotional (27.7%), sexual (7.6%) compared with women those who get marriage with non-blood relation, physical violence (11.0%), emotional (22.4%), sexual (5.5%) respectively. Conclusions: The finding is expected to contribute to formulating an appropriate policy to combat Spouse violence in consanguineous marriage among women at the national level of India. The study also showed a significant association between consanguinity and experience more emotional as compared to physical and sexual violence. The results argue for manipulating contextual factors to empower women to challenge gender-related equations and investing in education for gender sensitization at the higher-level social ecologies.

Female Perception of Cohabitation and Marriage in Metropolitan Arequipa

Background: During the last decades in Peru there have been greater demographic changes, like the remarkable increase in the number of cohabitating couples and the decrease of married ones. Therefore, this study aims to describe the perception of cohabitation and marriage between women in the city of Arequipa, Peru. Methods: 764 women between 18 and 66 years of age were randomly selected according to their socioeconomic level and they were surveyed with a questionnaire about cohabitation and marriage perception. The results indicated that the majority of evaluated women considered marriage important (82.5) because it is the most appropriate way to start living as a couple (35.2%) and it is a legally recognized institution (31.3%), among other reasons. Furthermore, the majority of women do not consider cohabitation as more convenient than getting married (65.8%) and mostly reported that cohabitation is a type of relationship in which members mutually support each other (97.5%), that is exclusive between two people (97%) and in which expenses and duties are shared (95.9%). Conclusion: For a great percentage of cohabiters and single women from the sample, marriage is important. The majority of women do not consider cohabitation more convenient than getting married. The women that considered cohabitation more convenient, pointed two main reasons: knowing if the couple is getting along and knowing the couple well. Less than the 10% of these women believe that cohabitation is a step prior to marriage. Regarding the perception of marriage compared to cohabitation, for the vast majority of women, the perception of cohabitation is similar to the characteristics of marriage.

Antecedentes: Durante las últimas décadas en el Perú se han producido grandes cambios demográficos, como el notable aumento del número de parejas que cohabitan y la disminución de las parejas casadas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la percepción sobre la convivencia y el matrimonio entre las mujeres de la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú. Metodología: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 764 mujeres entre 18 y 66 años de acuerdo a su nivel socioeconómico y se les encuestó con un cuestionario sobre percepción de convivencia y matrimonio. Los resultados indicaron que la mayoría de las mujeres evaluadas consideraron importante el matrimonio (82,5) por ser la forma más adecuada de empezar a vivir en pareja (35,2%), por ser una institución legalmente reconocida (31,3%), entre otras razones. Además, la mayoría de las mujeres no considera la convivencia como más conveniente que casarse (65,8%) y mayoritariamente reportaron que la convivencia es un tipo de relación en la que los miembros se apoyan mutuamente (97,5%), que es exclusiva entre dos personas (97 %) y en los que se comparten gastos y deberes (95,9%). Conclusión: Para un gran porcentaje de las mujeres convivientes y solteras de la muestra, el matrimonio es importante. La mayoría de las mujeres no consideran más conveniente la convivencia que casarse. Las mujeres que consideraron más conveniente la convivencia, señalaron dos razones principales: saber si la pareja se lleva bien y conocer bien a la pareja. Menos del 10% de estas mujeres cree que la convivencia es un paso previo al matrimonio. En cuanto a la percepción del matrimonio frente a la convivencia, para la gran mayoría de las mujeres, la percepción de la convivencia es similar a las características del matrimonio.

Female Perception of Cohabitation and Marriage in Metropolitan Arequipa / Percepción femenina de la convivencia y el matrimonio en Arequipa Metropolitana

Background: During the last decades in Peru there have been greater demographic changes, like the remarkable increase in the number of cohabitating couples and the decrease of married ones. Therefore, this study aims to describe the perception of cohabitation and marriage between women in the city of Arequipa, Peru. Methods: 764 women between 18 and 66 years of age were randomly selected according to their socioeconomic level and they were surveyed with a questionnaire about cohabitation and marriage perception. The results indicated that the majority of evaluated women considered marriage important (82.5) because it is the most appropriate way to start living as a couple (35.2%) and it is a legally recognized institution (31.3%), among other reasons. Furthermore, the majority of women do not consider cohabitation as more convenient than getting married (65.8%) and mostly reported that cohabitation is a type of relationship in which members mutually support each other (97.5%), that is exclusive between two people (97%) and in which expenses and duties are shared (95.9%). Conclusion: For a great percentage of cohabiters and single women from the sample, marriage is important. The majority of women do not consider cohabitation more convenient than getting married. The women that considered cohabitation more convenient, pointed two main reasons: knowing if the couple is getting along and knowing the couple well. Less than the 10% of these women believe that cohabitation is a step prior to marriage. Regarding the perception of marriage compared to cohabitation, for the vast majority of women, the perception of cohabitation is similar to the characteristics of marriage.

Antecedentes: Durante las últimas décadas en el Perú se han producido grandes cambios demográficos, como el notable aumento del número de parejas que cohabitan y la disminución de las parejas casadas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la percepción sobre la convivencia y el matrimonio entre las mujeres de la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú. Metodología: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 764 mujeres entre 18 y 66 años de acuerdo a su nivel socioeconómico y se les encuestó con un cuestionario sobre percepción de convivencia y matrimonio. Los resultados indicaron que la mayoría de las mujeres evaluadas consideraron importante el matrimonio (82,5) por ser la forma más adecuada de empezar a vivir en pareja (35,2%), por ser una institución legalmente reconocida (31,3%), entre otras razones. Además, la mayoría de las mujeres no considera la convivencia como más conveniente que casarse (65,8%) y mayoritariamente reportaron que la convivencia es un tipo de relación en la que los miembros se apoyan mutuamente (97,5%), que es exclusiva entre dos personas (97 %) y en los que se comparten gastos y deberes (95,9%). Conclusión: Para un gran porcentaje de las mujeres convivientes y solteras de la muestra, el matrimonio es importante. La mayoría de las mujeres no consideran más conveniente la convivencia que casarse. Las mujeres que consideraron más conveniente la convivencia, señalaron dos razones principales: saber si la pareja se lleva bien y conocer bien a la pareja. Menos del 10% de estas mujeres cree que la convivencia es un paso previo al matrimonio. En cuanto a la percepción del matrimonio frente a la convivencia, para la gran mayoría de las mujeres, la percepción de la convivencia es similar a las características del matrimonio.

Memoirs of yesterday: The lived experience of individuals with separated parents

@#Separation issues have been rampant, and a significant rise in union dissolution cases in the Philippines has been observed. This certain occurrence should be given particular attention because it may alter the individual's way of living, particularly in perceiving and dealing with relationships. This study explores the lived experience of individuals who have undergone parental separation. The study utilized a Hermeneutic Phenomenological Design, which involved ten (10) respondents using a semi-structured key informant interview guide. The respondents were selected based on criteria as follows: (1) Have parents who have decided on the dissolution of marriage (annulled or informal) living separately; (2) 18 years of age and above; (3) Residents of Central Visayas; permanent or transient in Cebu City and; (4) Able to understand and express ideas in Cebuano dialect or English language. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis anchored on van Manen's six-step interpretive phenomenological approach with management and analysis done manually created a poem titled “Memoirs of Yesterday,” which incorporates three (3) major themes: (1) Into the Tunnel: Etiology of Separation, (2) The Darkness in the Tunnel: effects of the dissolution of marriage to children- emotional, psychological and academic status and (3) The Light After the Tunnel: attitude of the child and parent towards relationships and separation. The study implies that nurses should recognize the importance of assessing family concerns in rendering holistic and individualized client care. Thus, nurses should use assessed needs in advocating for the creation of more programs on awareness and counseling to families and, most especially, children.

Mulheres, relações afetivo-amorosas e uso de drogas: vivências e significados / Women, intimate relationships and drug use: experiences and meanings

Objetivo Analisar as vivências e significados dos relacionamentos afetivo-amorosos vivenciados por mulheres em tratamento devido ao consumo de drogas. Método Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e transversal desenvolvida com a participação de 21 mulheres atendidas em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial do interior paulista. As entrevistas foram submetidas à análise temática reflexiva e organizam-se em três eixos. Resultados As mulheres relataram vulnerabilidades sociais ao longo da vida e fragilidades nas redes de apoio que culminaram em sofrimentos, desamparo e uso precoce de drogas. Tornar-se esposa foi construído como esperança para um novo modo de vida, porém de forma idealizada e engendrada. As relações afetivas mostraram-se centrais, tanto para experiências de aumento como de diminuição do consumo de drogas. O uso aumentou por necessidade de agradar o parceiro, cumprir o papel de esposa ou diante das violências. A diminuição ocorreu em situações de apoio do companheiro, auxílio para acessar o tratamento ou quando cônjuge restringiu sua liberdade. Esses relacionamentos se somaram às vulnerabilidades vividas produzindo demandas aos equipamentos de saúde e sociais. Conclusão O tratamento deve incluir intervenções sobre os relacionamentos amorosos das mulheres, assim como problematizar os papéis de gênero e interpor-se intersetorialmente entre os demais determinantes sociais.

Objective To analyze the experiences and meanings of intimate relationships experienced by women in treatment due to drug consumption. Method This was a qualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study developed with the participation of 21 women attended at a Psychosocial Care Center in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The interviews were submitted to reflective thematic analysis and organized into three axes. Results The women reported lifelong social vulnerabilities and weaknesses in support networks that led to suffering, helplessness, and early drug use. Becoming a wife was constructed as a hope for a new way of life, though in an idealized and contrived manner. Intimate relationships proved to be central, both for experiences of increased and decreased drug use. Drug use escalated due to the need to please the partner, fulfill the role of a wife, or when faced with violence. Decreases occurred in situations where the partner provided support, assistance in accessing treatment, or when the spouse restricted their freedom. These relationships added to the vulnerabilities experienced, creating demands on healthcare and social systems. Conclusion Treatment should include interventions regarding women's intimate relationships, as well as addressing gender roles and intervening intersectorially in other social determinants.

Evidências sobre o prêmio salarial masculino do casamento e da coabitação no Brasil / Evidence on the male marriage wage premium and cohabitation premium in Brazil / Evidencias sobre el premio salarial masculino del matrimonio y de la cohabitación en Brasil

Resumo O objetivo principal é analisar a associação entre o casamento e a coabitação e o rendimento do trabalho masculino no Brasil. O artigo discute o fenômeno do "prêmio salarial masculino do casamento" - geralmente, homens casados apresentam rendimentos mais elevados do que os solteiros no mercado de trabalho. Tendo em vista que no Brasil a união informal é uma modalidade conjugal bastante comum, o prêmio para a coabitação também é investigado nessa situação. A associação entre o estado conjugal e o trabalho remunerado dos homens brasileiros é analisada por meio de regressões lineares, quantílicas e decomposições de Oaxaca-Blinder para os diferenciais de rendimentos entre os homens solteiros, casados e coabitantes. O Censo Demográfico de 2010 é a fonte de dados utilizada. Os resultados confirmam a existência de prêmios do casamento e da coabitação para os homens brasileiros. Os prêmios observados tendem a ser menores para a coabitação do que para o casamento. As decomposições dos diferenciais de rendimentos mostram que os prêmios devem-se à estrutura salarial e não a efeitos de composição.

Abstract The article aims to explore the correlation between marriage, cohabitation, and male labor income. It delves into the concept of the "male marriage wage premium" - a phenomenon where married men earn higher wages compared to single men in the labor market. Since consensual unions are prevalent in Brazil, the study also examines the cohabitation premium. The research employs linear regressions, quantile regression, and Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions of earnings differentials between single, married, and cohabiting men to analyze the association between marital status and paid work among Brazilian men. The data utilized were from the 2010 Demographic Census. The results of the study validate the existence of marriage and cohabitation premia for Brazilian men. However, the observed premium tend to be lower for cohabitation than for marriage. The decompositions reveal that these differentials are due to wage structure and not composition effects.

Resumen El objetivo principal es analizar la asociación entre el matrimonio y la cohabitación y las diferencias salariales masculinas en Brasil. El artículo analiza el fenómeno del premio salarial del matrimonio masculino: en general, los hombres casados tienen ingresos más altos que los hombres solteros en el mercado laboral, aunque ya que en Brasil la cohabitación es una modalidad marital muy común, también se investiga el premio de la cohabitación. La asociación entre el estado civil y el trabajo remunerado entre los hombres brasileños se analiza utilizando regresiones lineales, regresión cuantil y descomposiciones Oaxaca-Blinder para los diferenciales salariales entre hombres solteros, casados y en cohabitación. La fuente de datos fue el censo demográfico de 2010. Los resultados confirman la existencia de premios para el matrimonio y la cohabitación, que tienden a ser menores para la cohabitación que para el matrimonio. La descomposición de los diferenciales de ingresos mostró que los premios se deben a la estructura salarial y no a efectos de composición.

Impacts of social distancing on marital life during Covid-19 pandemic / COVID-19 e vida conjugal: impactos do distanciamento social na vida a dois / COVID-19 y vida conyugal: impactos del distanciamiento social en la vida juntos

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of social distancing on different areas of marital life during the Covid-19 pandemic. 1121 Brazilians, who were living with romantic partners, answered an online survey about their social distancing practices during the pandemic and aspects of their relationship. Most participants did not report impairment in marital behavior and 68% did not report experiencing willingness to divorce during pandemic. However, binary logistic regressions showed that the Odds Ratio of reporting willingness to divorce was lower for individuals with longer cohabitation (OR = 0.998), while higher when there was a decrease in positive marital behaviors (OR = 1.8 - 3.13), and also reported an increase in the conflicts, arguments and fights (OR = 6.12 - 6.43). Indicators of higher confinement at home during the pandemic were associated with higher chances of reporting willingness to divorce. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender o impacto do distanciamento social durante a pandemia de Covid-19 sobre diversas áreas da vida conjugal. Foi realizado um levantamento online com 1121 brasileiros que residiam com parceiros amorosos e responderam sobre suas práticas de distanciamento social durante a pandemia e aspectos da relação conjugal. A maioria dos participantes não relatou prejuízos nos comportamentos conjugais e 68% não relataram vontade de separação neste período. Porém, regressões logísticas binárias demonstraram que as chances (Odds Ratio) de relatar vontade de separação foram menores para indivíduos com maior tempo de coabitação (OR = 0,998) e maiores quando houve diminuição de comportamentos conjugais positivos (OR = 1,8 - 3,13) e aumento de conflitos e brigas (OR = 6,12 - 6,43). Indicadores de maior confinamento em casa durante a pandemia estiveram associados a chances maiores de relatar vontade de separação. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto del distanciamiento social en diferentes áreas de la vida conyugal durante la pandemia de Covid-19. 1121 brasileños que vivían con parejas románticas respondieron una encuesta on-line sobre sus prácticas de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia y aspectos de su relación. La mayoría de los participantes no informaron deterioro en el comportamiento marital y el 68% no informó un deseo de separarse durante la pandemia. Sin embargo, las regresiones logísticas binarias mostraron que la razón de probabilidades (Odds Ratio) de informar la voluntad de separarse fue menor para las personas con una cohabitación más prolongada (OR = 0,998) y mayor cuando hubo una disminución en los comportamientos maritales positivos (OR = 1,8 - 3,13) y un aumento en el conflictos y peleas (OR = 6,12 - 6,43). Los indicadores de mayor confinamiento en el hogar durante la pandemia se asociaron con mayores posibilidades de informar un deseo de separarse. (AU)

Psychometric properties of dyadic data from the marital quality scale of Indonesian Javanese couples

Abstract Background Researchers have demonstrated that various measurement concepts and dimensions depend on context and timing. Objectives The current study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Javanese couples' marital quality scale based on validity and reliability Methods In total 840 participants or 420 marital dyad from Java, Indonesia, were involved in this study. The psychometrics properties scale was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant analysis, and composite reliability. Results The exploratory factor analysis found relationship quality to consist of support, physical proximity, warmth, communication, acceptance and respect, role sharing, and responsibility factors. Well-being quality consists of happiness, harmony, and problem-solving. The fit of the measurement model was obtained using confirmatory factor analysis. The fit model was also found in the husband's and wife's groups, with no differences between them. The high correlations between wife-husband factors also proved the validity based on convergent and discriminant evidence. The reliability coefficient was high for each dimension and construct. Discussion This analysis shows that the marital quality scale developed has information on psychometric properties that can be useful for researchers and the practicians using the marital quality instrument of Javanese couples in particular.

Tipos y circunstancias de unión conyugal en la violencia física de pareja en Chiapas, México, 2016

La violencia en contra de las mujeres en la pareja heterosexual, además de ser un tema muy complejo, es un problema de salud pública. Este trabajo contribuye a profundizar no solamente en el tipo de unión conyugal (cohabitación y matrimonio), sino también toma en cuenta las circunstancias en donde ocurre para explicar tanto en mujeres indígenas como no indígenas su relación con la magnitud y la gravedad de las expresiones de maltrato físico en Chiapas, México. El estudio fue realizado a través de un enfoque cuantitativo con base en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares 2016 (ENDIREH); se incluyeron 2604 mujeres de 15 a 49 años, actualmente unidas, indígenas y mestizas. Los resultados mostraron que la unión libre es más frecuente en las indígenas y se asocia significativamente con una mayor probabilidad de violencia física en sus distintas formas; adicionalmente, las circunstancias en las cuales esta se establece dan cuenta de la variación en la frecuencia de las agresiones, sobre todo cuando las mujeres son forzadas a unirse. La desventaja social de las mujeres subyace al tipo y las circunstancias de unión, destaca su participación o ausencia al decidir y los aspectos normativos que rigen la materia en Chiapas. Se discuten los hallazgos a la luz del cambio reproductivo y el compromiso de los varones en el establecimiento de la unión como elementos constitutivos de la cohabitación y el matrimonio, así como de la violencia íntima de pareja.

Violence against women in heterosexual couples is not only a very complex issue, but also a public health problem. The work contributes to the study not only in the type of conjugal union (cohabitation and marriage) but also taking into account the circumstances in which the union occurs, to explain both in indigenous and non-indigenous women their relationship with the magnitude and severity of the expressions of physical violence against women in Chiapas. The study was conducted through a quantitative approach taking as a basis data from the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships 2016 (ENDIREH); 2604 women aged 15 to 49 years, currently in union, indigenous and mestizo were included. The results show that free union is more frequent in indigenous women and that this type of union is significantly associated with a higher probability of occurrence of physical violence in its different expressions. Additionally, the circumstances in which the union is established provide evidence of differences in the frequency of physical violence in them, particularly when women are forced to join. The social disadvantage of women underlies the type and circumstances in which the union occurs, highlighting the participation or not of women in the decision to join and the normative aspects that govern unions in Chiapas, Mexico. Results are discussed in light of reproductive change and male involvement in the establishment of the union as elements underlying both cohabitation or marriage and intimate partner violence.

Direcionalidade da violência em casais heterossexuais / Directionality of violence in heterosexual couples / Direccionalidad de la violencia en parejas heterosexuales

Ainda existem controvérsias entre pesquisas que analisam a violência cometida por homens e mulheres. O objetivo foi avaliar a direcionalidade da violência conjugal em diferentes manifestações (física, psicológica, coerção sexual e lesão corporal). Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, exploratória e descritiva, da qual participaram 304 casais heterossexuais. Aplicou-se um questionário sociodemográfico e a escala Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), sendo realizadas análises descritivas dos dados pelo programa estatístico SPSS 22.0. Os resultados indicaram que mais de 70% da violência psicológica ocorre de forma bidirecional e, quando se expressa de forma unidirecional, é mais cometida por mulheres. A violência física e a coerção sexual, quando unidirecionais, foram mais cometidas pelos homens. Já a lesão corporal não apresentou diferença significativa. Os casais mais velhos apresentaram mais violência unidirecional, enquanto os mais jovens praticaram mais violência bidirecional. Esses dados podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas nas situações de violência conjugal. (AU)

There are still controversies between researches analyzing violence committed by men and women. The objective was to evaluate the directionality of conjugal violence in different manifestations (physical, psychological, sexual coercion and bodily injury). This is a quantitative, exploratory and descriptive, cross-sectional study, in which 304 heterosexual couples, aged between 18 and 82 years participated. It was applied a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) and descriptive analyses of the data were performed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program. The results indicated that more than 70% of psychological violence occurs in a bidirectional way and, when expressed in a unidirectional way, it is more committed by women. Physical violence and sexual coercion, when unidirectional, were more committed by men. As for bodily injuries, men and women scored equally. Older couples experienced more unidirectional violence, while younger couples had more bidirectional violence. These data can assist in the development of public policies in situations of conjugal violence. (AU)

Todavía existen controversias entre las investigaciones que analizan la violencia cometida por hombres y mujeres. El objetivo fue evaluar la direccionalidad de la violencia conyugal en diferentes manifestaciones (física, psicológica, coacción sexual y lesión corporal). Se trata de una investigación cuantitativa, exploratoria y descriptiva, en la que participaron 304 parejas heterosexuales. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y la escala Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) realizando análisis descriptivos de los datos mediante el programa estadístico SPSS 22.0. Los resultados indicaron que más del 70% de la violencia psicológica ocurre de forma bidireccional y, cuando se expresa de forma unidireccional, es más cometida por mujeres. La violencia física y la coacción sexual, cuando eran unidireccionales, eran más cometidas por hombres. Por otro lado, las lesiones corporales no mostraron diferencias significativas. Las parejas mayores experimentaron más violencia unidireccional, mientras que las parejas más jóvenes practicaron más violencia bidireccional. Estos datos pueden ayudar en el desarrollo de políticas públicas en situaciones de violencia conyugal. (AU)

Expectativas futuras para a conjugalidade de mulheres casadas na ótica do relacionamento interpessoal / Future marital expectations of married women from the perspective of interpersonal relationships

Este estudo teve por objetivo pesquisar as diferenças e as semelhanças entre as expectativas futuras para a conjugalidade de mulheres casadas, de três faixas etárias, na óptica do relacionamento interpessoal (Hinde, 1997). Entrevistaram-se 35 mulheres casadas, sendo 11 de 20 a 30 anos (grupo A), 12 de 35 a 54 anos (grupo B), e 12 de 60 a 78 anos (grupo C) com filhos, na classe média. Perguntou-se a elas quais seriam as suas expectativas futuras para a vida conjugal. Realizou-se a análise temática dos dados. Constataram-se mais diferenças que semelhanças entre as respostas das mulheres. As expectativas das entrevistadas incluíram o desejo de conviver e envelhecer junto, o trabalho, o lazer (grupos A, B e C), a compreensão mútua, a vontade de ter mais filhos e de vê-los crescer (grupos A e B), a saúde do casal, Deus e a religião, o companheirismo, o respeito mútuo (grupos B e C), a união e a sexualidade (grupo B). Este trabalho contribuiu para que as participantes pudessem refletir acerca de suas expectativas a respeito da conjugalidade, coopera para os estudos no campo dos relacionamentos interpessoais e para profissionais que trabalham com o referido tema

This study aimed to investigate the differences and similarities between the future expectations for conjugality of married women of three age groups, from the perspective of interpersonal relationships (Hinde, 1997). Thirty-five married middle-income class women with children were interviewed: 11 aged between 20 and 30 years old (group A), 12 aged between 35 and 54 years old (group B), and 12 aged between 60 and 78 years old (group C). They were asked what their future expectations for married life would be. Thematic analysis of the data was carried out. There were more differences than similarities between the women's responses. The expectations of the respondents included the desire to live and grow old together, work, leisure (groups A, B and C), mutual understanding, the desire to have more children and to see them grow (groups A and B), the couple's health, God and religion, companionship, mutual respect (groups B and C), union and sexuality (group B). This study contributed so that the participants could reflect on their expectations regarding conjugality. It cooperates for studies in the field of interpersonal relationships and for professionals who work with the aforementioned theme.

A transgeracionalidade do feminino: estudo de caso com três gerações de mulheres casadas / The transgenerationality of the feminine in the family: a case of study with three generations of married women

A partir da teoria familiar sistêmica, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como ocorreu a transmissão de padrões e perspectivas sobre a família, o casamento e o feminino em três gerações de mulheres, incluindo o gênero como um marcador interseccional relevante. O estudo de caso foi composto por duas famílias, ambas representadas pelas gerações de avós, mães e filhas. Participaram seis mulheres, com idades variando de 28 a 90 anos. A média de idade da primeira geração foi 82 anos, da segunda foi 57,5 anos, enquanto a terceira foi de 32 anos. O tempo de casamento variou de cinco a 64 anos, sendo que a média de duração da primeira geração foi 60,5 anos, seguida de 33,5 anos para a segunda e 11,5 para a terceira. Todas as participantes foram entrevistadas individualmente. A análise temático-reflexiva evidenciou a transmissão de valores sobre família e casamento, havendo a emergência de relações mais flexíveis de gênero apenas na terceira geração, o que pode ser observado na dimensão da parentalidade e da carreira. No entanto, destacaram-se questões transgeracionais e de gênero para manter o legado familiar e a indissolubilidade do casamento, o que não pode ser compreendido apartado de marcadores sociais e culturais.

From the systemic family theory, the aim of this study was to understand how the transmission of patterns and perspectives on the family, marriage and the feminine occurred in three generations of women, including gender as a relevant intersectional marker. The case study was composed of two families, both represented by generations of grandmothers, mothers and daughters. Six women participated, with ages ranging from 28 to 90 years. The average age of the first generation was 82 years, the second was 57.5 years, while the third was 32 years. The length of marriage ranged from five to 64 years, with the average duration of the first generation being 60.5 years, followed by 33.5 years for the second and 11.5 years for the third. All participants were interviewed individually. The thematic-reflective analysis showed the transmission of values about family and marriage, with the emergence of more flexible gender relationships only in the third generation, which can be observed in the parenting and career dimensions. However, transgenerational and gender issues were highlighted to maintain the family legacy and the indissolubility of marriage, which cannot be understood apart from social and cultural markers

Marital Quality in Middle Aged Women: A Qualitative study

Background: Marital quality is an essential feature of family life that affects one’s wellbeing; higher marital quality is linked to less vulnerability to depression, self-rated health, less physical ailments and subjective well-being and happiness. Cross sectional studies have found low marital satisfaction and happiness in middle aged adults compared to the younger or older adults, whereas cohort studies have revealed that marital quality tends to decrease after the initial of marriage years and into the middle adulthood and then either steadies or continue to decrease after midlife. This study explored marital quality in women and the dimensions that contribute to greater marital quality in midlife stage of marriage. Methodology: The sample consisted of 15 middle aged married women. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to explore their marital quality and the dimensions related to marital quality. The interviews were analysed using content analysis method. Results: The results showed that aspects such as handling problems and disagreements, communication, having an egalitarian approach, making compromises or adjustments, support of extended family were related to better marital quality. Conclusion: The study highlights that marital enrichment programs that focus on communication between partners, problem solving strategies and effective handling of disagreements can increase the marital quality and strengthen the marital relationship.

Família de origem e conjugalidade: considerações sobre a direcionalidade da violência / Family of origin and conjugality: considerations about the directionality of violence / Familia de origen y conjugalidad: consideraciones sobre la direcionalidad de la violencia

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as experiências na família de origem de casais que vivenciam violência uni ou bidirecional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e comparativa, da qual participaram 304 casais heterossexuais. Foram utilizados um questionário sociodemográfico, a Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) e o Family Background Questionnaire (FBQ). Para 72,4% dos casais a violência psicológica se expressou de forma bidirecional, já a violência física e a coerção sexual, quando unidirecionais, foram mais cometidas pelos homens. A dimensão de violência física foi a que teve mais experiências da família de origem que se diferenciaram entre os grupos. Acredita-se que atuar preventivamente minimize a perpetuação de relacionamentos cujo modo de resolução de conflitos ocorra por meio da violência.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the experiences lived in the family of origin of couples who undergo uni or bidirectional violence. It is a quantitative, descriptive, comparative study in which 304 heterosexual couples participated. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), and the Family Background Questionnaire (FBQ) were used. For 72.4% of couples, psychological violence was expressed in a bidirectional way, whereas physical violence and sexual coercion, when unidirectional, were more committed by men. The dimension of physical violence was the one that had the most experiences of the family of origin, which differed between the groups. Acting in a preventive way may minimize the perpetuation of relationships that use violence to solve conflicts.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las experiencias en la familia de origen de parejas que experimentan violencia uni o bidireccional. Se trata de una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y comparativa, en que participaron 304 parejas heterosexuales. Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) y el Family Background Questionnaire (FBQ). Para el 72,4% de las parejas, la violencia psicológica se expresa de forma bidireccional, ya la violencia física y la coacción sexual, cuando son unidireccionales, son más cometidas por hombres. La dimensión de violencia física fue la que más vivencias tuvo de la familia de origen, la cual difirió entre los grupos. Se cree que actuar preventivamente puede minimizar la perpetuación de relaciones cuyo modo de resolución de conflictos ocurra por medio de la violencia.

Conjugalidade e parentalidade subsequentes à perda gestacional: revisão sistemática / Conjugality and parenthood after pregnancy loss: systematic review / Conyugalidad y parentalidad subsecuente a pérdida gestacional: revisión sistemática

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a literatura científica no período de janeiro de 2006 a março de 2021 sobre as repercussões da perda gestacional na conjugalidade e na parentalidade. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática que envolveu consulta às bases Pubmed, PsycNET e Portal BVS, por meio de descritores estabelecidos previamente, resultando em 16 estudos elegíveis para análise. Foram encontrados resultados contrastantes quanto às repercussões da perda gestacional na parentalidade, sugerindo a necessidade de investigação de fatores de proteção. A perda apresentou-se como risco à conjugalidade, porém a comunicação conjugal emergiu como fator de proteção que merece maior investigação. Estudos futuros devem adotar métodos qualitativos ou mistos, incluir a perspectiva masculina sobre o tema e avaliar intervenções conjugais e familiares.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the scientific production from Jan 2006 to Mar 2021 regarding the repercussions of pregnancy loss on conjugality and parenthood. It is a systematic review carried out in Pubmed, PsycNET, and Portal BVS database through previously established descriptors, resulting in 16 eligible studies. We found contrasting results regarding repercussions in parenthood, suggesting the need to investigate protective factors also. Pregnancy loss shows as a risk for marital relationships, but marital communication emerged as a possible protection factor that deserves further investigation. Future research should adopt qualitative and mixed methods, include men’s perspectives, and evaluate marital and family interventions.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la literatura científica en el período de enero de 2006 hasta marco de 2021 sobre las repercusiones de la pérdida gestacional en la conyugalidad y en la parentalidad. Esta es una revisión sistemática realizada en las bases Pubmed, PsycNET y Portal BVS, con los descriptores establecidos previamente, resultando en 16 estudios elegibles. Se encontraron resultados contrastantes en cuanto a las repercusiones en la crianza de los hijos, sugiriendo la necesidad de investigar también los factores protectores. La pérdida se presentó como un riesgo para la conyugalidad, sin embargo, la comunicación marital emergió como un posible factor protector que merece más estudios. Se indica que futuras investigaciones adopten métodos cualitativos, que incluyan la perspectiva masculina y evalúen intervenciones conyugales y familiares.