ABSTRACT
Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las concepciones de los Hombres Gay, Hombres Bisexuales y una Mujer Transgénero que usan o quieren usar profilaxis previa a la exposición por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana oral (PrEP) sobre nuevas vías de administración. Fueron entrevistados 17 usuarios del BCN Checkpoint. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, sometidas a análisis categorial temático teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva praxeográfica. Todos están adaptados al uso de la PrEP diaria y a demanda. En relación con las nuevas vías de administración (PrEP inyección intramuscular cada dos meses; pastilla mensual; inyección subcutánea cada seis meses) todos son muy receptivos a esas posibilidades, pero les falta información sobre las especificidades de cada una de ellas y una evaluación específica de sus necesidades. Tanto la satisfacción con el uso de PrEP oral, como las expectativas sobre las nuevas vías de administración son positivas. Sin embargo, lo más importante para los/a entrevistados/a es la garantía de que tendrán seguimiento para continuar cuidando de la salud afectivo-sexual, lo que no depende del tipo de vía de administración.
Abstract This article aims to discuss the expectations of Homosexual Men, Bisexual Men and a Transgender Woman, who use or want to use an oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about PrEP modalities. Sixteen PrEP users, who are followed up in the BCN Checkpoint, were interviewed,. The interviews were audio-recorded, subjected to thematic categorical analysis within the theoretical framework from the praxiographic perspective. They are all adapted to the use of daily oral and event-based PrEP. In relation to the new PrEP modalities (monthly pill; intramuscular injection every two months; subcutaneous injection every six months), they are all very receptive to these possibilities, but they lack information on the specificities of each and specific assessment of their needs. Comments about the use of oral PrEP are positive, and expectations regarding the new PrEP modalities are visibly high. However, the most important thing for the interviewees is the guarantee that they will have follow-up appointments to continue taking care of their affective-sexual health, which is not dependent on the type of PrEP modalities.
ABSTRACT
O cirurgião-dentista (CD) é o profissional habilitado para prescrever agentes antimicrobianos destinados à profilaxia ou ao tratamento de infecções bacterianas. No Brasil, a comercialização demanda a retenção de receita e é notificada no Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados (SNGPC). O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o consumo de antimicrobianos prescritos por CDs, a partir dos dados disponibilizados pelo SNGPC entre 2015 e 2021. Amoxicilina, azitromicina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, cefalexina, metronidazol, eritromicina, clindamicina, ciprofloxacino, ampicilina e tetraciclina foram os mais vendidos e os cinco primeiros contaram por 92% de todas as comercializações. Os estados com maior comercialização foram São Paulo e Minas Gerais, com Rio Grande do Sul e Rio de Janeiro alternando entre as terceira e quarta posições. A menor comercialização ocorreu nas regiões norte e nordeste, em especial no Acre, Amapá, Roraima e Piauí. Ainda que não seja possível conhecer o motivo da prescrição, pois a indicação clínica não é informada no SNGPC, o estudo traz um panorama nacional sobre a prescrição de antimicrobianos por CDs. Observa-se que o maior consumo se deu nas regiões de maior índice de desenvolvimento humano, o que pode refletir o maior acesso dos habitantes à assistência odontológica.
The dentist is the professional qualified to prescribe antimicrobial agents intended for the prophylaxis or treatment of bacterial infections. In Brazil, sales require prescription retention and are notified in the National Controlled Products Management System (SNGPC). The objective of this study was to analyze the consumption of antimicrobials prescribed by dentists, based on data provided by the SNGPC between 2015 and 2021. Amoxicillin, azithromycin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalexin, metronidazole, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and tetracycline were the top sellers and the top five accounted for 92% of all sales. The states with the highest sales were São Paulo and Minas Gerais, with Rio Grande do Sul and Rio de Janeiro alternating between third and fourth positions. The lowest sales occurred in the North and Northeast regions, especially in Acre, Amapá, Roraima and Piauí. Although it is not possible to know the reason for the prescription, as the clinical indication is not reported in the SNGPC, the study provides a national overview on the prescription of antimicrobials by dentists. It is observed that the highest consumption occurred in regions with the highest human development index, which may reflect greater access to dental care.
ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives@#Surgical site infection (SSI) makes up the largest single group of postoperative infective complications. For surgeries classified as clean surgeries of the head and neck, such as a thyroidectomy, the routine administration of antimicrobial prophylaxis is not recommended. Despite this, extended usage of antibiotics is common in developing countries. This study evaluated the need for antibiotics in elective transcervical thyroidectomy for the prevention of SSI in a tertiary government hospital in a developing country. @*Methods@#This is a retrospective cohort study that included patients who have undergone elective transcervical thyroidectomy at the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) of the University of the Philippines - Philippine General (UP-PGH) Hospital from August 1, 2020 to June 30, 2022. Data collection was conducted through review of both in-patient and out-patient records.@*Results@#The data of 58 patients were analyzed. The mean (±SD) age was 42.5±14.5 years, with approximately 2:27 male to female ratio. Of the 58 patients, 26 were given postoperative antibiotics while 32 did not receive postoperative antibiotics. None of the 58 were noted to have SSI on the 3rd postoperative day. Only 54 patients completed the 7-day follow-up of the study and their data were further analyzed. One patient had SSI. There was no significant difference between the presence and absence of postoperative antibiotics in relation to SSI (p-value>0.05).@*Conclusion@#This study shows that in patients undergoing transcervical thyroidectomies, there is no significant difference in the occurrence of SSI among patients who received and did not receive postoperative antibiotics. Therefore, there is no need to administer postoperative antibiotics, as long as a sterile surgical technique is ensured.
Subject(s)
Surgical Wound Infection , ThyroidectomyABSTRACT
In December 2022,ESCMID/EUCIC jointly issued the Clinical Practice Guidelines for perioperative antimi-crobial prophylaxis in patients colonized with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria(MDR-GNB).The guideline was based on systematically evaluating of published studies on perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients colonized with MDR-GNB.The guideline elaborated on the necessity and timing of screening for MDR-GNB colonization,perioperative antimicrobial prophy-laxis selection,and the timing of dosing,and it provided evidence-based recommendations based on existing studies.This paper in-terpreted the guidelines based on the latest research progress at home and abroad,aiming to reduce the occurrence of surgical site infections in patients colonized with MDR-GNB and benefit patients.
ABSTRACT
Introduction@#Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) remains to be highly prevalent in the Philippines, despite the implementation of school-based bi-annual mass drug administration and other preventive measures under the Garantisadong Pambata Program by the Department of Health (DOH).@*Methods@#This analytical cross-sectional study determined the association between the level of knowledge and the actual practices of family care givers in the prevention of STH among school-age children belonging to low-income families in an urban barangay.@*Results@#Among 193 respondents, 97.93% had good level of knowledge of STH prevention and control, 83.42% had good hand hygiene practices, but only 39.90% adhered to the recommended bi-annual anti-helminthic prophylaxis for their school-aged children. A positive association was noted between level of knowledge and actual hand hygiene practices, but this was not statistically significant (i.e., prevalence odds ratio = 5.3, p = 0.129). Among those who did not comply with the bi-annual anti-helminthic administration, there was a prevalence odds ratio (POR) of 0.66 that the family care giver was knowledgeable on STH prevention and control, and this negative association was not statistically significant (i.e., p = 0.529). @*Conclusion@#Level of knowledge on STH prevention was positively associated with hand hygiene practices but was negatively associated with compliance with the bi-annual deworming prophylaxis. But these associations were not statistically significant.
Subject(s)
Hand HygieneABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the status of regular HIV testing and post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the reference for developing targeted intervention strategies.@*Methods@#A total of 389 MSM were selected from Lishui City by convenient sampling method from April to August 2022, and demographic information, sexual behaviors, HIV testing and PEP behaviors were collected through questionnaire surveys. MSM were clustered using two step clustering analysis, and regular HIV testing and PEP behaviors among different groups of MSM were compared. Factors affecting regular HIV testing and PEP behaviors were evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#The MSM surveyed had a median age of 31.00 (interquartile range, 16.00) years. There were 146 MSM undergoing regular HIV testing, accounting for 37.53%, and 47 MSM receiving PEP, accounting for 12.08%. MSM were divided into two groups. There were 28.05% of MSM with regular HIV testing in group 1, which was lower than the 44.44% in group 2; and 22.56% receiving PEP, which was higher than the 4.44% in group 2 (both P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age (OR=1.030, 95%CI: 1.011-1.050), sexual roles (both receptive and insertive, OR=2.999, 95%CI: 1.732-5.194) and homosexual behaviors in the past 6 months (use condoms every time, OR=4.567, 95%CI: 2.593-8.044) as factors affecting regular HIV testing among MSM; age (OR=0.970, 95%CI: 0.942-0.999), sexual orientation (OR=0.292, 95%CI: 0.139-0.612) and homosexual behaviors in the past 6 months (not use condoms, OR=0.135, 95%CI: 0.040-0.460; use condoms every time, OR=0.076, 95%CI: 0.018-0.326) as factors affecting PEP behaviors among MSM.@*Conclusion@#MSM with different characteristics of sexual behaviors have different preferences for HIV regular testing and PEP, with homosexual behaviors in the past 6 months, sexual roles and sexual orientation being the main influencing factors.
ABSTRACT
【Objective】 To explore the impact of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiota of infants up to 6 months of age and their longitudinal changes, in order to provide theoretical basis for the rational use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance control. 【Methods】 Fecal samples were collected within 3 days, 2 months, and 6 months from a maternal and birth cohort conducted between January 2018 and June 2019. A panel of 6 common ARGs (aac(6′)-Ib, qnrS, blaTEM, ermB, mecA, tetM) were tested, the absolute abundance and positive detection rate by qPCR were calculated. Nonparametric and linear mixed model (LMM) analysis were used to assess the influence of IAP on the absolute abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and the longitudinal changes in their abundance at the three time points. 【Results】 A total of 157 samples from 65 singleton infants were analyzed, including 15 mothers (23.1%) who received IAP. The detection rate of ARGs was high in infants up to six months of age, and the abundance of ARGs tended to increase over time. IAP significantly increased the abundance of the mecA gene in the gut microbiota of vaginally delivered infants at 6 months of age (6.1±1.1 in the VDIAP group vs. 3.8±4.6 in the VDno-IAP group, P=0.046). Additionally, in cesarean section infants, there was a significant increase in the abundance of aac(6′)-Ib genes at 2 months (β=3.81, ,P<0.05), P<0.05] and 6 months of age (β=4.89, ,P<0.001), P<0.001) compared to 3 days of age. 【Conclusions】 The findings suggest that IAP can increase the abundance of ARGs in 6-month-old infants, and this effect is still significant after stratifying by delivery mode. Therefore, the rational and standardized use of intrapartum antibiotics may help reduce the development of antibiotic resistance.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To determine the heterogeneity for caries prevention service preferences among children in Anhui Province, so as to provide reference for the promotion and popularization of caries prevention services for school age children.@*Methods@#Based on a discrete selection experiment, a face to face questionnaire survey was administered using a multi stage sampling method among 785 parents with children 3-12 years of age who were hospitalized in the stomatology clinics of 7 prefectures and cities in Anhui Province from October 2021 to October 2022. A mixed Logit model was used to evaluate caries prevention service preferences for children.@*Results@#Four discrete choice experiment attributes included in the study were statistically significant for choice preference ( P <0.05). Compared with the control group, parents with a high school education or above preferred caries prevention services with 70%-<80% preventive effectiveness, 2-<5 and <2 km from the service point, and a high service cost ( β =0.38, 1.66, 1.64, 0.00); female parents preferred preventive services with 70%-<80% preventive effectiveness and a high service cost ( β =0.35, 0.01 ); parents of children <7 years of age preferred services with 70%-<80% preventive effectiveness ( β =0.75); parents of children with oral health preferred preventive services during winter and summer vacations ( β =-0.28); parents of children with caries preferred preventive services with a high cost per denticle ( β =0.00)( P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#Parents with different education levels, gender, child age, and oral health status have heterogeneity in dental caries prevention service preferences. The provision of targeted and precise services can improve the participation and coverage of caries prevention services for school age children.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT A 69-year-old female was referred with sudden unilateral painless decreased vision that began 2 days after uncomplicated cataract surgery in the left eye. Visual acuity was hand motion and biomicroscopy showed a mild anterior chamber reaction, no hypopyon, and an intraocular lens that had been placed within the capsular bag. A dilated fundus examination revealed optic disk edema, widespread deep and superficial intraretinal hemorrhages, retinal ischemia, and macular edema. A cardiological evaluation was normal and thrombophilia tests were negative. After surgery, prophylactic vancomycin (1mg/0.1ml) had been injected intracamerally. The patient was diagnosed with hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis likely secondary to vancomycin hypersensitivity. Recognition of this entity is important to ensure early treatment and the use of intracameral vancomycin in the fellow eye should be avoided after cataract surgery.
RESUMO Esse caso se refere a uma paciente de 69 anos, sexo feminino, com relato de baixa acuidade visual súbita e indolor no olho esquerdo, de início 2 dias após cirurgia de catarata sem complicações. A acuidade visual era de movimento de mãos e a biomicroscopia mostrou reação de câmara anterior moderada, sem hipópio, e lente intraocular posicionada dentro do saco capsular. A fundoscopia evidenciou edema de disco óptico, hemorragias difusas intrarretinianas superficiais e profundas, isquemia retiniana e edema macular. A avaliação cardiológica foi normal e os testes para trombofilia foram negativos. Ao final da cirurgia foi injetado antibioticoprofilaxia com vancomicina (1mg/0,1ml) na câmara anterior. A paciente foi diagnosticada com vasculite hemorrágica oclusiva da retina secundária à hipersensibilidade a vancomicina. O reconhecimento dessa entidade é importante para o tratamento precoce e para evitar o uso de vancomicina intracameral em caso de cirurgia de catarata no olho contralateral.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Background While the sexual transmissibility of HAV in MSM has been extensively described, the potential for sexual transmission of HEV has not been definitively established. Although HEV has been detected in the ejaculate of chronically infected men, studies among MSM PrEP users in France did not observe an elevated anti-HEV seroprevalence as an indicator of increased exposure risk by sexual intercourse. Patients and methods A total of 111 unselected PrEP users and 111 age- and sex-matched blood donors were tested for anti-HEV IgG, IgM and HEV (PCR). Of the participants 79/111 (71 %) responded to a questionnaire covering topics as sexual preferences, previous sexually transmitted diseases, profession, food consumption, and pet ownership. Results The anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence in PrEP users (22 %) did not differ significantly from the rate in controls (17 %). While one PrEP user and three controls tested positive for anti-HEV IgM, all PrEP users and controls tested PCR negative. Conclusion In immunocompetent individuals with frequent changes of sexual partners, the epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus does not significantly involve the sexual transmission route.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of early neonatal sepsis in pregnant women with a positive culture for group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus in a middle-income city in Southeastern Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, involving singleton low- and high-risk pregnancies in whom group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus cultures were evaluated between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation using vaginal and anal swabs. A specific medium (Todd-Hewitt) was used for culturing. The pregnant women were divided into two groups based on positive (n==201) and negative (n==420) cultures for group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. RESULTS: The maternal colonization rate by group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus was 32.3%. The prevalence of early neonatal sepsis was 1.0% (2/201) among patients with a positive group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus culture and 1.9% (8/420) among patients with a negative culture. Among the patients who underwent adequate prophylaxis, crystalline penicillin G was used in 51.9% (54/104), followed by cefazolin in 43.3% (45/104), ampicillin in 3.8% (4/104), and clindamycin in 1.0% (1/104). A model that included prematurity (p==0.001) proved to be an independent risk predictor of early neonatal sepsis [χ2 (1)==15.0, odds ratio: 16.9, 95% confidence interval: 4.7-61.6, p<0.001, Nagelkerke R2==0.157]. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of a positive culture for group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus was high. However, the prevalence of early neonatal sepsis was low in pregnant women with both positive and negative group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus cultures and in pregnant women with a positive culture who underwent both adequate and inadequate antibiotic prophylaxis. Prematurity proved to be an independent predictor of early neonatal sepsis, considering the entire study population.
ABSTRACT
O linfoma difuso de grandes células B (LDGCB) é o subtipo mais comum de linfoma não Hodgkin. A recaída em sistema nervoso central (SNC) é um evento raro, variando de 5% a 10%, de acordo com fatores de risco previamente definidos através do Índice Prognóstico Internacional do SNC (CNS-IPI) e sítios extranodais específicos. Apresenta desfechos insatisfatórios, com sobrevida global mediana de dois a cinco meses. Ao longo dos anos, diversas estratégias para reduzir a recaída em SNC foram avaliadas, e são cada vez mais controversas. As profilaxias para evitar recaída em SNC frequentemente utilizadas diferem na forma de administração, baseados em metotrexato intratecal (IT-MTX) ou de forma sistêmica em altas doses (HD-MTX), associado ou não a outros agentes quimioterápicos. Os estudos até então disponíveis foram realizados em países de alta renda e é questionado se limitações encontradas em países de transição econômica, com maior dificuldade de acesso a métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, trariam impacto ou poderiam justificar profilaxia para recaída em SNC. Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo em dois centros de saúde pública em Belo Horizonte, Brasil, entre janeiro de 2018 e julho de 2022, para avaliar a incidência de recaída em SNC em pacientes acometidos por LDGCB. Estimamos sobrevida livre de progressão e sobrevida global. Um total de 120 pacientes, com idade média de 54,4 ± 15,4 anos e predomínio do sexo masculino (60,0%) foram avaliados no estudo. Destes, apenas sete (5,8%) receberam IT-MTX e quatro (3,3%) receberam HD-MTX. Não houve pacientes que receberam as duas vias de profilaxia. O escore prognóstico para risco inicial de recaída do SNC pelo CNS-IPI foi estimado como: baixo [0-1; 37 (30,8%)], moderado [2-3; 53 (44,2%)] ou alto [≥ 4; 27 (22,5%)]. A recaída em SNC foi confirmada em quatro (3,3%) pacientes. Apesar do estudo ter sido realizado em centros de referência oncohematológicas, o n disponível foi pequeno ao considerar a raridade do evento. Não conseguimos demonstrar se há benefício ou não de profilaxia específica para recaída em SNC. Considerando a morbimortalidade desta complicação, sugere-se realizar mais estudos e investigar acometimento oculto de SNC em LDGCB ao diagnóstico.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Central nervous system (CNS) relapse is a rare event, varying from 5% to 10%, according to risk factors previously defined through the CNS International Prognostic Index(CNS-IPI) and specific extranodal sites. It presents unsatisfactory outcomes, with a median overall survival of two to five months. Over the years, several strategies to reduce CNS relapse have been evaluated, and they are increasingly controversial. Prophylaxis to prevent CNS relapse frequently used differs in the form of administration, based on intrathecal methotrexate (IT-MTX) or high-dose systemic (HD-MTX), associated or not with other chemotherapeutic agents. The studies available so far were carried out in high-income countries and it is questioned whether limitations found in economic transition countries, with greater difficulty in accessing diagnostic and therapeutic methods, would have an impact or could justify prophylaxis for CNS relapse. We carried out a retrospective study in two public health centers in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, between January 2018 and July 2022, to evaluate the incidence of CNS relapse in patients affected by DLBCL. We estimated progression-free survival and overall survival. A total of 120 patients, with a mean age of 54.4 ± 15.4 years and a predominance of males (60.0%) were evaluated in the study. Of these, only seven (5.8%) received IT-MTX and four (3.3%) received HD-MTX. There were no patients who received both routes of prophylaxis. The prognostic score for initial risk of CNS relapse by CNS-IPI was estimated as: low [0-1; 37 (30.8%)], moderate [2-3; 53 (44.2%)] or high [≥ 4; 27 (22.5%)]. CNS relapse was confirmed in four (3.3%) patients. Although the study was carried out in oncohematological reference centers, the number available was small considering the rarity of the event. We were unable to demonstrate whether or not there is benefit from specific prophylaxis for CNS relapse. Considering the morbidity and mortality of this complication, it is suggested to carry out further studies and investigate occult CNS involvement in DLBCL at diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Academic DissertationABSTRACT
Abstract Background: We tested the hypothesis that, within the margin of 15% of risk difference, palonosetron is not inferior to ondansetron in reducing the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomized, controlled trial of 212 patients aged 18 to 65 years undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia in two secondary care hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either palonosetron (0.075 mg) or ondansetron (8 mg) intravenously at induction of anesthesia. Ondansetron (8 mg) was also administered 8 and 16 hours postoperatively. All anesthetic and surgical procedures were standardized. Patients were evaluated for 24 hours postoperatively for the occurrence of PONV. Results: A high incidence of PONV was observed at 2-6 hours postoperatively, with a rate of 36.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 28.2-46.3) in the palonosetron group, as compared to 43.4% (95% CI 34.4-52.9) in the ondansetron group. The risk difference (95% CI) between palonosetron and ondansetron for PONV was 0 (-10.9 to 10.9) at 0-2 hours, -6.6 (-19.4 to 6.5) at 2-6 hours, -0.9 (-11.0 to 9.2) at 6-12 hours, and -2.8 (-9.6 to 3.6) at 12-24 hours. There was no statistically significant difference between the palonosetron and ondansetron groups in the use of rescue medication (dimenhydrinate). There were no adverse events associated with the medications under study. Conclusion: Palonosetron is not inferior to ondansetron in patients at risk of PONV undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, providing a good option for PONV prophylaxis, as it can be administered in a single dose.
ABSTRACT
Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the challenges in demand creation for participation in an HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) project in two Brazilian capitals. This qualitative study was conducted with men who have sex with men and transgender women aged 15 to 19 years who lived in two Brazilian state capitals. For this analysis, 27 semi-structured interviews carried out from 2019 to 2020 were evaluated by reflexive thematic content analysis. For participants, PrEP demand creation was essential for their interaction, mediation, bonding, and attachment and proved effective for PrEP acceptability and adherence. Adolescents' narratives showed that the strategies promoted HIV combination prevention, opened up opportunities for recruitment meetings, helped to negotiate with and convince individuals to use PrEP, strengthened peer education, and evoked a feeling of "being with" and "walking together" despite the challenges. Face-to-face or online interactions using social technologies played a crucial role in recruiting adolescents for the project, expanding knowledge on PrEP and other combination prevention strategies and access to health services and self-care.
Resumo: Este estudo analisou desafios na criação de demanda para participação em um projeto de profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) ao HIV em duas capitais brasileiras. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado com homens que fazem sexo com homens e mulheres transgênero de 15 a 19 anos residentes de duas capitais brasileiras. Para esta análise, foram avaliadas 27 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas entre 2019 e 2020 com análise temática de conteúdo reflexiva. Para os participantes, a criação de demanda por PrEP foi essencial para o processo de interação, mediação, vínculo e apego e mostrou-se eficaz para a aceitabilidade e adesão à PrEP. As narrativas dos adolescentes mostraram que as estratégias promoveram a prevenção combinada do HIV, abriram oportunidades para reuniões de recrutamento, ajudaram a negociar e convencer os indivíduos a usar a PrEP, fortaleceram a educação entre pares e evocaram um sentimento de "estar com" e "caminhar juntos", apesar dos desafios. As interações, sejam presenciais ou online, com o uso de tecnologias sociais, desempenharam um papel crucial no recrutamento de adolescentes para o projeto, na ampliação do conhecimento sobre PrEP e demais estratégias combinadas de prevenção, e no acesso a serviços de saúde e autocuidado.
Resumen: Este estudio analizó los desafíos para crear demanda para la participación en un proyecto de profilaxis pre-exposición (PrEP) al VIH en dos capitales brasileñas. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo realizado con hombres que tienen sexo con hombres y mujeres transgénero de 15 a 19 años residentes de dos capitales brasileñas. Para este análisis, se evaluaron 27 entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas entre 2019 y 2020 con un análisis temático de contenido reflexivo. Para los participantes, crear la demanda por PrEP fue fundamental para el proceso de interacción, mediación, vínculo y apego y demostró ser eficaz para la aceptabilidad y adhesión de la PrEP. Los relatos de los adolescentes mostraron que las estrategias promovieron la prevención combinada del VIH, posibilitaron reuniones de reclutamiento, ayudaron a negociar y convencer a las personas a usar la PrEP, fortalecieron la educación entre pares y evocaron un sentimiento de "estar con" y "caminar juntos", a pesar de los desafíos. Las interacciones, ya sean de manera presencial o online, con el uso de las tecnologías sociales, tuvieron un papel fundamental en el reclutamiento de adolescentes para el proyecto, en la ampliación del conocimiento sobre la PrEP y las demás estrategias de prevención combinadas, y en el acceso a servicios de salud y autocuidado.
ABSTRACT
O acidente de trabalho com material biológico de profissionais de saúde em serviços especializados em HIV/Aids é uma demanda complexa. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender as vivências pós-acidente com material biológico por profissionais de saúde que trabalham em um serviço especializado em HIV/Aids. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com sete profissionais de saúde que atuam nesse contexto, abordando as vivências dessa experiência por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os discursos foram categorizados pelo método de análise de conteúdo temática. Foram observados sentimentos de medo da infecção e do estigma perante o ocorrido. Demonstrou-se o impacto dessa experiência nas relações familiares, sociais e profissionais, além do insuficiente acolhimento e apoio emocional no serviço onde trabalhavam e foram atendidos. Evidencia-se a necessidade de repensar protocolos e processos de cuidado desses profissionais mediante a Educação Permanente, considerando a complexidade de suas vivências diante do acidente.
The work accident with biological material of health professionals in specialized services in HIV/Aids is a complex demand. This research objective was to understand the post-accident experiences with biological material by health professionals working in a service specialized in HIV/Aids. Qualitative research was conducted with seven health professionals who work in this context, approaching their experiences through semi-structured interviews. The discourses were categorized by thematic content analysis method. Feelings of fear of the infection and stigma were observed. The impact of this experience on family, social and professional relationships was demonstrated. There was lack of receptiveness and emotional support in the service where they worked and where they received care. There is an evident need to rethink protocols and care processes for these professionals, through Permanent Education, considering the complexity of their experiences in the face of the accident.
El accidente de trabajo con material biológico de profesionales de la salud en servicios especializados en VIH/SIDA es una demanda compleja. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprender las vivencias post accidente con material biológico por parte de profesionales de la salud que trabajan en un servicio especializado en VIH/SIDA. Se realizó una encuesta cualitativa con siete profesionales de la salud que actúan en ese contexto, abordando las vivencias de esa experiencia por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los discursos se categorizaron por el método de análisis del contenido temático. Se observaron sentimientos de miedo de la infección y del estigma ante lo ocurrido. Se demostró el impacto de esa experiencia en las relaciones familiares, sociales y profesionales. Se constató la insuficiente acogida y el apoyo emocional en el servicio en donde trabajaban y fueron atendidos. Resulta evidente la necesidad de volver a pensar protocolos y procesos de cuidados de estos profesionales, por medio de la Educación Permanente, considerando la complejidad de sus vivencias ante el accidente.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Until recently, the treatment of people with hemophilia A and inhibitors (PwHAi) was based on the use of bypassing agents (BPA). However, the advent of emicizumab as prophylaxis has demonstrated promising results. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the bleeding endpoints between PwHAi on BPA and those on emicizumab prophylaxis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review of interventions and meta-analysis conducted at the Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. METHODS: The CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Scopus, and LILACS databases were searched on February 21, 2023. Two authors conducted the literature search, publication selection, and data extraction. The selected publications evaluated the bleeding endpoints between PwHAi on emicizumab prophylaxis and those on BPA prophylaxis. The risk of bias was evaluated according to the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the annualized bleeding rate (ABR) for treated bleeds. RESULTS: Five publications (56 PwHAi) were selected from the 543 retrieved records. Overall, bleeding endpoints were lower during emicizumab prophylaxis than during BPA prophylaxis. All the publications had at least one risk of bias. The only common parameter for the meta-analysis was the ABR for treated bleeds. During emicizumab prophylaxis, the ABR for treated bleeds was lower than during BPA prophylaxis (standard mean difference: −1.58; 95% confidence interval −2.50, −0.66, P = 0.0008; I2 = 68.4%, P = 0.0031). CONCLUSION: Emicizumab was superior to BPA in bleeding prophylaxis in PwHAi. However, both the small population size and potential risk of bias should be considered when evaluating these results. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: CRD42021278726, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=278726.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To analyze HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) prescription and return for follow-up appointments. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study using data on people who sought PEP in emergency care units (UPAs) and specialized medical services in Salvador, BA, Brazil, between January-December/2018. Results: Of the 1,525 people who sought PEP at UPAs, 1,273 (83.5%) met PEP eligibility criteria, while 252 (16.5%) did not; of the eligible group, 1,166 (91.6%) had antiretrovirals prescribed, while 107 (8.4%) eligible people did not; of the total number of people with PEP prescriptions, only 226 (19.4%) returned for the first follow-up appointment, 115 (9.9%) for the second, and 33 (2.8%) for the third in order to complete the protocol. Conclusion: We found a significant proportion of eligible users who did not have PEP prescribed at UPAs and a significant loss of return for specialized service follow-up appointments.
Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la prescripción de Profilaxis Post Exposición (PPE) al Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) y la concurrencia a las consultas de control y seguimiento. Método: Estudio de datos descriptivo transversal de personas que solicitaron la PPE en Unidades de Atención de Emergencia (UPA) y servicios médicos especializados en Salvador, BA, Brasil, durante los meses de enero a diciembre de 2018. Resultados: De las 1.525 personas que consultaron por PEP en las unidades hospitalarias de emergencia, 1.273 (83,5%) cumplieron criterios de elegibilidad para profilaxis y 252 (16,5%) no los cumplieron; entre los elegibles, a 1.166 (91,6%) personas se les recetaron antirretrovirales (ARVs), pero 107 (8,4%) no los recibieron. Del total de personas que recibieron prescripción de PPE, solamente 226 (19,4%) regresaron a la primera consulta; 115 (9,9%) a la segunda consulta y 33 (2,8%) a la tercera consulta para completar el protocolo. Conclusión: Hubo una proporción significativa de usuarios elegibles que no recibieron prescripción de PEP en las Unidades de Atención de Emergencia y una pérdida significativa en las consultas de control al servicio especializado.
Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a prescrição da profilaxia pós-exposição (PEP) ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e o retorno às consultas de acompanhamento. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo, sobre dados de pessoas que buscaram a PEP em unidades de pronto atendimento (UPAs) e serviço médico de atenção especializada em Salvador, BA, Brasil, entre janeiro e dezembro/2018. Resultados: Das 1.525 pessoas que buscaram a PEP nas UPAs, 1.273 (83,5%) apresentaram critérios de elegibilidade à profilaxia e 252 (16,5%) não os apresentaram; entre os elegíveis, 1.166 (91,6%) pessoas tiveram prescrição dos antirretrovirais (ARVs), mas 107 (8,4%) não os receberam; do total de pessoas com prescrição de PEP, apenas 226 (19,4%) retornaram à primeira consulta, 115 (9,9%) à segunda consulta e 33 (2,8%) à terceira consulta para conclusão do protocolo. Conclusão: Observou-se proporção importante de usuários elegíveis que não receberam prescrição de PEP nas UPAs e perda significativa nas consultas de retorno ao serviço especializado.
ABSTRACT
Resumo A profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV (PrEP) no Brasil é uma das estratégias da prevenção combinada aprovada para incorporação no SUS em 2017. Dada a sua importância, este artigo tem como objetivo descrever e analisar a incorporação da PrEP no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Para tanto, apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa, baseada nos pressupostos da Teoria Fundamentada em Dados. O processo de incorporação da PrEP no SUS foi apresentado em forma de figura, demonstrando as principais ações e argumentos de maneira cronológica. As principais categorias foram: atuação das organizações da sociedade civil e movimentos sociais; desenvolvimento das pesquisas; incorporação; implementação e ampliação da PrEP no Brasil; limites da prevenção focada no discurso sobre o uso do preservativo; principais temas de debate sobre PrEP; comunicação e níveis de informação; e contexto de desmonte das políticas de HIV/Aids. O conhecimento sobre os aspectos decisórios e de participação de atores interessados na trajetória da incorporação da PrEP pode contribuir em futuras experiências de incorporação e acesso de inovações à prevenção do HIV para as populações mais vulneráveis.
Abstract Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is an approved HIV combined prevention strategy incorporated in Brazil in 2017. Given its importance, this article aims to describe and analyze the incorporation of PrEP into the Unified Health System (SUS). The study presents a qualitative approach, based on Grounded Theory. PrEP incorporation process was presented through an explanatory figure, describing the main actions and arguments in a chronological manner. The main actions and arguments gathered into categories are the performance of civil society organizations and social movements; research development; incorporation; implementation and enhancement of PrEP in Brazil; limits of prevention focused on the discourse of condom use; key topics of debate on PrEP; communication and information levels; and context of dismantling of HIV/Aids policies. Knowledge about stakeholders' decision-making and participation aspects in PrEP incorporation trajectory can contribute to future experiences in incorporating and accessing HIV prevention innovations for the most vulnerable populations.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de dois métodos de profilaxia sobre a rugosidade superficial de diferentes resinas compostas. Materiais e Métodos: Dez amostras (7 mm x 2 mm) foram confeccionadas para cada resina testada: MH - resina microhíbrida (viscosidade regular - Opallis); NH resina nanohíbrida (viscosidade regular - Vittra APS); BF resina bulk fill (alta viscosidade - Opus Bulk Fill); MHF resina fluida microhíbrida (Opallis flow); e OS resina nanohíbrida camaleão (viscosidade regular - Vittra Unique). Os valores iniciais de rugosidade (Rai) foram obtidos para cada amostra e então subdivididas em dois grupos (n = 5) seguindo o método de profilaxia: SB jato de bicarbonato de sódio (125µm, 30 s, 10 mm de distância, 2 bar); e PP profilaxia com pasta de pedra-pomes e escova rotatória (30 s, 3000 rpm e pressão de 150 g). Após, uma nova medida de Ra (Raf) foi obtida, e a diferença calculada (ΔRa). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA três fatores e teste de Bonferroni, e a diferença de rugosidade (ΔRa) pelo teste Anova dois fatores e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: MHF apresentou maior rugosidade após profilaxia com jato de bicarbonato, enquanto para NH a abrasão com pedra pomes foi mais deletéria. Para os demais grupos não houve diferença. Discussão: A alteração na rugosidade promovida pela profilaxia é material-dependente. Conclusão: A profilaxia profissional com jato de bicarbonato ou abrasão com pedra-pomes induziu alterações na rugosidade das resinas.
Aim: This study evaluated the effect of two prophylaxis methods over the surface roughness of different resin composites. Materials and Methods: Ten disc-shaped specimens (7 mm x 2 mm) were made for each composite tested: MH - microhybrid composite with regular viscosity (Opallis); NH nanohybrid composite with regular viscosity (Vittra APS); BF high-viscosity bulk fill composite (Opus Bulk Fill); MHF - microhybrid flowable composite (Opallis flow); and OS nanohybrid one-shade composite with regular viscosity (Vittra Unique). Initial roughness (Ra) values were obtained from each sample, and then they were divided into two groups (n = 5) following the prophylaxis method: SB prophylaxis with sodium bicarbonate powder (125µm grain) using an air-powder polishing device (30 s application distanced 10 mm with 2 bar); and PP prophylaxis with pumice paste and rotatory brush (30 s, 3000 rpm and pressure of 150 g). After that, a new Ra measurement (Raf) was obtained, and the difference was calculated (ΔRa). Data were compared using Three-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni teste and the Ra difference (ΔRa) was analyzed by Two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (p<0.05). Results: MHF presented higher Ra values after receiving prophylaxis with SB, while for NH, the abrasion with pumice increased the Ra, and for the other groups, no differences were found. Discussion: Alteration promoted by prophylaxis is material dependent. Conclusion: Professional prophylaxis with a bicarbonate jet or abrasion with pumice-based paste can induce changes in the composites' roughness.