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Objective To understand the trends of the mortality and DALY of ischemic heart disease (IHD) caused by high-salt diets，as well as their age-period-cohort effects among Chinese residents from 1990 to 2019. Methods Using the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2019) data on IHD deaths and DALY attributed to high-salt diets among Chinese residents from 1990 to 2019, an age-period-cohort (APC) model was applied to explore the age-period-cohort effect. Results Among the 13 major risk factors for ischemic heart disease (IHD) in China in 1990 and 2019, age-standardized mortality and age-standardized DALY rates attributable to risk factors of high-salt diets led the way. Age-standardized mortality and age-standardized DALY rates were attributabled to high-salt diets showed a decreasing trend in both China and globally in 1990-2019, but were consistently higher in China than in the world. The results of the APC model show that from 1990 to 2019, the mortality rate and DALY rate of IHD attributed to a high-salt diet in China showed an increasing trend with age; over time, the risk of death and the risk of DALY for males showed a decreasing trend from 1990-1994 to 1995-1999, and an increasing trend from 1995-1999 to 2010-2014, and reached its peak in 2010-2014 (RR=1.17,95% CI: 1.12-1.21), followed by a decreasing trend. For males with a later birth cohort have a higher risk of death and DALY, while for females with a later birth cohort have a lower risk of death and DALY. Conclusion The burden of IHD disease attributed to a high-salt diet in China is still relatively heavy, and it is necessary to strengthen protection for high-risk populations such as young males and the elderly population to reduce the burden of IHD disease in China.
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BACKGROUND:Aging is an irreversible process that is characterized by genes,diet and environment.As a central regulator of growth and development,mammalian target of rapamycin(mTor)can regulate the negative effects caused by aging,exercise and poor diet,which are correlated with the activity of mTor and its complexes.However,the relationship between these factors,such as mTor and the effect of exercise on aging,is still unclear. OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between exercise,high fat/high salt diet and mTor in aging,so as to have a more comprehensive understanding of the prevention and treatment mechanism of aging. METHODS:(1)Literature retrieval was conducted in the core database of Web of Science and CNKI,using the keywords of"mTor gene,exercise,high fat/high salt diet,aging,"thereby providing theoretical support for this review.(2)Comparative analysis provided a theoretical basis for this thesis by carefully reading the obtained effective literature and comparing the differences among various literatures.(3)Through the comparative analysis of similarities and differences between the included articles,we could define each index and their relationship,so as to clarify the ideas of this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:mTor is closely related to aging.Through the literature analysis,we believe that two complexes of mTor,mTorC1 and mTorC2,play important roles in aging,exercise and skeletal muscle growth and development.In addition,mTor-mediated S6K1,Akt,FOXO,and 4E-BP1 signaling pathways are strongly associated with exercise,high-fat diet,high-salt diet,and skeletal muscle/heart aging.
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AIM:To investigate the effect of Bushen formulae(BHF)on bone metabolism and its possible mechanism in ovariectomized rats with high salt intake.METHODS:According to the random number table method,80 SPF-grade Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham group,ovariectomy(OVX)group,medium-high-salt diet(MSD)group,high-salt diet(HSD)group,BHF group,BHF with normal saline(BHF+NS)group,BHF+MSD group,and BHF+ HSD group,with 10 rats in each group.After modeling,different diets and BHF formula interventions were administered,and the concentrations of sodium chloride added to MSD group and HSD group were 2%(w/w)and 8%(w/w),respective-ly.The dose of BHF was 7.8 g·kg-1·d-1,once a day,and the treatment lasted for 12 weeks.Bone density,bone microar-chitecture,bone parameters,bone metabolism biomarkers,bone histopathological changes,the expression of epithelial sodium channel α(ENaCα),Na-Cl cotransporter(NCC),and voltage-gated chloride channel 3(ClC-3)proteins in bone tissue were detected in each group.RESULTS:Compared with sham group,the rats in OVX group had reduced bone density and destroyed bone microstructure.Compared with OVX group,the bone microstructure in MSD and HSD groups was more significantly damaged,while the levels of bone formation markers,bone glycoprotein(BGP)and type Ⅰ procolla-gen N-terminal peptide(PINP),were significantly increased in HSD group(P<0.05).Moreover,the levels of bone re-sorption markers,such as amino-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type Ⅰ collagen(NTX),carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type Ⅰ collagen(CTX)and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRACP),were significantly in-creased(P<0.05),indicating that bone metabolism was in high-conversion state.High-salt diet accelerated the structural destruction of bone trabeculae,and Western blot results showed that high-salt diet caused decreases in the protein expres-sion levels of ENaCα and ClC-3 and an increase in the protein expression level of NCC in femoral tissues(P<0.05).After BHF intervention,the expression of relevant ion channels caused by high salt could be regulated to different degrees.CONCLUSION:Bushen formulae could differentially regulate the expression of relevant ion channels ENaCα,ClC-3,and NCC induced by high salt to different degrees,which has certain ameliorative and therapeutic effects on the imbalance of bone metabolism.
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Objective To analyze the effect of a high salt diet on ovarian mitochondrial function.Methods Twenty female ICR mice were randomly divided into a normal salt diet(NSD)group and a high salt diet(HSD)group(n = 10 each).The NSD group was given a normal salt diet and the HSD group was given an 8%NaCl diet for 4 weeks.A high salt-treated cell model was established by inducing COV-434 cells cultured in vitro with NaCl.Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and ComplexesⅠ-Ⅴ.The activity of SOD and succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)was detected kinetically.A chemiluminescence assay was used to detect adenosine triphosphate(ATP)levels.Results Compared with the NSD,the HSD significantly reduced the expression level of ComplexⅠin ovarian mitochondria(P＜0.01),significantly increased the expression level of ComplexⅤ(P＜0.05),and significantly reduced the activity of SDH and content of ATP(P＜0.01).The expression level of ComplexesⅠandⅡdecreased significantly(P＜0.05),expression level of ComplexⅤ increased significantly(P＜0.05),activity of SDH decreased significantly(P＜0.01),and content of ATP was insufficient(P＜0.01)in COV-434 cells cultured under high salt conditions.Conclusion High salt can lead to mitochondrial dys-function in the mouse ovary,such as imbalanced oxidative homeostasis,changed expression level of electron transport chain complexes,blocked tricarboxylic acid cycle,and insufficient ATP level.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of a novel liquid dressing of quaternary chitosan on facial laceration healing and inhibition of scar formation.Methods:This study was a prospective study, including 113 cases of facial skin soft tissue laceration 52 males, 61 females, age range of 18-30 years, with mean (25.8±5.2) years in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital from May 2022 to February 2023. Patients were divided into two groups: the experimental group (62 cases) used quaternary ammonium chitosan rinsing wounds in the suture, and trauma spray quaternary ammonium chitosan liquid dressing in the dressing change; saline instead of an equal amount of chitosan was used to rinse wounds during the suture process and routine dressing change in the control group (51 cases). Follow-up visits were carried out in 30 d, 60 d, and 90 d postoperatively, and standardized photographs were taken preoperatively in the immediate postoperative period, before and after dressing change. The healing of the patients′ facial lacerations and patient satisfaction were recorded and assessed at the follow-up visits.Results:A total of 113 patients were included in this study, with no lost visits. During postoperative dressing change, 1 d NRS (1.03±0.18), 3 d NRS (2.69±0.53), and 5 d NRS (0.53±0.50) were lower in the experimental group than those in the control group [1 d NRS (2.35±0.59), 3 d NRS (3.27±0.75), and 5 d NRS (0.80±0.40) (all P<0.05)]. Grade A healing rate was 93.5% (58 patients) in the test group were higher than 78.4% (40 patients) in the control group (χ 2= 5.56, P<0.05); the total scores of the Vancouver Scar Rating Scale in the experimental group were lower than those of the control group at 30 d (1.65±0.48), 60 d (3.97±1.11), and 90 d (2.90±0.76) vs. 30 d (2.43 ±0.50), 60 d (5.16±1.21), and 90 d (3.55±0.78) ( t=8.48, 5.44, t=4.43; P<0.05); the overall satisfaction rate in the experimental group (93.6%) was higher than that of the control group (82.3%) (χ 2=8.16, P<0.05). Conclusions:Quaternary chitosan liquid dressing has obvious advantages in reducing wound pain, promoting wound healing, and reducing scar formation. It can improve patients′ satisfaction and worthwhile to be applied clinically.
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【Objective】 To investigate the relationship of miRNA gene polymorphisms with blood pressure (BP) responses to the sodium and potassium diet intervention. 【Methods】 In 2004, we recruited 514 participants from 124 families in seven villages of Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China. All subjects were given a three-day normal diet, followed by a seven-day low-salt diet, a seven-day high-salt diet, and finally a seven-day high-salt and potassium supplementation. A total of 19 miRNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for analysis. 【Results】 Throughout the sodium-potassium dietary intervention, the BP of the subjects fluctuated across all phases, showing a decrease during the low-salt period and an increase during the high-salt period, followed by a reduction in BP subsequent to potassium supplementation during the high-salt diet. MiR-210-3p SNP rs12364149 was significantly associated with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to low-salt diet. MiR-4638-3p SNP rs6601178 was significantly associated with SBP while miR-26b-3p SNP rs115254818 was significantly associated with MAP responses to low-salt intervention. In addition, miR-26b-3p SNP rs115254818 was significantly correlated with SBP, DBP and MAP responses to high-salt intervention. MiR-1307-5p SNPs rs11191676 and rs2292807 were associated with SBP and MAP responses to high-salt diet. MiR-4638-3p SNP rs6601178, miR-210-3p SNP rs12364149, miR-382-5p SNP rs4906032 and rs4143957 were significantly associated with SBP response to high-salt diet. In addition, miR-26b-3p SNP rs115254818 was significantly associated with SBP, DBP and MAP responses to potassium supplementation. MiR-1307-5p SNPs rs11191676, rs2292807, and miR-19a-3p SNP rs4284505 were significantly associated with SBP responses to high-salt and potassium supplementation. 【Conclusion】 miRNA gene polymorphisms are associated with BP response to sodium and potassium, suggesting that miRNA genes may be involved in the pathophysiological process of salt sensitivity and potassium sensitivity.
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【Objective】 To investigate the association between genetic variations in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) gene and BP responses to sodium and potassium intake. 【Methods】 A total of 514 subjects from 124 families were recruited in Meixian County, Shaanxi Province, in 2004, resulting in the establishment of a "salt-sensitive hypertension study cohort" . The subjects followed a dietary regimen which involved a normal diet for 3 days, a low-salt diet for 7 days, a high-salt diet for 7 days, and a high-salt potassium-supplemented diet for 7 days. BP measurement was conducted at different intervention periods, and peripheral blood samples were collected. Additionally, eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the GLP-1R gene were genotyped using the MassARRAY detection platform. 【Results】 The GLP-1R gene SNP rs9462472 exhibited a significant association with systolic BP, diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure response to high-salt intervention. Similarly, SNP rs2268637 showed a significant association with systolic BP response to high-salt intervention. Furthermore, SNP rs2268637 was significantly associated with systolic BP and mean arterial pressure responses to high-salt plus potassium supplementation intervention. 【Conclusion】 Our findings indicate a significant association of genetic variations in the GLP-1R gene with BP responses to sodium and potassium intake. This suggests that the GLP-1R gene plays a role in the regulation of BP salt sensitivity and potassium sensitivity.
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As an important category of rare diseases, rare genetic kidney diseases have many types. In recent years, their diagnosis, treatment, research and management strategies have made great progress. Continuously more new genes and mechanisms have been discovered, giving rise to new technologies and drugs for precision medicine and clinical applications. This article systematically analyzes rare diseases involving the urinary system listed in the catalog of rare diseases in China, gives examples to illustrate the research and management methods for the diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic kidney diseases, promotes clinical applications of new drugs by expanding physiological mechanisms, introduces the application of special blood purification in the field of critical rare diseases, and provides an outlook forward to the future prospects of precise diagnosis and treatment of rare kidney diseases in China.
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@#Introduction: Malaysian adults consume excessive amounts of salt daily, which could lead to hypertension. Understanding knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surrounding salt intake is crucial for designing effective interventions to reduce excessive consumption and its associated health risks. Therefore, this study aimed to adapt an existing salt intake-related KAP questionnaire that was previously employed in a local population-based survey and to validate and test its reliability. Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised two phases: (1) adaptation, content validation (CV), and face validation (FV); (2) pilot testing and reliability testing. CV and FV involved a total of seven experts and ten Malaysian adults from the Klang Valley, respectively. Pilot testing involved 139 Malaysian adults to determine the questionnaire’s reliability. Content validity index (CVI) and Face validity index (FVI) values were calculated to analyse CV and FV. Reliability of each domain was analysed by obtaining Cronbach’s alpha (α) values. Results: A self-administered questionnaire comprising six items each for knowledge, attitude, and practice was developed. The questionnaire demonstrated acceptable item-level CVI (I-CVI) and item-level FVI (I-FVI) values of at least 0.83, indicating that the items were relevant, clear, non-ambiguous, and simple. Reliability test showed acceptable α values of at least 0.70 for each domain, suggesting that the questionnaire was reliable. Conclusion: This tool could be considered valid and reliable for assessing the level of KAP towards salt intake among adults in Malaysia.
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Objective To understand the impact of system reform of salt industry on iodine nutrition of people in Gansu Province, and to provide a scientific basis for policy adjustment of relevant departments. Methods The investigation period (2014-2021) was divided into two sub-periods: before system reform of salt industry (2014-2016) and after system reform of salt industry (2017-2021). Thirty counties were selected according to the method of “population proportional probability sampling (PPS)” in 2014. According to the iodine deficiency disease monitoring program of Gansu Province, from 2016 to 2021, children aged 8-10 years and pregnant women were taken as research objects to collect urine samples for urine iodine detection. Children in 2014 and 2018 were selected to measure thyroid volume. Results A total of 90 989 children urine iodine samples were investigated, and the median urinary iodine (MUI) of children was 194.70µg/L; 7 663 and 83,326 children's urinary iodine samples were investigated in the two periods, the MUI was 180.73 µg/L and 196.00 µg/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). A total of 44 741 pregnant women's urinary iodine samples were investigated, and the MUI of pregnant women was 176.50 µg/L; 4 480 and 40 261 pregnant women's urinary iodine samples were investigated in the two periods, the MUI was 160.61 µg/L and 178.10 µg/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The thyroid volume of 1 555 children and 8 509 children was investigated in the two periods, the median thyroid volume was 2.70 mL and 2.55 mL , respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The rates of goiter in children were 3.15% and 1.26%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The iodine nutrition of people in Gansu Province has not fluctuated significantly after the reform of salt industry system and has maintained an appropriate level. It is necessary to pay attention to the potential risk of insufficient iodine nutrition level and thyroid health of key populations such as children and pregnant women and strengthen health education of scientific iodine supplementation.
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AIM: To observe the outcome of intravitreal balanced salt solution(BSS)injection to increase intraocular pressure(IOP)after extrascleral subretinal fluid drainage, then scleral buckling(SB)to treat superior bullous retinal detachment(SBRD), and compare it with the effect of conventional surgery(without any intravitreal filling)and postoperative air filling.METHODS: Retrospective case-control study. A total of 72 patients(73 eyes)who underwent SB for SBRD from January 2018 to December 2022 in ophthalmology department of Xijing Hospital were included. The extrascleral subretinal fluid drainage was performed in all eyes. According to whether intravitreal injection was performed and different injections, patients were divided into three groups: with 24 cases(24 eyes)in the conventional group(no intravitreal injection), 23 cases(23 eyes)in the air group(sterile air was injected after surgery), and 25 cases(26 eyes)in the BSS group(BSS was injected during extrascleral subretinal fluid drainage). All patients were followed up until subretinal fluid was absorbed completely. The average surgery time, postoperative IOP, retinal reattachment rate, subretinal fluid absorption, visual acuity(LogMAR)and major complications were compared.RESULTS: All surgeries were completed successfully. The average surgery time of the conventional group, air group and BSS group were 63.17±13.22, 61.65±15.55 and 57.30±11.70 min, respectively. There had no significant difference among these groups(F=0.825, P=0.443). On the first post-operative day, the average IOP of the conventional group, air group and BSS group were 13.69±2.69, 16.40±2.86 and 18.35±2.88 mmHg, respectively. The average IOP of the air group and the BSS group were significant higher than that of the conventional group(F=17.18, P<0.001). Primary reattachment rates were 88%, 96%, and 100%, respectively. The postoperative BCVA was 0.71±0.42, 0.59±0.44, and 0.91±0.50, respectively, which were significantly higher than those before operation(all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference among groups(F=3.046, P>0.05). The main complications included subretinal hemorrhage in 1 eye from the conventional group and 1 eye from the air group, and a new retinal tear in 1 eye from the air group, resulting in localized retinal detachment.CONCLUSIONS: For SBRD patients with hypotony during SB surgery, intravitreal injection of BSS to properly increase the IOP and then complete the surgery can improve the reattachment rate and reduce postoperative complications. This method is safe and effective for selected SBRD patients.
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In this study, we designed and synthesized 12 novel aloperine derivatives with different core structures. Among them, compound 3 with a ten-membered ring core was obtained through a special ring expansion reaction after γ-H Huffman elimination of quaternary ammonium salt, and the structure was verified by X-single crystal diffraction. Furthermore, their antiviral activity against human β-coronavirus HCoV-OC43 was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Quaternary ammonium salt 2a and 3 had a good inhibitory effect against HCoV-OC43, and 2a had the highest anti-HCoV-OC43 activity with an EC50 values of 3.77 μmol·L-1 and a SI value of over 53.1. Schrӧdinger molecular docking results showed that both 2a and 3 might display their anti-HCoV-OC43 activity by directly acting on host TMPRSS2 and SR-B1. The results expanded the structural types of endocyclic aloperine and the function against coronavirus, and provided useful scientific data for the development of pharmaceutical applications of these compounds.
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As an important category of rare diseases, rare genetic kidney diseases have many types. In recent years, their diagnosis, treatment, research and management strategies have made great progress. Continuously more new genes and mechanisms have been discovered, giving rise to new technologies and drugs for precision medicine and clinical applications. This article systematically analyzes rare diseases involving the urinary system listed in the catalog of rare diseases in China, gives examples to illustrate the research and management methods for the diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic kidney diseases, promotes clinical applications of new drugs by expanding physiological mechanisms, introduces the application of special blood purification in the field of critical rare diseases, and provides an outlook forward to the future prospects of precise diagnosis and treatment of rare kidney diseases in China.
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La prevalencia de fluorosis dental presenta una gran variabilidad a nivel mundial. Es necesario su análisis como parte de la vigilancia epidemiológica. Objetivo: Conocer la literatura disponible sobre prevalencia de fluorosis dental a la edad de 12 años en relación con el método de fluoruración comunitario utilizado. Metodología: Dos investigadoras realizaron una revisión sistemática de la literatura sin límites temporales siguiendo las pautas PRISMA, utilizando las bases de datos Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, BVS y Google Schoolar en idioma inglés, español, portugués e italiano. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 19 artículos de diseño transversal, 16 pertenecientes a comunidades que utilizan agua fluorurada, uno que utiliza sal fluorurada y 2 que comparan resultados entre comunidades que utilizan agua o sal fluorurada. Conclusiones: existe gran variabilidad en los reportes de prevalencia de fluorosis dental. Independientemente del método de fluoruración comunitario utilizado las lesiones de fluorosis de severidad leve son las más prevalentes.
Os relatos sobre a prevalência de fluorose dentária aos 12 anos apresentam grande variabilidade, não havendo unificação quanto ao uso dos índices. Independentemente do meio comunitário de fluoretação e do índice utilizado, a fluorose dentária leve é ââa mais prevalente. Objetivo: Conhecer a literatura disponível sobre prevalência de fluorose dentária aos 12 anos em relação ao método comunitário de fluoretação utilizado. Metodologia: Dois pesquisadores realizaram uma revisão sistemática da literatura sem limites de tempo seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA, utilizando as bases de dados Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, BVS e Google Schoolar em inglês, espanhol, português e italiano. Resultados: Foram incluídos 19 artigos transversais, sendo 16 pertencentes a comunidades que utilizam água fluoretada, un sal fluoretada e 2 que comparam resultados entre comunidades que utilizam água fluoretada ou salgada. Conclusões: Há grande variabilidade nos relatos de prevalência de fluorose dentária. Independentemente do método de fluoretação comunitária utilizado, as lesões de fluorose de gravidade leve são as mais prevalentes.
The prevalence of dental fluorosis presents great variability worldwide. Its analysis is necessary as part of epidemiological surveillance Objective: To know the available literature on the prevalence of dental fluorosis among 12 years-old in relation to the community fluoridation method used. Methodology: Two researchers carried out a systematic review of the literature without time limits following the PRISMA guidelines, using the Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, BVS and Google Schoolar databases in English, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian. Results: 19 cross-sectional articles were included, 16 belonging to communities that use fluoridated water, one that use fluoridated salt and 2 that compare results between communities that use fluoridated water or salt. Conclusions: there is great variability in the reports of prevalence of dental fluorosis. Regardless of the community fluoridation method used, fluorosis lesions of mild severity are the most prevalent.
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Los niños con lesiones selares y/o supraselares pueden presentar diabetes insípida central con posterior secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética. Nosotros observamos, en algunos casos, aumento de la incidencia de poliuria, natriuresis e hiponatremia, tríada diagnóstica del síndrome cerebral perdedor de sal. Aquí comunicamos la evolución de 7 pacientes con antecedentes de daño agudo del sistema nervioso central y diabetes insípida central seguida por síndrome cerebral perdedor de sal. Como tratamiento aportamos secuencialmente fluidos salinos parenterales, cloruro de sodio oral, desmopresina, mineralocorticoides e incluso tiazidas. Ante la persistencia de poliuria con hiponatremia, agregamos ibuprofeno. Como resultado de este esquema terapéutico secuencial, este grupo redujo significativamente los valores de diuresis diaria de 10 ml/kg/h a 2 ml/kg/h en un tiempo promedio de 5 días, normalizando también las natremias (de 161 mEq/L a 143 mEq/L) en un tiempo promedio de 9 días. En ningún caso observamos efectos adversos asociados al tratamiento.
Children with sellar and/or suprasellar lesions may develop central diabetes insipidus with subsequent inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. An increased incidence of polyuria, natriuresis, and hyponatremia has been reported in some cases, which make up the diagnostic triad of cerebral salt wasting syndrome. Here we report the clinical course of 7 patients with a history of acute central nervous system injury and central diabetes insipidus followed by cerebral salt wasting syndrome. Treatment included the sequential use of parenteral saline solution, oral sodium chloride, desmopressin, mineralocorticoids, and even thiazides. Due to persistent polyuria and hyponatremia, ibuprofen was added. As a result of this sequential therapeutic regimen, daily urine output reduced significantly from 10 mL/ kg/h to 2 mL/kg/h over an average period of 5 days, together with a normalization of natremia (from 161 mEq/L to 143 mEq/L) over an average period of 9 days. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed in any case.
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Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic , Hyponatremia/etiology , Hyponatremia/drug therapy , Polyuria/complications , Polyuria/etiology , Research , Ibuprofen/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Malnutrition, particularly iodine deficiency, is one of the major contributing factors to thyroid disorders in India. Poverty in India is contributing to the increase of thyroid disorders through malnutrition, poor sanitation, and lack of access to medical facilities. Another factor is the lack of awareness about the symptoms and risk factors of thyroid disorders. Intake recommendations for iodine are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. WHO recommends universal iodinization of salt. High levels of iodine intake sometimes are associated with an increased risk of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or autoimmune thyroiditis. We conducted a retrospective study at our hospital from December 2017 to January 2023. A total number of 57 cases were studied. Out of 57 patients, 46 patients presented with hypothyroidism and 11 with hyperthyroidism. Various clinical presentations, pathologies and socioeconomic problems are discussed.
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El objetivo del estudio fue realizar la caracterización bioinformática, así como optimizar la producción de L-asparaginasa extracelular de Bacillus sp. M62 aislada de las salinas de Maras (Cusco). Para ello, se verificó la producción de L-asparaginasa mediante el viraje del medio M9 modificado con azul de bromofenol 0.0075%, pH 7.4 a 37 °C por 72 h. A la vez, se extrajo el ADN genómico para amplificar los genes ribosómicos 16S y el gen ansA3. La secuencia aminoacídica codificada por el gen ansA3 se predijo mediante análisis bioinformático. La producción de L-asparaginasa intracelular y extracelular se evaluó a diferentes niveles de glucosa, L-asparagina, NaCl y pH en el medio M9 modificado. Adicionalmente, las actividades enzimáticas de L-asparaginasa y L-glutaminasa se determinaron mediante cuantificación del amonio liberado por el método de Nessler. Así, Bacillus sp. M62 produjo el viraje del medio M9 modificado, obtuvo alta similitud y cercanía evolutiva con Bacillus licheniformis, se encontró que el gen ansA3 amplificado codificaba para 319 aa, dentro de la cual se predijo una secuencia patrón del sitio activo (GFVITHGTDTM ) y 15 sitios inmunogénicos. La producción de L-asparaginasa extracelular fue superior a la intracelular, la que se optimizó de 0.37 U/mL (0.24 U/mg) a 2.15 ± 0.39 U/mL (0.63 U/mg). Finalmente, se encontró que Bacillus sp. M62 presenta L-asparaginasa extracelular con mínima actividad de L-glutaminasa.
The aim of this study was to perform bioinformatics characterization and optimize the production of extracellular L-asparaginase from Bacillus sp. M62, isolated from the Maras salt ponds (Cusco). To achieve this, the production of L-asparaginase was verified by the change in color of modified M9 medium, containing 0.0075% bromophenol blue, at pH 7.4 and 37°C for 72 hours. Genomic DNA was extracted to amplify the 16S ribosomal genes and the ansA3 gene. The amino acid sequence encoded by the ansA3 gene was predicted using bioinformatic analysis. The production of intracellular and extracellular L-asparaginase was evaluated at different levels of glucose, L-asparagine, NaCl, and pH in modified M9 medium. Additionally, the enzymatic activities of L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase were determined by quantifying the released ammonium using the Nessler method. Bacillus sp. M62 showed the change in color of the modified M9 medium, high similarity, and evolutionary closeness to Bacillus licheniformis. The amplified ansA3 gene was found to encode for 319 amino acids, with a predicted active site pattern (GFVITHGTDTM) and 15 immunogenic sites. The production of extracellular L-asparaginase was found to be higher than intracellular L-asparaginase and was optimized from 0.37 U/mL (0.24 U/mg) to 2.15 ± 0.39 U/mL (0.63 U/mg). Finally, it was found that Bacillus sp. M62 presents extracellular L-asparaginase with minimal L-glutaminase activity.
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Objective:To optimize the different salt preparation processes of salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus and compare the differences among different salt products.Methods:Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) characteristic chromatogram of Psoraleae Fructus was established. By using the comprehensive scoring method, the total content of psoralen and isopsoralen and the peak area of the characteristic chromatogram were used as the evaluation index to optimize the four different processing technologies, including "stir-frying with salt-water", "steaming with salt-water", "spraying with salt-water" and "microwaving with salt-water". Meanwhile, entropy weight TOPSIS method, clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and other chemical pattern recognition methods were used to compare the quality difference of different salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus.Results:The optimized "stir-frying with salt-water" process of salt-processed Psoralea Fructus was 170 ℃ for 13 min, "steaming with salt-water" process for 1 h, "spraying with salt-water" process for 110 ℃ for 13 min and "microwaving with salt-water" process for 105 s microwave heating. TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation results of entropy weight showed that the quality of different salt products of Psoraleae Fructus ranked as product of stir-frying with salt-water > product of stir-frying with green salt-water > product of spraying with salt-water > product of microwaving with salt-water > product of steaming with salt-water; HCA results showed that different salt products of Psoraleae Fructus could be polymerized into two categories, between which product of stir-frying with salt-water and product of stir-frying with green salt-water were polymerized into one category; product of spraying with salt-water, product of microwaving with salt-water and product of steaming with salt-water were another category; the results of PCA showed that different salt products of Psoraleae Fructus could be clustered into 4 categories, among which product of stir-frying with salt-water, product of stir-frying with green salt-water and product of spraying with salt-water were clustered into the same category respectively, and product of microwaving with salt-water and product of steaming with salt-water were clustered into the same category.Conclusion:The chemical composition of Psoraleae Fructus processed by different salting methods is different. The results of this study can provide reference for processing optimization of salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus and identification of different salt products.
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Objective:Sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction is a common complication in patients with sepsis and lack of effective treatment.Its pathological mechanisms remain unclear.Salt-induced kinase(SIK)is an important molecule in the regulation of metabolism,immunity,and inflammatory response.It is associated with the development of many neurological diseases.This study aims to investigate the expression of SIK in the hippocampus of septic mice,and to evaluate the role and mechanism of the SIK inhibitor HG-9-91-01 in sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction. Methods:Firstly,C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group(Con group)and a sepsis model group[lipopolysaccharide(LPS)group].The model group was injected intraperitoneally with LPS at a dose of 8 mg/kg and the Con group was injected with an equal volume of normal saline.Hippocampal tissues were harvested at 1,3,and 6 days after injection and the expressions of SIK1,SIK2,and SIK3 were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR)and Western blotting.Secondly,C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a Con group,a LPS group,and a SIK inhibitor group(HG group).The LPS and HG groups were injected with LPS to establish a sepsis model;in the HG group,HG-9-91-01(10 mg/kg)was injected intraperitoneally at 3-6 days after LPS injection,and the LPS group was injected with the same volume of vehicle.Cognitive function was assessed at 7-11 days after LPS injection using the Morris water maze(MWM).Hippocampal tissues were harvested after the behavioral tests,and the mRNA levels of inflammatory factors and microglial markers were assessed by qPCR.The protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),CD68,ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1(Iba-1),N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)receptor(NR)subunit,cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 1(CRTC1),and insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1)were detected by Western blotting.Immunohistochemistry(IHC)was used to detect the expression of Iba-1 positive cells in the CA1,CA3 and dentate gyrus(DG)of the hippocampus,followed by Sholl analysis. Results:Compared with the Con group,the mRNA and protein levels of SIK1,SIK2,and SIK3 in the hippocampus were increased in the LPS group(all P<0.05).Compared with the Con group,mice in the LPS group had a significantly longer escape latency,a lower percentage of target quadrant dwell time and a reduced locomotor speed(all P<0.05);the HG group had a decreased escape latency and an increased percentage of time spent in the target quadrant in comparison with the LPS group(both P<0.05).The mRNA levels of inflammatory factors[tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6)],and the M1-type microglial markers iNOS and CD68 in the hippocampus of the LPS group were increased in comparison with the Con group,while the M2-type microglial markers CD206 and arginase-1(Arg-1)were decreased.Compared with the LPS group,the mRNA levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and iNOS were downregulated,while the levels of CD206 and Arg-1 were upregulated in the HG group(all P<0.05).The protein levels of iNOS,CD68,and Iba-1 in the hippocampus of the LPS group were increased in comparison with the Con group,but they were downregulated in the HG group in comparison with the LPS group(all P<0.05).The number of Iba-1 positive cells in CA1,CA3,and DG of the hippocampus was increased in the LPS group in comparison with the Con group,but they were decreased in the HG group in comparison with the LPS group(all P<0.05).Sholl analysis showed that the number of intersections at all radii between 8-38 μm from the microglial soma was decreased in the LPS group in comparison with the Con group(all P<0.05).Compared with the LPS group,the number of intersections at all radii between 14-20 μm was significantly increased in the HG group(all P<0.05).The protein levels of NR subunit NR1,NR2A,NR2B,and IGF-1 were downregulated in the hippocampus of the LPS group in comparison with the Con group,while the expression of phosphorylated CRTC1(p-CRTC1)was increased.Compared with the LPS group,the levels of NR1,NR2A,NR2B,and IGF-1 were upregulated,while p-CRTC1 was downregulated in the HG group(all P<0.05). Conclusion:SIK expression is upregulated in the hippocampus of septic mice.The SIK inhibitor HG-9-91-01 ameliorates sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction in mice,and the mechanism may involve in the activation of the CRTC1/IGF-1 pathway,inhibition of neuroinflammation,and enhancement of synaptic plasticity.
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Objective:To investigate the coverage of qualified iodized salt in catering service units where residents ate out in Shanxi Province, so as to provide a basis for taking targeted preventive measures timely and adjusting of intervention strategies scientifically, and to consolidate the achievements of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) continuously.Methods:One prefecture level city from each of the five directions of east, west, south, north and middle in Shanxi Province in 2021 was selected. One mountainous county and one plain county were selected in each city. Each of the counties was divided into five sampled regions along five different geographic directions: east, west, south, north and middle. From each region, one town/street was selected randomly and then two canteens of enterprises and institutions (canteens), five medium-sized restaurants and five small restaurants were selected from each town/street. We investigated the basic information of catering service units, collected salt samples and then detected the iodine content of these salt samples. In addition, salt iodine testing data of county residents corresponding to catering service units in the 2021 iodine deficiency disorders monitoring were collected from the Shanxi Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Treatment, and compared with the survey results of catering service units.Results:A total of 660 salt samples were detected, the median value of salt iodine was 27.65 mg/kg, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 99.39%(656/660), and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 90.76% (599/660). The median value of salt iodine was 26.70, 28.00 and 27.60 mg/kg in canteens, medium-sized restaurants and small restaurants, respectively, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 95.54% (107/112), 90.42% (236/261), and 89.20% (256/287), respectively. There was no significant difference in the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt among different types of catering service units (χ 2 = 3.92, P = 0.141). The median value of salt iodine was 28.00 and 27.20 mg/kg in mountainous counties and plain counties, respectively, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 88.67% (266/300) and 92.50% (333/360), respectively. There was no significant difference in the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt among the counties of different geographical types (χ 2 = 2.87, P = 0.090). The median value of salt iodine in catering service units and households was 27.65 and 23.50 mg/kg, respectively, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 90.76% and 95.91%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt between catering service units and households (χ 2 = 31.19, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The coverage rate of qualified iodized salt in catering service units in Shanxi Province generally meets the national elimination standard (> 90%), but there are still some counties that do not meet the standard. The coverage rate of qualified iodized salt in small and medium-sized restaurants is also not optimistic. It is recommended to strengthen monitoring and supervision of edible salt in catering service units in the future.