Progress on Pharmacological Effect of Terpinen-4-ol： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Terpine-4-ol is abundant in nature. As a cyclic monoterpenoid compound， terpine-4-ol is distributed in a variety of natural plants. It is the main component and the key active substance in many traditional Chinese essential oils， such as Melaleuca alba essential oil and coral ginger essential oil. Terpine-4-ol has anti-microbial， anti-tumor， insecticidal， anti-inflammatory， and other effects. It can treat cancer， as well as oral and cardiovascular diseases with great safety. In terms of antibacterial activity， terpine-4-ol can destroy bacterial cell walls， improve membrane permeability， and regulate bacterial migration， reproduction， and other related genes to inhibit bacterial activity. In terms of antifungal activity， terpine-4-ol can bind with ergosterol in fungal cell walls to cause fungal death. In terms of insecticidal activity， terpine-4-ol can inhibit Na+ and K+-ATPase activity and cause the death of the insect. In terms of anticancer activity， terpine-4-ol can regulate the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in cancer cells， so as to control the apoptosis of cancer cells. In this paper， the pharmacological activity and action mechanism of terpine-4-ol were reviewed to provide a reference for further research and utilization of terpine-4-ol.

Terpinen-4-ol inhibits proliferation of VSMCs exposed to high glucose via regulating KLF4/NF-κB signaling pathway / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to observe the effect of terpinen-4-ol(T4O) on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) exposed to high glucose(HG) and reveal the mechanism via the Krüppel-like factor 4(KLF4)/nuclear factor kappaB(NF-κB) signaling pathway. The VSMCs were first incubated with T4O for 2 h and then cultured with HG for 48 h to establish the model of inflammatory injury. The proliferation, cell cycle, and migration rate of VSMCs were examined by MTT method, flow cytometry, and wound healing assay, respectively. The content of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) in the supernatant of VSMCs was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), Cyclin D1, KLF4, NF-κB p-p65/NF-κB p65, IL-1β, and IL-18. The KLF4 expression in VSMCs was silenced by the siRNA technology, and then the effects of T4O on the cell cycle and protein expression of the HG-induced VSMCs were observed. The results showed that different doses of T4O inhibited the HG-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs, increased the percentage of cells in G_1 phase, and decreased the percentage of cells in S phase, and down-regulated the protein levels of PCNA and Cyclin D1. In addition, T4O reduced the HG-induced secretion and release of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and down-regulated the expression of KLF4, NF-κB p-p65/NF-κB p65, IL-1β, and IL-18. Compared with si-NC+HG, siKLF4+HG increased the percentage of cells in G_1 phase, decreased the percentage of cells in S phase, down-regulated the expression of PCNA, Cyclin D1, and KLF4, and inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Notably, the combination of silencing KLF4 with T4O treatment further promoted the changes in the above indicators. The results indicate that T4O may inhibit the HG-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs by down-regulating the level of KLF4 and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Tea tree oil, a vibrant source of neuroprotection via neuroinflammation inhibition: a critical insight into repurposing Melaleuca alternifolia by unfolding its characteristics / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Over the past few decades, complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide. The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage. One such product is tea tree oil (TTO), a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant, Melaleuca alternifolia, which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections. Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported. This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential. An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases, such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Frontiers, and Taylor & Francis. Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only, the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement. In addition, the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified, and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection. Therefore, this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.

The protective effect of terpinen-4-ol on inflammatory injury of VSMCs induced by high glucose through improving autophagic flux disorder / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of terpinen-4-ol (T40) on inflammatory injury of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by high glucose based on the improvement of autophagic flow disorder and involved molecular signals. Methods The scratch test was used to analyze the migration ability of VSMCs, the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in cell culture supernatant were measured by ELISA, the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins NF-κb p65, p-NF-κb p65, IL-1β, IL-18 and autophagy-related proteins p62, LC3-HYLC3-I, Beclinl, p-Beclinl were de-tected by Western blot. Results T40 inhibited migration of VSMCs induced by high glucose, reduced the secretion and release of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6, inhibited the expression of p-NF-κb p65/ NF-κb p65, IL-1β, IL-18, downregulated the expression of p62, LC3-TJ/LC3- I and p-Beclinl at same time. After interfering the autophagic flux of VSMCs with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) , T40 pre-treatment significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of the above inflammatory factors and autophagy-related signals which mediated by CQ. Conclusion T40 inhibits the inflammatory injury of VSMCs induced by high glucose through improving the autophagic flow disorder.

Terpinen-4-ol regulates SIRT1 /Nrf2 signaling to inhibit vascular oxidative stress injury in chronic kidney disease / 安徽医科大学学报

Objective @# To investigate the effect and signaling mechanism of terpinen-4-ol (T4O) on vascular oxida- tive stress injury in mice with chronic kidney disease ( CKD) ．@*Methods @# A CKD mice model was prepared using high phosphorus diet combined with adenine，and the normal group was given an equal volume of saline gavage．The CKD model with low expression of SIRT1 in vivo was established by tail vein injection of lentiviral SIRT1 RNAi for the study of signaling mechanism．The administration groups were given T4O at low and high doses ( 10 mg / kg and 20 mg / kg) for 6 weeks by continuous gavage．Serum was collected to detect urea nitrogen ( BUN) and creatinine ( CRE) levels，and HE staining was used to observe the morphology of blood vessels in the thoracic aorta of mice expression. @*Results @# T4O reduced serum BUN and CRE levels in CKD mice to improve renal function，improved kidney and thoracic aortic vascular morphology，reduced vascular tissue MDA content，increased SOD content，and reduced ROS levels ; T4O intervention promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and upregulated HO-1，NQO-1 and SIRT1 protein expression ; LV-SIRT1 RNAi + T4O group was able to inhibit the effect of T4O on CKD-induced MDA and SOD levels，partially counteracting the effect of T4O in upregulating Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the protein expression levels of SIRT1，HO-1 and NQO-1．@*Conclusion @#T4O has a protective effect against oxidative stress in- jury in the thoracic aorta of CKD mice，and its molecular signaling mechanism may be related to the level of drug- regulated SIRT1 / Nrf2 cascade signaling.

Terpine-4-ol on inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by improving mitochondrial dynamics / 药学学报

The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of terpinen-4-ol (T4O) on high glucose (HG) -induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). To investigate the role of T4O on HG-induced calcium deposition, osteogenic phenotypic transformation and mitochondrial dynamics in VSMC, Mdivi-1, a mitochondrial dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp-1) inhibitor, was used to analyze the correlation between mitochondrial dynamics and VSMC calcification and the role of T4O. Alizarin red S staining was used to observe calcium salt deposition and flow cytometry to detect intracellular Ca2+ content; Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of phenotypic switching-related markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and Runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and mitochondrial dynamics-related markers mitofusin 1 (MFN1), mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and Drp-1. The results showed that low and high doses of T4O could inhibit HG-induced down-regulation of α-SMA, MFN1 and MFN2 expression levels, and up-regulation of BMP2, Runx2 and Drp-1 expression levels, reduce intracellular Ca2+ content and calcium salt deposition, and effectively inhibit HG-induced VSMC calcification and mitochondrial dynamics disorders. The T4O group, Mdivi-1 group and T4O+Mdivi-1 group were able to up-regulate the expression levels of HG-induced α-SMA, MFN1 and MFN2, down-regulate the protein expression levels of BMP2, Runx2 and Drp-1, and inhibit calcium salt deposition, and there was no significant difference between the above indexes in the T4O and T4O+Mdivi-1 groups. The above findings suggest that T4O can inhibit the expression level of Drp-1, regulate the disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics, and suppress HG-induced VSMC calcification.

Chemical compositions, larvicidal and antimicrobial activities of Zingiber castaneum (Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyễn) and Zingiber nitens (M.F. Newman) essential oils

Abstract In this paper, the chemical constituents, larvicidal and antimicrobial activities of hydrodistilled essential oils from Zingiber castaneum Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyễn and Zingiber nitens M.F. Newman were reported. The main constituents of Z. castaneum leaf were bicyclogermacrene (24.8%), germacrene D (12.9%), cis-β-elemene (11.2%) and β-pinene (10.3%), while sabinene (22.9%) and camphene (21.2%) were the significant compounds in the rhizome. However, the dominant compounds in the leaf of Z. nitens includes β-pinene (45.8%) and α-pinene (10.7%). Terpinen-4-ol (77.9%) was the most abundant compound of the rhizome. Z. castaneum rhizome oil displayed larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus with LC50 values of 121.43 and 88.86 µg/mL, respectively, at 24 h. The leaf oil exhibited activity with LC50 values of 39.30 µg/mL and 84.97 µg/mL, respectively. Also, the leaf and rhizome oils of Z. nitens displayed greater larvicidal action towards Ae. aegypti with LC50 values of 17.58 µg/mL and 29.60 µg/mL, respectively. Only the rhizome oil displayed toxicity against Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50 value of 64.18 µg/mL. All the studied essential oils inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC25923 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 50.0 µg/mL. This paper provides information on the larvicidal and antimicrobial potentials of Z. castaneum and Z. nitens essential oils.

Terpinen-4-ol inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion and promotes apoptosis of glioma U87 and U251 cells / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of T40 on malignant biological behavior of glioma U87 and U251 cells and its mechanism. Methods U87 and U251 cells were treated with T40 at different concentrations (0,1,2 and 4 p,mol • L"1). Changes of cell proliferation, clonal formation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in each group were detected by CCK-8, cloning plate, flow cytometry, scratch and transwell experi-ments. Bioinformatics was used to explore T40 targets and analyze the relationship between targets and glioma progression. The protein expression levels of PTPN1, PTPN2, Bcl-2, Bax, pro-caspase-3 , cleaved caspase- 3, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in each group were detected by Western blot. Results T40 significantly inhibited U87 and U251 proliferation, clone formation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis ( P < 0. 05 ) ; T40 had 37 targets, among which the expression levels of PTPN1 and PTPN2 were negatively correlated with the overall survival rate of glioma patients; T40 signifi cantly reduced the expression of PTPN1, PTPN2, Bcl- 2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in U87 and U251 cells, and increased the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 (P < 0. 05). Conclusions T40 inhibits the proliferation , migration and invasion of glioma U87 and U251 cells and promotes their apoptosis, and its mechanism may be related to the reduction of PTPN1 and PTPN2 expression.

Interactions between Terpinen-4-ol and Nystatin on biofilm of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Terpinen-4-ol associated with nystatin, on single and mixed species biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, as well as the effect of terpinen-4-ol on adhesion in oral cells and the enzymatic activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicide concentrations of terpinen-4-ol and nystatin on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were determined using the microdilution broth method, along with their synergistic activity ("checkerboard" method). Single and mixed species biofilms were prepared using the static microtiter plate model and quantified by colony forming units (CFU/mL). The effect of Terpinen-4-ol in adhesion of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis in coculture with oral keratinocytes (NOK Si) was evaluated, as well as the enzymatic activity by measuring the size of the precipitation zone, after the growth agar to phospholipase, protease and hemolysin. Terpinen-4-ol (4.53 mg mL-1) and nystatin (0.008 mg mL-1) were able to inhibit biofilms growth, and a synergistic antifungal effect was showed with the drug association, reducing the inhibitory concentration of nystatin up to 8 times in single biofilm of Candida albicans, and 2 times in mixed species biofilm. A small decrease in the adhesion of Candida tropicalis in NOK Si cells was showed after treatment with terpinen-4-ol, and nystatin had a greater effect for both species. For enzymatic activity, the drugs showed no action. The effect potentiated by the combination of terpinen-4-ol and nystatin and the reduction of adhesion provide evidence of its potential as an anti-fungal agent.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica do Terpinen4-ol associado à nistatina em biofilmes simples e misto, formados por Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis, bem como o efeito do terpinen-4-ol na adesão em células orais e atividade enzimática. As concentrações inibitórias mínimas e as concentrações fungicidas mínimas do terpinen-4-ol e da nistatina em Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis foram determinadas pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, juntamente com a atividade sinérgica (método do tabuleiro de "xadrez"). Biofilmes simples e misto foram preparados usando o modelo de placa de microtitulação estática e quantificados por unidades formadoras de colônias (CFU/mL). O efeito do Terpinen-4-ol na adesão de Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis em co-cultura com queratinócitos orais (NOK Si) foi avaliado, bem como a atividade enzimática, medindo o tamanho da zona de precipitação, após o crescimento em ágar fosfolipase, protease e hemolisina. O terpinen-4-ol (4.53 mg mL-1) e a nistatina (0,008 mg mL-1) conseguiram inibir o crescimento de biofilmes e um efeito antifúngico sinérgico foi demonstrado com a associação de fármaco, reduzindo a concentração inibidora de nistatina até 8 vezes em biofilme simpes de Candida albicans e 2 vezes em biofilme misto. Uma pequena diminuição na adesão de Candida tropicalis em células NOK Si foi mostrada após o tratamento com terpinen-4-ol e a nistatina teve um efeito maior para ambas as espécies. Para a atividade enzimática, as drogas não apresentaram ação. O efeito potencializado pela combinação de terpinen-4-ol e nistatina e a redução de adesão evidenciam seu potencial como agente anti-fúngico.

Terpinen-4-ol, tyrosol, and ß-lapachone as potential antifungals against dimorphic fungi

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of terpinen-4-ol, tyrosol, and β-lapachone against strains of Coccidioides posadasii in filamentous phase (n = 22) and Histoplasma capsulatum in both filamentous (n = 40) and yeast phases (n = 13), using the broth dilution methods as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of these compounds. The mechanisms of action of these compounds were also investigated by analyzing their effect on cell membrane permeability and ergosterol synthesis. The MIC and MFCf these compounds against C. posadasii, mycelial H. capsulatum, and yeast-like H. capsulatum, were in the following ranges: 350-5720 µg/mL, 20-2860 µg/mL, and 40-1420 µg/mL, respectively for terpinen-4-ol; 250-4000 µg/mL, 30-2000 µg/mL, and 10-1000 µg/mL, respectively, for tyrosol; and 0.48-7.8 µg/mL, 0.25-16 µg/mL, and 0.125-4 µg/mL, respectively for β-lapachone. These compounds showed a decrease in MIC when the samples were subjected to osmotic stress, suggesting that the compounds acted on the fungal membrane. All the compounds were able to reduce the ergosterol content of the fungal strains. Finally, tyrosol was able to cause a leakage of intracellular molecules.

Effect of Terpinen-4-ol on the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma A-549 cells in vitro and in vivo / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of Terpinen-4-ol on the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma A-549 cells and its related mechanism. Methods A-549 cells were treated with different concentrations of Terpinen-4-ol. The inhibitory effect of Terpinen-4-ol on A-549 cells was tested by MTT method. Cell grow ability was determined by CCK-8 colorimetry. The ultrastructure of A549 cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy before and after Terpinen-4-ol treatment. The changes of cell cycle, apoptosis, and the level of intracel-lular calcium were inspected by flow cytometry. Inoculated the lung adenocarcinoma A-549 cells on the nude mice to form transplantation tumor. The experimental nude mice with transplantation tumors were divided into three groups:negative control group,high dose positive con-trol group and low dose positive control group. The mice were given continuously intraperitoneal injection for 10 days, and then the transplan-tation tumors were taken and the size and weight of them were detected. Results After Terpinen-4-ol treatment for 24 h,MTT assay showed that the IC50 value of A549 cells was 0. 067% v/v. The growth curves of positive control groups were significantly smooth than the negative control group. The formation of autophagosome increased after treatment with Terpinen-4-ol. The results of flow cytometry showed that the cell cycle was arrested in S phase,Terpinen-4-ol could induce apoptosis of A549 cell, The intracellular calcium concentrations in positive control groups were significantly higher than the negative control group(P<0. 05). Low dose group and high dose group restrained the growth of the transplantation tumor obviously, and the tumor inhibitory rate were 53. 33% and 77. 76% respectively. Conclusion Terpinen-4-ol has inhibitory effect on the proliferation of A-549 cells in vitro and in vivo.

Histochemistry, content and chemical composition of essential oil in different organs of Alpinia zerumbet / Histoquímica, teor e composição química do óleo essencial nos diferentes órgãos de Alpinia zerumbet

Alpinia zerumbet is a medicinal plant from Asian origin used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension, which effect is attributed to terpinen-4-ol, the major component of the essential oil. The objective of this work was to identify the essential oil secretory structures in the leaf, flower, root and rhizome of this plant, and analyze the content and the chemical composition of the oil in the different organs of the plant. Sections were subjected to histochemical test with Nadi reagent for in situ localization of secretion. The essential oil extraction was performed by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and the compounds were identified in CG-EM/FID. The histochemical test was positive for terpenoids, confirming the presence of essential oil stored in secretory structures named oils cells present in all analyzed organs. The higher essential oil content was found on the leaf (0.30%), while the petal and the rhizome presented content of 0.10% and 0.06%, respectively. It was not possible to determine essential oil content of the root due to the low amount of biomass produced. There were qualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition of the essential oil in the different plant organs, but the major constituent in all of them was the terpinen-4-ol, followed by 1,8 cineol in the leaf and by the α-terpineol in the flower and rhizome.

Alpinia zerumbet é uma planta medicinal de origem asiática, utilizada na medicina popular para o tratamento da hipertensão, cujo efeito é atribuído ao constituinte terpinen-4-ol, que está presente majoritariamente no óleo essencial. Objetivou-se com este trabalho identificar as estruturas secretoras de óleo essencial na folha, flor, rizoma e raiz dessa planta e analisar o teor e a composição química do óleo nos diferentes órgãos do vegetal. Para localização in situ da secreção, cortes foram submetidos ao teste histoquímico com reagente de Nadi. A extração do óleo essencial foi realizada por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger e a identificação dos compostos em CG-EM/FID. O teste histoquímico foi positivo, confirmando a presença de óleo essencial armazenado em estruturas secretoras do tipo células oleíferas em todos os órgãos analisados. O maior teor de óleo essencial foi verificado na folha (0,30%), enquanto a flor e o rizoma apresentaram teor de 0,10% e 0,06%, respectivamente, não sendo possível a determinação na raiz, devido à baixa quantidade de biomassa produzida. Houve diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas na composição química do óleo essencial nos diferentes órgãos da planta, mas o constituinte majoritário em todos eles foi o terpinen-4-ol, acompanhado pelo 1,8 cineol na folha e pelo α-terpineol na flor e rizoma.

Sedative and anesthetic activities of the essential oils of Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. and their isolated components in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

This study evaluated the sedative and anesthetic effects of the essential oils (EO) of Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. and their isolated components on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Quantitative chemical differences between the EOs obtained from leaves and inflorescences were verified, and a new chemotype rich in globulol was described. Although there were no significant differences in the time of induction for sedation and anesthesia between the EOs, only the leaf EO at 344 mg/L anesthetized all fish without side effects. Fractionation of the leaf EO was carried out by column chromatography. The isolated compounds [(+)-1-terpinen-4-ol and (-)-globulol] showed different activity from that detected for the leaf EO in proportional concentrations and similar sedation to a eugenol control at 10 mg/L. However, fish exposed to 1-terpinen-4-ol (3 and 10 mg/L) did not remain sedated for 30 min. Anesthesia was obtained with 83-190 mg/L globulol, but animals showed loss of mucus during induction and mortality at these concentrations. Synergism of the depressor effects was detected with the association of globulol and benzodiazepine (BDZ), compared with either drug alone. Fish exposed to BDZ or globulol+BDZ association showed faster recovery from anesthesia in water containing flumazenil, but the same did not occur with globulol. In conclusion, the use of globulol in aquaculture procedures should be considered only at sedative concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/L, and its mechanism of action seems not to involve the GABAA-BDZ system.

Estudo químico e da atividade biológica cardiovascular do óleo essencial de folhas de Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. em ratos / Phytochemistry and cardiovascular biological activity of the essential oil from leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M.Sm. in rats

A espécie vegetal Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M. Sm. é popularmente empregada para o tratamento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas a hipertensão. Avaliar a composição química, a atividade antihipertensiva e ação na hipertrofia cardíaca do óleo essencial das folhas de Alpinia zerumbet (OEAZ) em ratos foram os objetivos deste estudo. O OEAZ, obtido por hidrodestilação em aparelho Clevenger, teve sua composição química analisada em cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Foram identificados 14 constituintes, sendo terpinen-4-ol (37,45 por cento) o majoritário, seguido pelos óxido de cariofileno (7,56 por cento), trans-hidrato de sabineno (6,61 por cento) e 1,8-cineol (4,02 por cento). A avaliação cardiovascular foi feita após o tratamento crônico de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) e seus respectivos controles, ratos Wistar-Kyoto (WKY). Os dados hemodinâmicos revelaram redução da pressão arterial média (PAM) no grupo tratado (SHRP: 160 ± 7 mm Hg; p<0,01) em relação ao não tratado (SHR: 180 ± 5 mm Hg). A relação entre peso do ventrículo esquerdo e peso corporal (VE/PC) do SHRP (2,50 ± 0,03 mg g-1; p<0,01) mostrou-se inferior ao SHR (2,61 ± 0,01 mg g-1), confirmando a redução da hipertrofia cardíaca (HC). Os dados de PAM e VE/PC dos animais SHRP foram estatisticamente diferentes quando comparados com os ratos controle (WKY: 116 ± 2 mm Hg e WKYP: 119 ± 4 mm Hg; p<0,05; WKY: 2,15 ± 0,04 mg g-1 e WKYP: 2,17 ± 0,04 mg g-1 ; p<0,01), indicando não ter havido normalização dos mesmos. Conclui-se que o tratamento crônico com OEAZ foi capaz de determinar redução, mas não a normalização, da PAM e da HC de ratos SHR, provavelmente pela presença dos componentes terpinen-4-ol e 1,8-cineol. Estudos com doses maiores ou período de tratamento superior são necessários para avaliar a possibilidade de o OEAZ normalizar os parâmetros analisados (PAM e HC).

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M.Sm. is traditionally employed to treat several diseases such as hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, the anti-hypertensive activity and the capacity to reduce cardiac hypertrophy of the essential oil of A. zerumbet leaves (EOAZ) in rats. EOAZ was obtained through hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus and its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several constituents (14) were identified, terpen-4-ol (37.45 percent) being the major component, followed by caryophyllene oxide (7.56 percent), trans-sabinene hydrate (6.61 percent) and 1,8-cineol (4.02 percent). The cardiovascular effect was investigated after chronic treatment with spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their respective controls, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The treated group showed a lower mean arterial pressure (MAP) (SHRP: 160 ± 7 mm Hg; p<0.01) than the untreated group (SHR: 180 ± 5 mm Hg). The ratio of left ventricle-to-body weight (LV/BW) for SHRP was lower (2.504 ± 0.03 mg g-1; p<0.01) than that for SHR (2.162 ± 0.01 mg g-1), confirming the cardiac hypertrophy (CH) reduction. There were significant differences in MAP and CH between SHRP animals and control rats (WKY: 116 ± 2 mm Hg and WKYP: 119 ± 4 mm Hg; p<0.05. WKY: 2.152 ± 0.04 mg g-1 and WKYP: 2.168 ± 0.04 mg g-1; p<0.01), indicating that these values were not normalized. Those data showed that the chronic treatment with EOAZ reduces MAP and CH in SHR probably due to the presence of the compounds terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineol. Studies with higher doses or longer treatment periods are necessary to evaluate whether EOAZ can reduce the analyzed parameters (MAP and CH) to normal values.

Flower scent analysis of Encyclia Vespa (vell.) Dressler & G. E. Pollard and E. Fragrans (Sw.) Lemée

The volatile constituents obtained from the pentane extract, using simultaneous distillation-extraction of the flowers of Encyclia vespa and E. fragrans were analysed by GC/ MS. The main volatile components identified in the flowers of E. vespa were terpinen-4-ol (20.3%), verbenone (14.8%), trans-verbenol (13.6%) and x-pinene (11.8%). The major volatiles of the flowers of E. fragrans were terpinen-4-ol (18.3%), (2Z,6E)-farnesol (15.4%) and trans-verbenol (10.2%).

Os constituintes voláteis obtidos dos extratos pentânicos das flores de Encyclia vespa e E. fragrans através de destilação-extração simultânea foram analisados por CG/EM. Os principais componentes voláteis identificados nas flores de E. vespa foram terpinen-4-ol (20,3%), verbenona (14,8%), trans-verbenol (13,6%) e a-pineno (11,8%). Os principais voláteis das flores de E. fragrans foram terpinen-4-ol (18,3%), (2Z,6E)-farnesol (15,4%) e trans-verbenol (10,2%).