ABSTRACT
Dyslipidemia is an important cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) worldwide that leads to increased risk of morbidity and mortality; treating dyslipidemia to goal reduces the risks. This article reviews the pharmacological therapy of dyslipidemiawhich is often required in addition to life style intervention to achieve target lipid levels.Currently, there are seven types of approvedlipid modifying drugs which are effective in treating dyslipidemiawhen used singly or in combination. Statins are considered as first line drug and havebeen used extensively in the primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. Ezetimibe is used as a first line add-on drug for patients already on a statin who have not reached their low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) goals;however,ezetimibe can be used as initial drug in statin intolerant patients. Bile acid sequestrants are a useful alternative to statins or ezetimibe in pregnant women or patients with liver disease. They also lower blood glucose and are useful in diabetes mellitus (DM). The PCSK9 inhibitors are powerful lipid modifying drugs, are expensive, needinjection for delivery, and are used when statin in maximum doses with other drugs cannot lower the LDL-C level to targets in patients with very high CV risk. Fibrates have recently shown to slow the progression of microvascular diseases and are found beneficial for DM with hypertriglyceridemia and microvascular complications. Currently, niacin use is markedly decreased due to development of more effective alternative drugs for managing dyslipidemia andbecause of the adverse effects related to niacin use.Recent trials reveal that, ω-3 fatty acids, when added in pharmacological doses to statin therapy (after controlling LDL-C), are effective in reducing CV events in patientshaving moderate hypertriglyceridemia with high or very high CV risks
ABSTRACT
The pharmaceutical co-crystal has attracted a lot of attention in recent years as a new direction in the research of polymorphism drugs. The research on pharmaceutical co-crystal has scientific significance for improving the solubility, bioavailability and physical or chemical stability of drugs. In this paper, from the perspective of drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases(including five major types: heart failure, hypertension, coronary heart disease and arrhythmia, stroke) , the latest research results of pharmaceutical co-crystal reported in recent years are reviewed, hope to provide reference for the follow-up research and promote the development of pharmaceutical co-crystal in China.
ABSTRACT
Em estudo realizado com 167 pacientes ambulatoriais idosos atendidos em serviço especializado de geriatria em centro de saúde escola, localizado no bairro da Consolação, no município de São Paulo (SP), foi avaliado o perfil farmacoepidemiológico, investigado se as listas de medicamentos padronizados coincidem com as prescrições e estimados os custos da medicação utilizada. Para este estudo, foram utilizadas informações extraídas dos prontuários médicos e obtidas através de entrevistas com os pacientes ou seus acompanhantes responsáveis. A maioria foi do sexo feminino (74,4%), a média de idade foi 80,4 anos, sendo 71 pacientes entre 60 e 79 anos e 96 entre 80 e 96 anos. Os participantes apresentaram condições socioeconômicas acima da média da população brasileira na faixa etária estudada. O perfil de morbidade, entre os pacientes entrevistados, mostrou média de 6,3 (± 2,5) diagnósticos. O número de medicamentos prescritos a cada paciente foi em média 6,1 (± 2,7). Não houve correlação significativa entre as variáveis pessoais pesquisadas e o número de doenças ou medicamentos registrados. No total foram 1.018 medicamentos prescritos, a maioria (82,9%) de padronizados e distribuídos gratuitamente pelo serviço público. A estimativa de gasto mensal pelo governo com a aquisição desses medicamentos foi de R$ 4.100,55, R$ 24,55/paciente/mês, equivalentes a US$ 11,92/paciente/mês (US$ 0,40/dia). Para 100 pacientes foi registrado pelo menos um medicamento não padronizado, observando-se alguns fármacos indisponíveis na padronização com prevalência relativamente alta de prescrição (memantina, mirtazapina, zolpidem, domperidona). É sugerido um estudo para revisão da padronização de medicamentos para o tratamento de pacientes idosos
In study carried out with 167 elderly outpatients attended in specialized geriatric service in Centro de Saúde Escola, located in Consolação district, in the municipality of São Paulo, was evaluated the pharmacoepidemiological profile, investigating if the standardized medicament lists match with the prescriptions and estimated the costs from the utilized medication. For this study it was used information extracted from the medical handbooks and obtained through interviews with the patients or their accompanying charge. The majority was female (74,4%), average age of 80,4 years old, being 71 patients between 60 and 79 years old, and 96 between 80 and 96 years old. The participants presented socio-economic conditions above the Brazilian average in the age group studied. The morbidity profile, between the interviewed patients, shown an average of 6,3 (± 2,5) diagnostics. The number of medicaments prescribed to each patient had an average of 6,1 (± 2,7). There were no significantly correlation between the personal variables researched and the number of diseases or medicaments registered. In total 1.018 medicaments were prescribed, the majority (82,9 %) of standardized and freely distributed by the public service. The estimative of monthly cost by the government with the acquisition of these medicaments was R$ 4.100,55, R$ 24,55 by patient a month, equivalent to US$ 11,92 a month (US$ 0,40 a day). For 100 patients was registered at least one non standardized medicament, observing some unavailable drugs on the standardization with relatively high prescription prevalence (memantine, mirtazapine, zolpidem, domperidone). It's suggested a revision study from the standardization of medicaments for treatment of elderly patients
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Drug Therapy/methods , /economics , Ambulatory Care Facilities , Geriatrics/statistics & numerical data , Outpatients/statistics & numerical data , Aged , Drug Costs/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
@#With the further research of spinal cord injury treatment, a series of new drugs have been used in experiment and clinic. This article is to review the current developments of drugs combination in spinal cord injury.