Trajetórias de adolescentes que vivem com o vírus HIV por transmissão vertical / Trajectories of adolescents living with vertical transmission-HIV virus

Resumo Este estudo analisa as histórias de vida de oito jovens vivendo com HIV por transmissão vertical, visando compreender suas percepções marcadas pelo segredo e silêncio sobre suas vivências com o vírus. Realizado em ambulatório especializado no Rio de Janeiro, o estudo adotou como ferramenta de cuidado a dança circular, considerada uma Prática Integrativa e Complementar em Saúde. Utilizando abordagem qualitativa e a História de Vida como método de coleta, o foco foi compreender as experiências dos jovens, não apenas relacionadas à doença, mas também a aspectos cruciais de suas vidas. Participaram do estudo três meninas e cinco meninos, todos cientes de seu diagnóstico. Os principais temas emergentes incluíram dinâmica familiar, conexão com o ambiente escolar, desafios na adesão ao tratamento, idade no momento da revelação do diagnóstico e tempo decorrido desde então. A análise das narrativas desses jovens, permitiu explorar aspectos individuais e sociais da experiência, revelando similaridades e diferenças entre eles. As oficinas de dança circular ofereceram um espaço lúdico para a expressão de emoções e sentimentos por meio dos movimentos corporais, ampliando as perspectivas dos jovens em relação ao futuro.

Abstract This study analyzes the life stories of eight young people living with vertically transmitted HIV in order to understand their perceptions marked by secrecy and silence regarding their experiences with the virus. Conducted at a specialized outpatient clinic in Rio de Janeiro, the study adopted circle dance, a Complementary and Integrative Health Practice, as a care tool. Using a qualitative approach and Life History as a data collection method, the focus was to understand the youth's experiences related to the disease and the crucial aspects of their lives. Three girls and five boys participated in the study, all aware of their diagnosis. The principal emerging themes included family dynamics, school environment connection, challenges in treatment adherence, age at the time of diagnosis disclosure, and time elapsed since then. Analyzing these young people's narratives allowed us to explore individual and social aspects of their experiences, revealing their similarities and differences. The circle dance workshops provided a playful space for expressing emotions and feelings through body movements, expanding young people's perspectives on the future.

Sífilis congênita em sorocaba: incidência e aspectos clínicos em mães e recém-nascidos / Congenital syphilis in sorocaba: incidence and clinical aspects in mothers and newborn / Sífilis congénita en sorocaba: incidencia y aspectos clínicos en madres y recién nacido

Objetivo: Analisar a incidência de sífilis congênita e descrever o perfil epidemiológico das mães e recém-nascidos diagnosticados no município de Sorocaba, SP. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e inferencial, utilizando dados provenientes da notificação compulsória de casos confirmados de sífilis congênita. A coleta dessas informações ocorreu no período de 2018 a 2022, a partir do banco de dados do Centro Municipal de Atenção Especializada. Resultados: Foram notificados 164 casos e a incidência de sífilis congênita foi de 3,66 novos casos. O perfil sociodemográfico das mães, predominantemente jovens, de etnia branca e com escolaridade desconhecida, reflete desafios na identificação e tratamento. A associação significativa entre o esquema de tratamento materno e a escolaridade, especialmente no ensino superior, destaca a importância do acesso à informação na prevenção da transmissão vertical. Apesar da cobertura universal do pré-natal, a presença majoritária de tratamentos inadequados ou não realizados sugere barreiras práticas e socioeconômicas. A significativa proporção de parceiros não tratados ou desconhecidos destaca a necessidade de abordagens abrangentes. Conclusão: Os resultados destacam a importância de estratégias integradas que ultrapassem o âmbito clínico. A implementação de medidas preventivas, educacionais e de apoio socioeconômico é imperativa para avançar em direção à redução efetiva da sífilis congênita em Sorocaba. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the incidence of congenital syphilis and to describe the epidemiological profile of mothers and newborns diagnosed in the city of Sorocaba, Southeastern Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive and inferential study using data from the compulsory notification of confirmed cases of congenital syphilis. This information was collected from 2018 to 2022, using the database of the Municipal Center for Specialized Care. Results: 164 cases were reported and the incidence of congenital syphilis was 3.66 new cases. The sociodemographic profile of the mothers, who were predominantly young, of white ethnicity and with unknown schooling, reflects challenges in identification and treatment. The significant association between maternal treatment regimen and schooling, especially in higher education, highlights the importance of access to information in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Despite universal prenatal coverage, the majority of inadequate or non-performing treatments suggests practical and socioeconomic barriers. The significant proportion of untreated or unknown partners highlights the need for comprehensive approaches. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of integrated strategies that go beyond the clinical scope. The implementation of preventive, educational and socioeconomic support measures is imperative to move towards the effective reduction of congenital syphilis in Sorocaba. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la incidencia de sífilis congénita y describir el perfil epidemiológico de madres y recién nacidos diagnosticados en la ciudad de Sorocaba, Sudeste de Brasil. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo e inferencial con datos de la notificación obligatoria de casos confirmados de sífilis congénita. Esta información se recolectó de 2018 a 2022, utilizando la base de datos del Centro Municipal de Atención Especializada. Resultados: Se notificaron 164 casos y la incidencia de sífilis congénita fue de 3,66 casos nuevos. El perfil sociodemográfico de las madres, predominantemente jóvenes, de etnia blanca y con escolaridad desconocida, refleja dificultades en la identificación y el tratamiento. La asociación significativa entre el régimen de tratamiento materno y la escolaridad, especialmente en la educación superior, pone de relieve la importancia del acceso a la información en la prevención de la transmisión maternoinfantil. A pesar de la cobertura prenatal universal, la mayoría de los tratamientos inadecuados o ineficaces plantean barreras prácticas y socioeconómicas. La importante proporción de parejas no tratadas o desconocidas pone de relieve la necesidad de adoptar enfoques integrales. Conclusión: Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de las estrategias integradas que van más allá del ámbito clínico. La implementación de medidas de apoyo preventivo, educativo y socioeconómico es imprescindible para avanzar hacia la reducción efectiva de la sífilis congénita en Sorocaba. (AU)

Relationship among maternal gut,vaginal microbiota and microbiota in meconium and vernix caseosa in newborns / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To analyze the diversity and composition of the maternal gut microbiota and vaginal microbiota in late pregnancy,neonatal meconium microbiota and vernix caseosa microbiota,and analyze the similarities,differences and correlations.Methods·This is a prospective study.Maternal stool samples and vaginal swabs in late-pregnancy,and neonatal meconium samples were collected from 11 mother-infant pairs at Xinhua Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from August to November 2018;the vernix caseosa from three sites(forehead,axilla,and inguinal crease)and meconium samples were collected from 14 healthy newborns at International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine in December 2018.All births were vaginal deliveries.The 16S rRNA gene V3?V4 region sequencing was used.The diversity,composition and similarities/differences of the maternal gut microbiota,the vaginal microbiota,and the neonatal meconium microbiota from the 11 mother-infant pairs,as well as the neonatal vernix caseosa microbiota and the meconium microbiota from the 14 newborns were analyzed.Results·The number of operational taxonomic units(OTUs),ACE index,Chao1 index,and Shannon index of maternal gut microbiota were all higher than those of vaginal microbiota;the ACE indices and the Chao1 indices of the vernix caseosa microbiota at three sites were all higher than those of meconium microbiota(P<0.01).The β diversity varied among the maternal gut microbiota,vaginal microbiota,and neonatal meconium microbiota(P<0.01).The β diversity of neonatal vernix caseosa microbiota from three sites(forehead,axilla,and inguinal crease)was similar,but different from meconium microbiota(P<0.01).At the phylum level,the dominant bacteria were Firmicutes(52.76%)and Bacteroidetes(41.67%)in the maternal gut microbiota,Firmicutes(74.36%)and Actinobacteria(21.25%)in the maternal vaginal microbiota,and Firmicutes(84.22%)and Proteobacteria(8.80%)in the neonatal vernix caseosa microbiota.The dominant bacterium in the neonatal meconium was Proteobacteria in the two batches of samples(81.11%and 88.72%,respectively).At the genus level,the dominant bacteria were Bacteroides(35.42%)and Faecalibacterium(10.12%)in the maternal gut microbiota,Lactobacillus(69.10%)and Bifidobacterium(11.30%)in the vaginal microbiota,and Lactobacillus(79.81%)and Pseudomonas(3.23%)in the vernix caseosa microbiota.The dominant bacterium in the neonatal meconium was Escherichia in the two batches of samples(55.21%and 31.18%,respectively).Conclusion·The α diversity of maternal gut microbiota is higher than that of vaginal microbiota and neonatal meconium microbiota,and it is higher in neonatal vernix caseosa than that in meconium microbiota.The Firmicutes is the predominant phylum in the maternal late-pregnancy gut microbiota,vaginal microbiota,and neonatal vernix microbiota.Lactobacillus is the predominant genus in both maternal vaginal and neonatal vernix caseosa microbiota.Proteobacteria in phylum and Escherichia in genus are predominant in meconium microbiota.The microbiota composition is similar in vernix caseosa at different body sites,but there are differences between the vernix caseosa microbiota and meconium microbiota.

Analysis of Major Vertically Transmissible Pathogens and Their Detection Standards in SPF Chickens / 实验动物与比较医学

Specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens are widely used in the research of avian diseases and vaccines. Vertically transmissible diseases are transmitted to chickens through vertical transmission, seriously affecting their survival rate, increasing production costs, and causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry, while severely impacting the breeding and use of SPF chickens. Therefore, it is crucial for researchers and managers to enhance their understanding of vertically transmissible pathogens in chickens and to develop effective monitoring measures. Quality monitoring is an important part of ensuring the quality of SPF chickens, with pathogen detection being the primary step. Based on this, it is necessary to cultivate qualified SPF chickens through purification methods and biosecurity measures. This paper reviews the major vertically transmissible pathogens in chickens, including viral pathogens, bacterial pathogens and mycoplasmas, as well as their detection methods. This study compares the differences in microbiological testing items and methods for SPF chickens between the U.S. corporate standard and the Chinese national standard. Analysis of the results shows that in both standards, vertically transmissible pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, and avian leukosis are not included in the microbiological testing items for SPF chickens. Instead, these pathogens are characterized by mixed infections, and outbreaks can seriously affect flock health. To produce higher-quality SPF chickens, it is necessary to include these pathogens in the mandatory testing items. The aim of this paper is to help readers understand the relevant standards for microbiological monitoring of SPF chickens, the hazards of vertically transmissible pathogens, and prevention and control strategies, so as to provide a reference for the detection and purification of pathogens in SPF chickens.

Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Ghana

Introduction: sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a boom in the number of adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYALHIV). Existing HIV intervention programs are mainly for children and adults living with HIV, with little attention paid to AYALHIV. Characterizing this population is necessary for planning, and designing, AYALHIV-centered HIV intervention programs. Methods: a retrospective single-center, hospital-based chart review was conducted at the largest HIV clinic in Ghana. We examined routinely collected data for AYALHIV (aged 10-24 years) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 1 year and in active care from 1st January to 31st December 2019. Data was collected using a structured data extraction form. The Chi-square and the Student´s t-test were used to compare characteristics between adolescents and young adults. Results: of 252 AYALHIV, 68% (172/252) were adolescents with a median age of 17 years (IQR 13-19); 32% were young adults with a median age of 22 years (IQR: 20-24). Most (56.7% (143/252)) AYALHIV were female. Almost 40% were orphans. Eighty-six percent of AYALHIV had HIV type I infection. The commonest mode of HIV acquisition among adolescents was vertical transmission (70.5%) and that among young adults was via unprotected sex (31.3%). 88% of AYALHIV were on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors-based regimen. The viral suppression rate among AYALHIV was 78%. Conclusion: the study shows there is a growing population of AYALHIV most of which are adolescents. About two-fifths were orphans. Policymakers and HIV programs should ensure AYALHIV-centred interventions are developed for this vulnerable population.

Transmissão vertical do HIV na rede de saúde: reflexões bioéticas sobre gênero e cuidado a partir de um caso emblemático / Vertical transmission of HIV in the health network: bioethics reflections on gender and care based on an emblematic case

Resumo Num cenário epidêmico ainda preocupante, a prevenção da Transmissão Vertical (TV) do HIV impõe problemas complexos, devido as vulnerabilidades individual, social e moral das mulheres vivendo com o vírus, somadas às fragilidades da rede de saúde. A partir de um caso emblemático, este estudo buscou compreender os desafios bioéticos do cuidado para a prevenção da TV do HIV no âmbito do Comitê de Porto Alegre/RS. Os eixos analíticos desenvolvidos refletem sobre como a produção do cuidado se articula, por um lado, com discursos e práticas relacionais pautadas no gênero e interseccionadas por raça e classe social e, por outro, com vulnerabilidades programáticas das políticas de saúde. Vislumbrou-se um processo de extrema estigmatização, em que as poucas ofertas para as mulheres cisgênero se dirigiam à regulação reprodutiva e perpetuavam dinâmicas de violência estrutural. Discute-se caminhos para a construção de um cuidado que incorpore a perspectiva decolonial e busque produzir equidade e justiça social ao reconhecer as trajetórias das mulheres.

Abstract In a still worrying epidemic scenario, the prevention of Vertical Transmission (VT) of HIV poses complex problems, due to the individual, social, and moral vulnerabilities of women living with the virus, in addition to the weaknesses of the health network. Based on an emblematic case, this study sought to understand the bioethical challenges of HIV VT prevention in the scope of the Porto Alegre/RS Committee. The analytical categories developed reflect on how the production of care is articulated, on the one hand, with relational discourses and practices based on gender and intersected by race and social class and, on the other, with programmatic vulnerabilities of health policies. A process of extreme stigmatization was revealed, in which the few offers for cisgender women were aimed toward reproductive regulation and perpetuated dynamics of structural violence. We discuss ways of building care that incorporates a decolonial perspective and seeks to produce equity and social justice by recognizing women's trajectories.

Potencial transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas en la segunda generación de jóvenes embarazadas que asistieron a su control prenatal en el departamento de Cordillera, Paraguay

Trypanosoma cruzi es el agente causal de la enfermedad de Chagas. En Paraguay se estima que existen 165.000 personas infectadas y actualmente la principal vía de transmisión es la congénita, con una prevalencia del 5% y con alrededor de 400 niños infectados nacidos por año. El departamento de Cordillera es área endémica de la Región Oriental del país, donde se implementó el Programa de Control Prenatal de Chagas en el año 1995. El objetivo de este estudio fue inferir sobre la potencial transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas en jóvenes embarazadas de segunda generación de Cordillera que asistieron a su control prenatal en el período 2010-2012, 15 años después de la implementación del Programa de Control Prenatal. De 9.588 embarazadas; 482 fueron seropositivas (5%); 2,74% en el grupo de 12 a 19 años, 4,93% de 20 a 30 años, 8,03% de 31 a 40 años y 16,11% de 41 a 48 años. Para estimar el origen de la transmisión congénita de segunda generación se tuvo en cuenta a las 72 seropositivas de 12 a 19 años y según la base de datos de las respectivas madres 61 eran seropositivas. Con esta información se estima que la transmisión a embarazadas de segunda generación de 12 a 19 años fue congénita en un 85% indicando una transmisión congénita muy significativa en la población de estudio. Esta información ayudaría al Programa Nacional de Chagas en el fortalecimiento del control de la transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas en el país.

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. In Paraguay, it is estimated that 165,000 people are infected and currently the main route of transmission is the congenital one, with a prevalence of 5% and about 400 infected children are born per year. The Department of Cordillera is an endemic area of the Eastern Region of the country, where the Chagas Prenatal Control Program was implemented in 1995. The aim of this study was to infer the potential congenital transmission of Chagas disease towards second generation pregnant women from the Department of Cordillera who attended their prenatal control in the period 2010-2012, 15 years after the implementation of the Prenatal Control Program. Of 9,588 pregnant women; 482 were seropositive (5%); 2.74% in the group aged 12 to 19 years, 4.93% aged 20 to 30 years, 8.03% aged 31 to 40 years, and 16.11% aged 41 to 48 years. To estimate the origin of second generation congenital transmission, the 72 seropositive women aged 12 to 19 years were taken into account and according to the database of their respective mothers, 61 mothers of the 72 were seropositive. With this información, it can be estimated that 85% of the transmission to second generation pregnant women aged 12 to 19 years was congenital showing a very significant congenital transmission in the study population. This information could help the National Chagas Program in strengthening the control of congenital transmission of Chagas disease in the country.

Associated factors, incidence, and management of gestational and congenital syphilis in a Brazilian state capital: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Maternal and child health remains an enduring global challenge, having occupied a prominent position on international agendas since the dawn of the 21st century. During pregnancy, syphilis emerges as the second most prevalent cause of stillbirth on a global scale, potentially leading to a range of adverse outcomes. This study aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of cases of gestational and congenital syphilis and the hospital care provided for newborns in Campo Grande municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, from 2013 to 2018. This is a cross-sectional study based on data from Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (SINAN) and hospital medical records. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis were used to assess the associations and relationships between the child's clinical outcome at birth and the mother's clinical-obstetric and epidemiological characteristics. Cumulative detection rate of gestational syphilis was 174.3 cases per 1,000 live births and cumulative incidence of congenital syphilis was 47.7 cases per 1,000 live births. Alcoholism, prenatal care, number of prenatal visits, maternal treatment regimen, and timing of maternal diagnosis were associated with child's clinical outcome at birth and considered in the regression model. Prenatal visits showed a protective effect against the signs and symptoms of congenital syphilis (odds ratio = 0.37; 95% confidence interval = 0.17−0.77). Medical assistance was considered inadequate in 62.3% of cases. Prenatal consultations should be encouraged among pregnant women. There is a need for better education of health personnel on the treatment and diagnosis of syphilis.

Detection of arboviruses in Aedes aegypti through transovarian analysis: A study in Goiânia, Goiás

Abstract Background: Arboviral diseases are a group of infectious diseases caused by viruses transmitted by arthropods, mainly mosquitoes. These diseases, such as those caused by the dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and yellow fever (YFV) viruses, have a significant impact worldwide. In this context, entomological surveillance plays a crucial role in the control and prevention of arboviruses by providing essential information on the presence, distribution, and activity of vector mosquitoes. Based on entomological surveillance, transovarian transmission provides information regarding the maintenance and dissemination of arboviruses. The objective of this study was to detect these arboviruses in Goiânia, Goiás, and analyze the occurrence of transovarian transmission. Methods: Aedes aegypti eggs were collected from different regions of Goiânia and cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions until the emergence of adult mosquitoes. Adult females were grouped into pools containing their heads and thoraxes. These pools were subsequently evaluated using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Results: A total of 157 pools (N=1570) were analyzed, with two pools testing positive for CHIKV and one pool testing positive for ZIKV, indicating that the offspring resulting from transovarian transmission are potentially infectious. Conclusions: In summary, the demonstration of the vertical transmission mechanisms of CHIKV and ZIKV in A. aegypti serves as an alert to health authorities, as these diseases are still underreported, and their primary urban vector has likely acquired this capacity, contributing to the dissemination of these infections.

Birth conditions of children of women living with HIV

The objective was to identify the conditions of birth of children of women living with HIV in the period between 2009 and 2019, at the Regional Maternal and Child Hospital of Imperatriz (MA). Cross-sectional, quantitative, documentary study, with descriptive analysis of the data and carried out in a reference maternity hospital between August 2020 and July 2021. Information from the medical records of HIV-positive pregnant women and their newborn children was included. The results collected 314 medical records, of which 195 were eligible. Regarding the birth conditions of the newborns, in 56.41% the rapid test was negative; 72.82% used post-birth prophylaxis; 75.38% did not receive breast milk; 68.2% received vaccines at birth; 40.51% did not use any medication. 20.51% of the mothers were between 36 and 40 years old; 59.48% did not live in the municipality surveyed; 23.6% were housewives; 65.64 were multipara women; 46.15% were diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy; 67.17% had no coinfections; 82.05% underwent prenatal care; 60.51% used intrapartum prophylaxis; and 77.43% underwent cesarean section. The prenatal and childbirth follow-up of most of these women living with HIV reflected positively on the conditions of birth of their children, being an important strategy, aiming at the non-vertical transmission and prevention of the disease in children (AU).

Objetivou-se identificar as condições de nascimento de filhos de mulheres vivendo com HIV no período compreendido entre 2009 e 2019, no Hospital Regional Materno Infantil de Imperatriz (MA). Estudo transversal, quantitativo, documental, com análise descritiva dos dados e realizado em maternidade de referência entre os meses de agosto de 2020 e julho de 2021. Incluíram-se informações dos prontuários das gestantes soropositivas para HIV e de seus filhos recém-nascidos. Os resultados levantaram 314 prontuários, destes, 195 eram elegíveis. Sobre as condições de nascimento dos recém-nascidos, em 56,41% o teste rápido foi negativo; 72,82% usaram profilaxia pós-nascimento; 75,38% não receberam leite materno; 68,2% receberam vacinas logo ao nascer; 40,51% não faziam uso de nenhuma medicação; 20,51% das mães tinham entre 36 a 40 anos; 59,48% não residiam no município pesquisado; 23,6% eram donas de casa; 65,64 eram multigestas; 46,15% receberam o diagnóstico de HIV na gestação; 67,17% não tinham coinfecções; 82,05% realizaram o pré-natal; 60,51% fizeram uso da profilaxia intraparto; e 77,43% fizeram cesariana. O acompanhamento no pré-natal e parto da maioria dessas mulheres vivendo com HIV refletiu positivamente nas condições de nascimento de seus filhos, sendo uma importante estratégia, visando a não transmissão vertical e prevenção da doença nas crianças (AU).

Caracterización de madres de pacientes con exposición perinatal al Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana

La mayor incidencia de la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en mujeres ha tenido un impacto directo en la transmisión vertical, situación que puede ser evitada con un adecuado control prenatal. Objetivo: Determinar características demográficas, epidemiológicas y obstétricas de madres de pacientes con exposición perinatal al VIH. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, transversal y analítico. Se incluyeron madres con infección por VIH de transmisión horizontal, cuyos hijos con exposición perinatal, nacidos entre 2001 y 2020, fueron atendidos en la Unidad VIH del Hospital de Niños "J.M. de los Ríos" (Caracas-Venezuela). La información fue obtenida de la Base de Datos Interna. Las madres fueron agrupadas según la década de nacimiento del hijo (2001-2010 o 2011-2020). El análisis estadístico incluyó la prueba de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: Se estudiaron 805 madres. La edad promedio al nacer fue 26,4 años; el 8,6 % (n=69/803) era adolescente. El control prenatal fue inadecuado o inexistente en 59,7 % (n=463/776). La identificación de la infección materna fue obtenida durante o después del nacimiento en 36,4 % (n=280/769), con diferencias entre décadas: 26,7 % en la primera y 42,5 % en la segunda (p<0,01). En el 90,4 % (n=253/280) de este grupo el diagnóstico se obtuvo posterior al nacimiento. Conclusiones: La edad promedio de las madres fue 26,4 años. Aproximadamente 50 % tuvo control prenatal inadecuado o inexistente. Alrededor de un tercio obtuvo el diagnóstico después del embarazo, con significativo mayor porcentaje en la segunda década. Sólo en 1/10 madres de este grupo, la infección fue identificada al nacimiento.

The higher incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in women has had a direct impact on vertical transmission, situation that can be avoided with an adequate prenatal control. Objective: To determine demographic, epidemiological, and obstetric characteristics of mothers of children with perinatal exposure to HIV. Methods: A retrospective, observational, cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out. It was included mothers, with horizontally transmitted HIV infection, whose children with perinatal exposure, born between 2001 and 2020, were treated at the HIV Unit of the Children's Hospital "J.M. de los Ríos" (Caracas-Venezuela). The information was obtained from the Unit Internal Database. The mothers were grouped according to the decade of her child's birth (2001-2010 or 2011-2020). Chi square test was performed for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 805 mothers were studied. The average age at birth was 26.4 years; 8.6 % (n=69/803) were adolescents. Prenatal care was inadequate or non-existent in 59.7 % (n=463/776). Identification of maternal infection was obtained during or after birth in 36.4 % (n=280/769), with differences between decades: 26.7 % in the first and 42.5 % in the second (p<0.01). In 90.4 % (n=253/280) of this group, the diagnosis was obtained after birth. Conclusions: The average age of the mothers was 26.4 years. Approximately 50 % had inadequate or nonexistent prenatal care. About a third were diagnosed after pregnancy, with a significantly higher percentage in the second decade. In only 1/10 mothers of this group the infection was identified at birth.

COVID-19 and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study from a tertiary health care center of Uttarakhand, India

Background: Information regarding the effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes evolved rapidly in the recent years. This study aims to present the outcomes in COVID-19 positive pregnant women.Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary health care center of Uttarakhand, India from April 2021 to June 2021. The maternal and neonatal data for the included cases were extracted from hospital records and appropriately analysed.Results: The positivity rate of COVID-19 among obstetric population was 7.9% by universal screening protocol. 55.2% participants were in the age group of 25-30 years. Gestation age at presentation ranged from 6 weeks to 41 weeks. 47.3% participants had pre-existing comorbidities. 26.4% study subjects had pregnancy related comorbidities, the most common being gestational diabetes mellitus (14.7%), followed by pre-eclampsia (8.8%). Only 21.1% participants were symptomatic at presentation. Most common presenting symptom was fever (87.5%) followed by breathlessness (62.5%). 7.5% required invasive ventilation and 10.5% cases required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 76.5% participants underwent caesarean section which was done for obstetric indications only. 3.9% participants died due to COVID-related complications. Nearly 35% neonates were preterm, 29.4% had low birth weight and 24.1% needed neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Nasopharyngeal swab for COVID reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after 24 hours of birth was negative in all neonates. There were 10 (14.7%) stillbirths.Conclusions: COVID-19 in pregnancy was associated with higher risks of gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia and higher rates of invasive ventilation, ICU admission, caesarean sections, maternal mortality specially in women with pre-existing comorbidities, stillbirths, preterm births and NICU admission.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Puerperal Women Treated at a Tertiary Referral Hospital / Soroprevalência de toxoplasmose em puérperas atendidas em um hospital terciário de referência

Abstract Objective To evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among puerperal women cared for at a tertiary university hospital and the level of understanding of these puerperal women about toxoplasmosis, vertical transmission, and its prophylaxis. Methods For this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 225 patients using presential interviews, prenatal documentation, and electronic medical records. Data were stored using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) software. Prevalence rates were estimated by the presence of reactive IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and calculation of the odds ratio (OR). Seroreactivity to T. gondii and exposure variables (age, educational level, and parity) were analyzed using a confidence interval (95%CI) and a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). Results The seropositivity rate for T. gondii was 40%. There was no association between seroprevalence and age. Primiparity was a protective factor against seropositivity and low education was a risk factor. Conclusion Knowledge of T. gondii infection and its transmission forms was significantly limited, presenting a risk for acute maternal toxoplasmosis and vertical transmission of this protozoan. Increasing the education level regarding the risk of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy could reduce the rates of infection and vertical transmission of this parasite.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a soroprevalência de toxoplasmose entre puérperas atendidas em um hospital universitário terciário e o nível de compreensão dessas puérperas sobre toxoplasmose, transmissão vertical e sua profilaxia. Métodos Para esse estudo transversal, foram avaliadas 225 pacientes utilizando entrevistas presenciais, documentação de pré-natal e prontuário eletrônico. Os dados foram armazenados usando o software Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). As taxas de prevalência foram estimadas pela presença de anticorpos IgG reativos contra o Toxoplasma gondii. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do teste do qui-quadrado e cálculo do odds ratio (OR). A sororreatividade ao T. gondii e as variáveis de exposição (idade, escolaridade e paridade) foram analisadas, utilizando-se intervalo de confiança (IC95%) e nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados A taxa de soropositividade para T. gondii foi de 40%. Não houve associação entre soroprevalência e idade. A primiparidade foi fator de proteção contra a soropositividade e a baixa escolaridade foi fator de risco. Conclusão O conhecimento da infecção por T. gondii e suas formas de transmissão foi significativamente limitado, apresentando risco para toxoplasmose materna aguda e transmissão vertical desse protozoário. Aumentar o nível de escolaridade quanto ao risco de toxoplasmose durante a gravidez pode reduzir as taxas de infecção e transmissão vertical desse parasita.

Vozes silenciadas: vivências de pessoas que convivem com HIV na província de Gaza, Moçambique / Silenced voices: experiences of people living with HIV in the province of Gaza, Mozambique / Voces silenciadas: experiencias de personas que viven con el VIH en la provincia de Gaza, Mozambique

OBJETIVO: No mundo, cerca de 16 milhões de mulheres vivem com HIV, muitas delas em idade reprodutiva. Esses níveis de infecção e as taxas de transmissão vertical ainda trazem grandes preocupações, devido à pouca intervenção terapêutica precoce em muitos países africanos. Em Moçambique, país da África Subsaariana, os índices de prevalência do HIV são de 13,2%, colocando o país em segundo lugar na conta de novas infecções, atrás apenas da África do Sul. OBJETIVO: Conhecer as experiências e as principais dificuldades vivenciadas pelas gestantes ou lactantes soropositivas e seus parceiros sexuais no contexto específico. METODOLOGIA: Estudo qualitativo realizado em Chókwè na província de Gaza- Moçambique. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com mulheres gestantes ou lactantes que vivem com HIV, com seus parceiros sexuais e com profissionais de saúde. Foram realizados grupos focais com mães mentoras e entrevista em grupo com pais mentores, as quais ocorreram no segundo semestre de 2021. As entrevistas e os encontros foram gravados com gravador de voz e transcritas na íntegra. As informações passaram pelo processo de análise temática. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo dez mulheres gestantes ou lactantes soropositivas e um parceiro sexual; treze mães mentoras e dois pais mentores; duas enfermeiras de Saúde Materno Infantil e uma psicóloga. Os achados revelam que as participantes associam o diagnóstico do HIV ao teste de gravidez ou ao parto, e o período da gestação e da amamentação é marcado pelo medo de infectar o filho com o vírus. As mulheres escondem seu estado sorológico do marido, da família e da comunidade por medo das consequências relacionadas com normas sociais rígidas e interferência de fatores culturais. Os resultados dos profissionais de saúde trouxeram aspectos similares aos das mulheres vivendo com HIV, entretanto, ressaltam a falta de profissionais para oferecer atendimento de qualidade. Constatou-se que na unidade de saúde e na comunidade utilizam palestras como única estratégia de educação em saúde, apesar da pouca eficácia. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que ainda existem muitas barreiras para prevenção da transmissão vertical em Moçambique, em especial, a qualidade do aconselhamento e dificuldades de acesso ao serviço, seja por falta de recursos ou pelas normas sociais e familiares que não reconhecem a autonomia da mulher. É necessario apoiar as mães que não desejam amamentar e aquelas que tem maior vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Recomenda-se maior investimento nas estratégias de apoio psicossocial e envolvimento comunitário, utilizando alternativas como a Terapia Comunitária Integrativa (TCI) e Educação Popular. Sugere-se o envolvimento de lideranças comunitárias no processo de desenvolvimento de um programa de intervenção e promoção de saúde mental para mulheres gestantes ou lactantes soropositivas.

OBJECTIVE: In the world, about 16 million women are living with HIV, many of them in reproductive age. These levels of infection and vertical transmission rates are still of great concern, due to the lack of early therapeutic intervention in many African countries. In Mozambique, a country in sub-Saharan Africa, HIV prevalence rates are 13.2%, placing the country in second place in terms of new infections, behind only South Africa. OBJECTIVE: To know the experiences and the main difficulties experienced by HIV-positive pregnant or lactating women and their sexual partners in the specific context. METHODOLOGY: Qualitative study carried out in Chókwè in the province of Gaza - Mozambique. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with pregnant or lactating women living with HIV, with their sexual partners and with health professionals. Focus groups were held with mentor mothers and group interviews with mentor fathers, which took place in the second half of 2021. The interviews and meetings were recorded with a voice recorder and transcribed in full. The information went through the thematic analysis process. RESULTS: Ten seropositive pregnant or lactating women and one sexual partner participated in the study; thirteen mentor mothers and two mentor fathers; two Maternal and Child Health nurses and a psychologist. The findings reveal that the participants associate the HIV diagnosis with the pregnancy test or childbirth, and the period of pregnancy and breastfeeding is marked by the fear of infecting the child with the virus. Women hide their serological status from their husband, family and community for fear of consequences related to rigid social norms and interference of cultural factors. The results of health professionals brought similar aspects to those of women living with HIV, however, they highlight the lack of professionals to offer quality care. It was found that the health unit and the community use lectures as the only health education strategy, despite its low effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that there are still many barriers to preventing mother-to-child transmission in Mozambique, in particular, the quality of counseling and difficulties in accessing the service, whether due to lack of resources or social and family norms that do not recognize women's autonomy. . It is necessary to support mothers who do not wish to breastfeed and those who are more socioeconomically vulnerable. Greater investment in psychosocial support and community involvement strategies is recommended, using alternatives such as Integrative Community Therapy (ICT) and Popular Education. It is suggested the involvement of community leaders in the process of developing a program of intervention and promotion of mental health for seropositive pregnant or lactating women.

OBJETIVO: En el mundo, alrededor de 16 millones de mujeres viven con el VIH, muchas de ellas en edad reproductiva. Estos niveles de infección y tasas de transmisión vertical siguen siendo motivo de gran preocupación, debido a la falta de una intervención terapéutica temprana en muchos países africanos. En Mozambique, un país del África subsahariana, las tasas de prevalencia del VIH son del 13,2%, lo que coloca al país en el segundo lugar en términos de nuevas infecciones, solo por detrás de Sudáfrica. OBJETIVO: Conocer las vivencias y las principales dificultades vividas por mujeres embarazadas o lactantes seropositivas y sus parejas sexuales en el contexto específico. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo realizado en Chókwè en la provincia de Gaza-Mozambique. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con mujeres embarazadas o lactantes que viven con el VIH, con sus parejas sexuales y con profesionales de la salud. Se realizaron grupos focales con madres mentoras y entrevistas grupales con padres mentores, que se realizaron en el segundo semestre de 2021. Las entrevistas y encuentros fueron grabados con una grabadora de voz y transcritas en su totalidad. La información pasó por el proceso de análisis temático. RESULTADOS: Participaron del estudio diez mujeres embarazadas o lactantes seropositivas y una pareja sexual; trece madres mentoras y dos padres mentores; dos enfermeras de Salud Materno Infantil y una psicóloga. Los hallazgos revelan que las participantes asocian el diagnóstico de VIH con la prueba de embarazo o el parto, y el período de embarazo y lactancia está marcado por el miedo a contagiar al niño con el virus. Las mujeres ocultan su estado serológico a su esposo, familia y comunidad por temor a las consecuencias relacionadas con las normas sociales rígidas y la interferencia de factores culturales. Los resultados de los profesionales de la salud trajeron aspectos similares a los de las mujeres que viven con el VIH, sin embargo, destacan la falta de profesionales para ofrecer una atención de calidad. Se constató que la unidad de salud y la comunidad utilizan las charlas como única estrategia de educación en salud, a pesar de su baja efectividad. CONCLUSIONES: Se observó que todavía existen muchas barreras para prevenir la transmisión maternoinfantil en Mozambique, en particular, la calidad de la consejería y las dificultades para acceder al servicio, ya sea por falta de recursos o por normas sociales y familiares que no reconocer la autonomía de la mujer. Es necesario apoyar a las madres que no desean amamantar ya aquellas que son más vulnerables socioeconómicamente. Se recomienda una mayor inversión en estrategias de apoyo psicosocial y participación comunitaria, utilizando alternativas como la Terapia Comunitaria Integrativa (TIC) y la Educación Popular. Se sugiere involucrar a los líderes comunitarios en el proceso de desarrollo de un programa de intervención y promoción de la salud mental para mujeres embarazadas o lactantes seropositivas.

Microdeletions and vertical transmission of the Y-chromosome azoospermia factor region / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Spermatogenesis is regulated by several Y chromosome-specific genes located in a specific region of the long arm of the Y chromosome, the azoospermia factor region (AZF). AZF microdeletions are the main structural chromosomal abnormalities that cause male infertility. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been used to overcome natural fertilization barriers, allowing infertile couples to have children. However, these techniques increase the risk of vertical transmission of genetic defects. Despite widespread awareness of AZF microdeletions, the occurrence of de novo deletions and overexpression, as well as the expansion of AZF microdeletion vertical transmission, remains unknown. This review summarizes the mechanism of AZF microdeletion and the function of the candidate genes in the AZF region and their corresponding clinical phenotypes. Moreover, vertical transmission cases of AZF microdeletions, the impact of vertical inheritance on male fertility, and the prospective direction of research in this field are also outlined.

Profile of pregnant women and children accompanied due to T. gondii exposure at a referred healthcare center: What has changed in 10 years? / Perfil de gestantes e crianças acompanhadas por exposição ao Toxoplasma gondii num centro de referência: O que mudou 10 anos depois?

Abstract Objectives: to characterize the profile of pregnant women and newborns accompanied at a reference center for infectious-parasitic diseases, after the exposure of T. gondii, establishing comparisons with a previous study, in the same location, ten years ago. Methods: this is a retrospective cohort study, with a follow-up of four years (2016 to 2019), using the previous study carried out from 2002 to 2010 as a comparative for the variables assessed. Mothers who presented tests suggestive of seroconversion for the disease during prenatal care and their respective concepts, followed up over a year, were included. The chi-square test was used, assuming a significance level of 5% for the comparison of the groups in the two periods. Results: during the period from 2016 to 2019, 79 binomials were studied, whereas 58 binomials were accompanied in the previous period. Comparing both periods, the findings showed lower proportions of adolescents (p<0.001), with low schooling (p<0.001), with low serological testing (p<0.001) and with late or postnatal diagnosis (p<0.001). As to the children, the findings showed fewer changes in fundoscopy (p<0.001), strabismus (p=0.002), hepatomegaly (p=0.026) and any sequelae (p<0.001). Conclusion: a positive advance was observed regarding the care provided for the mother-child binomial affected by T. gondii, with a reduction in negative outcomes for the child. However, there are still challenges concerning the diagnosis and proper management of the disease.

Resumo Objetivos: caracterizar o perfil de gestantes e neonatos acompanhadas em um centro de referência em doenças infecto-parasitárias, após exposição ao Toxoplasma gondii, estabelecendo comparações em relação a estudo prévio, no mesmo local, há dez anos. Métodos: trata-se de estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com seguimento de quatro anos (2016 a 2019), servindo o estudo prévio realizado de 2002 a 2010 como comparativo para as variáveis estudadas. Foram incluídas mães que apresentaram durante o pré-natal exames sugestivos soroconversão para a doença e seus respectivos conceptos, acompanhados ao longo de um ano. Utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado, assumindo-se nível de significância de 5% para a comparação dos grupos nos dois períodos. Resultados: durante o período de 2016 a 2019, foram estudados 79 binômios, enquanto no período anterior foram acompanhados 58 binômios. Comparando-se os dois períodos, em relação às mães, registraram-se menores proporções de adolescentes (p<0,001), de baixa escolaridade (p<0,001), baixa realização de testes sorológicos (p<0,001) e com diagnóstico tardio ou pós-natal (p<0,001). Em relação às crianças, verificaram-se menores proporções de alterações de fundoscopia (p<0,001), estrabismo (p=0,002), hepatomegalia (p=0,026) e qualquer sequela (p<0,001). Conclusão: observou-se um avanço em relação aos cuidados para o binômio mãe-filho acometido pelo T. gondii, com redução de desfechos negativos sobre a criança. Todavia, ainda existem desafios para o diagnóstico e adequado manejo da doença.

Vertical transmission of HIV to neonates in a reference hospital in Northeastern Brazil from 2013 to 2017

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of Mother-to-child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV to neonates in a reference university hospital in Sao Luis city, the capital of Maranhao State (MA), evaluating MTCT-associated factors. A retrospective cohort study based on data from the Notifiable Diseases Data System (SINAN) was carried out and included all HIV-exposed neonates notified from 2013 to 2017 by the university hospital. The study population comprised 725 HIV-exposed neonates, of whom 672 neonates were exposed and uninfected, and 53 were exposed and infected. The estimated rate of MTCT in the period of 2013 to 2017 was 7.3%. Most pregnant women were ≥ 20 years old (86.9%), reported ≥ 8 years of schooling (53.2%), reported full-time or independent paid work (46.9%) and were residents in other cities of the state (61.7%). Regarding healthcare, 86.3% received prenatal care, 74.6% received Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) as prophylaxis during pregnancy, 81.8% received ART prophylaxis during childbirth and 78.1% underwent cesarean section. Among the neonates, 92.8% received ART prophylaxis and 94.3% were not breastfed. Despite these variables, the 7.3% MTCT rate found in this study makes it clear that the interventions recommended by the Ministry of Health were not fully adopted.

Detección clonal de cepas parentales de streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann y Neumann por amplificación aleatoria de ADN polimórfico / Clonal detection of streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann and Neumann parental strains by random amplification of polymorphic DNA

RESUMEN Streptococcus agalactiae (SGB) produce infecciones invasivas en neonatos siendo la transmisión materna la más frecuente. Estudios epidemiológicos utilizan técnicas moleculares que evalúan la diversidad genética, entre ellas la de amplificación aleatoria de ADN polimórfico (RAPD) que resulta ser accesible, sensible y utiliza cebadores arbitrarios para amplificar segmentos polimórficos de ADN mediante PCR. El objetivo fue determinar la relación clonal entre aislamientos de SGB recuperados de madres y sus respectivos recién nacidos. Se estudiaron por RAPD cuatro parejas de aislamientos de SGB obtenidos de hisopados vagino-rectales de madres y de hemocultivos de sus neonatos. Se utilizaron los cebadores OPS11, OPB17 y OPB18 para seleccionar uno con capacidad de discriminar entre cepas no relacionadas genéticamente. Se utilizó la fórmula de Hunter-Gaston que establece el índice de discriminación (D), cuando D>0,90 se considera que los aislamientos pertenecen a clones diferentes. Los perfiles de amplificación para los ocho aislamientos, empleando independientemente cada cebador, permitieron calcular un D=1 para OPS11, y D=0,84 para OPB17 y OPB18. Por lo tanto, OPS11 fue seleccionado para el estudio de la relación clonal de los aislamientos, encontrándose perfiles de amplificación similares por RAPD para cada par de cepas madre-recién nacido. Se observaron diferentes perfiles de amplificación entre los pares de cepas madre-recién nacido, lo que revela la discriminación entre cepas no relacionadas, resultados confirmados por electroforesis en campo pulsante (PFGE). Estos resultados indican transmisión vertical para cada caso estudiado y robustez del cebador OPS11. Se encontraron condiciones apropiadas del ensayo de RAPD, lo que es útil para estudios epidemiológicos.

ABSTRACT Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) causes invasive infections in newborns, being the most frequent the maternal transmission. Epidemiological studies use molecular techniques that assess genetic diversity, including random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) that is found to be accessible, sensitive and uses arbitrary primers to amplify polymorphic segments of DNA by PCR. The objective was to determine the clonal relationship between GBS strains recovered from mothers and their respective newborns. Four pairs of GBS isolates obtained from vaginal-rectal swabs of mothers and blood cultures of their newborns were studied with RAPD. Primers OPS11, OPB17 and OPB18 were used to select one with the ability to discriminate between non-genetically related strains. The Hunter-Gaston formula that establishes the discrimination index (D) was used; when D>0.90, it is considered that the isolates belong to different clones. The amplification profiles for the eight isolates, using each primer independently, allowed to calculate a D=1 for OPS11, and D=0.84 for OPB17 and OPB18. Therefore, OPS11 was selected for the study of the clonal relationship of the isolates, and similar amplification profiles were found by RAPD for each mother-newborn pair of GBS isolates. Different amplification profiles were observed between pairs of mother-newborn strains, which reveals the discrimination between unrelated strains, confirmed by pulsating field electrophoresis (PFGE). These results indicated vertical transmission for each studied case and robustness of the OPS11 primer. Appropriate conditions of the RAPD trial were found, which is useful for epidemiological studies.

Virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo 1 (HTLV-1) en el embarazo / Human lymphotropic virus in T-cell type 1 (HTLV-1) during pregnancy

El HTLV-1 es un retrovirus que afecta principalmente a los linfocitos T-CD4, causando enfermedades como paraparesia espástica o mielopatía, uveítis, dermatitis infecciosas, leucemia/linfoma de las células T del adulto, además de otras enfermedades. Causa una infección crónica de por vida en humanos y su transmisión ocurre a través de la lactancia materna, el contacto sexual y las transfusiones de sangre. En Chile actualmente ocupa el cuarto lugar en notificaciones entre el año 2014-2021, estimándose a nivel mundial más de 20 millones de portadores. El mayor riesgo de transmisión ocurre por lactancia mayor a seis meses y alta carga proviral y altos títulos de anticuerpos en la madre portadora. El objetivo consistió en analizar la situación de la portación del virus HTLV-1 durante el embarazo, determinando su prevalencia, vías de transmisión y complicaciones. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática de artículos publicados en bases de datos científicas referidos al virus HTLV-1. Este virus está globalmente diseminado y se presenta en forma endémica en algunas regiones del mundo con prevalencias entre muy elevadas y bajas. En Chile la seroprevalencia en promedio es de 0,124% para HTLV-1. Esta infección no cuenta con tratamiento, solo se tratan los síntomas por lo que mientras esto no cambie, solo es factible reducir la transmisión, incidencia y la morbilidad del HTLV-1 incorporando medidas de control del virus en las intervenciones de control de enfermedades y estrategias de salud pública. La forma más eficiente de transmisión del virus madre-hijo es a través de la leche materna, es necesario implementar la detección prenatal de HTLV-1, en especial en las zonas endémicas, así como también asesorar a las madres HTVL-1 positivas sobre la lactancia materna.

HTLV-1 is a retrovirus that mainly affects CD4-T lymphocytes, causing diseases such as spastic paraparesis or myelopathy, uveitis, infectious dermatitis, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and other diseases. It causes a lifelong chronic infection in humans and its transmission occurs through breastfeeding, sexual contact and blood transfusions. In Chile, it currently ranks fourth in notifications between the years 2014-2021, with more than 20 million carriers being estimated worldwide. The greatest risk of transmission occurs by breastfeeding for more than six months and high proviral load and high antibody titers in the carrier mother. The objective consisted of analyzing the situation of the carriage of the HTLV-1 virus during pregnancy, determining its prevalence, transmission routes and complications. A systematic bibliographic review of articles published in scientific databases referring to the HTLV-1 virus was carried out. This virus is globally disseminated and occurs endemic in some regions of the world with prevalence between very high and low. In Chile, the average seroprevalence is 0.124% for HTLV-1. There is no treatment for this infection, only the symptoms are treated, so as long as this does not change, it is only feasible to reduce the transmission, incidence, and morbidity of HTLV-1 by incorporating virus control measures into disease control interventions and strategies. of public health. The most efficient form of mother-child transmission of the virus is through breast milk, it is necessary to implement prenatal screening for HTLV-1, especially in endemic areas, as well as counsel HTLV-1 positive mothers on breastfeeding

A maternidade e a transmissão vertical do HIV/ AIDS em gestantes adolescentes soropositivas: Revisão integrativa / Maternidad y transmisión vertical del VIH/SIDA en adolescentes embarazadas con VIH/SIDA: Revisión integrativa / Maternity and vertical transmission of HIV/AIDs in HIV/AIDS pregnant adolescents: Integrative review

Objetivo: analisar as percepções de mães adolescentes com HIV/Aids sobre a gestação e a transmissão vertical. Método: Estudo de revisão integrativa de literatura. As bases de informação utilizadas foram: Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), Web of Science, PubMed e Science Direct, reunindo artigos do recorte temporal de 2012 a 2020. O período de coleta de dados se deu entre outubro de 2021 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: Elencaram-se dois artigos que relataram a condição biopsicossocial da gestante adolescente, associada ao medo, insegurança, incapacidade e culpabilização. Os resultados foram agrupados em categorias, a saber: a maternidade sob ótica da adolescente soropositiva e a transmissão vertical do HIV durante a gestação na adolescência. Conclusão: Espera-se que a temática possa ser explorada a fim de contribuir para a assistência voltada para o público estudado e minimizar os riscos da transmissão vertical.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the perceptions of adolescent mothers with HIV/AIDS about pregnancy and vertical transmission. Method: Study of integrative literature review. The information bases used were: Virtual Health Library (VHL), Web of Science, PubMed and Science Direct, gathering articles from the time frame from 2012 to 2020. The data collection period took place between October 2021 and December 2021. Results: Two articles were reported on the biopsychosocial condition of pregnant adolescents, associated with fear, insecurity, disability and guilt. The results were grouped into categories, that is: maternity from the perspective of hiv-positive adolescents and vertical transmission of HIV during pregnancy in adolescence. Conclusion: It is expected that the theme can be explored in order to contribute to the assistance aimed at the studied public and minimize the risks of vertical transmission.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar las percepciones de las madres adolescentes con VIH/SIDA sobre el embarazo y la transmisión vertical. Método: Estudio de la revisión integradora de la literatura. Las bases de información utilizadas fueron: Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Web of Science, PubMed y Science Direct, recopilando artículos del marco de tiempo de 2012 a 2020. El período de recolección de datos tuvo lugar entre octubre de 2021 y diciembre de 2021. Resultados: Se reportaron dos artículos sobre la condición biopsicosocial de adolescentes embarazadas, asociada con miedo, inseguridad, discapacidad y culpa. Los resultados se agruparon en categorías, es decir: maternidad desde la perspectiva de las adolescentes seropositivas y transmisión vertical del VIH durante el embarazo en la adolescencia. Conclusión: Se espera que el tema pueda ser explorado con el fin de contribuir a la asistencia dirigida al público estudiado y minimizar los riesgos de transmisión vertical.(AU)