ABSTRACT
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have changed the management and outcomes of chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction is used to monitor molecular responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Molecular monitoring represents the most sensitive tool to judge chronic myeloid leukemia disease course and allows early detection of relapse. Evidence of achieving molecular response is important for several reasons: 1. early molecular response is associated with major molecular response rates at 18-24 months; 2. patients achieving major molecular response are less likely to lose their complete cytogenetic response; 3. a durable, stable major molecular response is associated with increased progression-free survival. However, standardization of molecular techniques is still challenging.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acetate Kinase , Cytogenetics , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive , Environmental Monitoring , Mutation , Polymerase Chain Reaction , TyrosineABSTRACT
Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional, incluindo a prevalência de anemia, de crianças Kamaiurá, povo indígena do Alto Xingu, Brasil Central. Foram estudadas 112 crianças menores de dez anos de idade em 2000/2001. O perfil do crescimento infantil foi descrito segundo a distribuição dos índices altura/idade e peso/altura expressos em escore-z da população de referência do National Center of Health Statistics - NCHS. Os diagnósticos de déficit de altura e da relação peso/altura e o diagnóstico de obesidade corresponderam, respectivamente, aos valores abaixo de -2 escores-z de altura/idade e peso/altura e aos valores acima de 2 escores-z de peso/altura. O diagnóstico de anemia foi determinado a partir de concentrações de hemoglobina sérica inferiores a 11 g/dl para crianças entre seis meses e cinco anos de idade e inferiores a 11,5 g/dl para as crianças com idade entre cinco e dez anos incompletos, conforme recomendação da OMS. Aproximadamente um terço das crianças apresentou déficit de crescimento, enquanto déficit de peso/altura e obesidade não foram diagnosticados entre elas. A anemia esteve presente em mais da metade das crianças índias estudadas, 15 por cento delas apresentando anemia grave. Há necessidade de implementação de ações que visem a melhoria das condições socioambientais, de saúde e nutrição desse povo indígena.
In order to evaluate nutritional and anemic status, 112 Indian children (Kamaiurá), aged from 0 to 119.9 months, from the Alto Xingu region of central Brazil were studied in 2000/2001. The international growth reference - NCHS was used to evaluate height and weight, according to the child's age and gender. Growth deficit (stunting) and low weight status (wasting) were determined when height-for-age and weight-for-height indices were below _2 z scores, respectively, and obesity status when the weight-for-height index was above 2 z scores. Stunting was observed in 1/3 of the children and neither wasting nor obesity were observed. The anemic status was diagnosed by hemoglobin values below 11 g/dl for children from 6 to 59 months of age, and below 11.5 g/dl, for children from 60 to 119.9 months. About 50 percent of the Indian children were anemic and 15 percent were affected by severe anemia. There is a particular need to ensure efforts to implement environment, health and nutrition programs addressed to Kamaiurá children.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Anemia/epidemiology , Nutritional Status , Failure to Thrive/epidemiology , Indians, South American , Acetate Kinase , BrazilABSTRACT
The differences in metabolism in Escherichia coli DH5alpha and its acetate-tolerant mutant DA19 were analyzed based on the activity of key enzymes involved in central metabolism when both strains were continuously cultured in nitrogen source-limited defined media. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) in DA19 increased as compared with those in DH5alpha, while acetate kinase (ACK) and phosphofructosekinase (PFK) decreased. These indicated that more carbon flux of DA19 entered the phosphopentose pathway (PPP) and less entered the glycolytic (EMP) pathway and acetic acid production (Ack-Pta) pathway. Therefore, the differences in activity of key enzyme coincided with increased cell yield based on consumed glucose (Y(X/G)) and decreased production of acetic acid and pyruvate of DA19. G6PDH and ICDH in DH5alpha were up-regulated by addition of adenine, while ACK and PFK were down-regulated. On the other hand, adenine had little effect on those in DA19. The enzymes except PFK in both strains were down-regulated by sodium acetate, especially the activity of ICDH in DH5alpha. These results suggested changed flux of central metabolic pathways were also consistent with the changes of growth properties and byproducts formation.