Terapia inhalatoria en pacientes que reciben ventilación mecánica / Inhalation therapy in patients with mechanical ventilation

We discuss the general as well as the specific factors influencing this therapy among patients on mechanical ventilation, describing its physical aspects, aerosol generators and some devices available for their application. Recommendations are proposed to increase lung deposition and improve the efficiency and safety of inhalation therapy in children receiving respiratory support.

Se discuten los factores que influyen en la terapia inhalatoria, tanto en general como específicamente para pacientes ventilados, discutiendo los aspectos físicos, los generadores de aerosol y ciertos dispositivos disponibles para su aplicación. Se proponen recomendaciones necesarias para aumentar la fracción de depósito pulmonar y mejorar la eficiencia y seguridad de la terapia inhalatoria en niños que reciben soporte respiratorio.

Frequência de fungos anemófilos em áreas críticas de unidade hospitalar de Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil / Frequency of airborne fungus in critical areas at hospital unit of Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

Introdução: Além dos casos de alergia, muitos fungos oportunistas como dos gêneros Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Candida, Fusarium, são responsáveis por doenças desde otites, micotoxicoses, infecções urinárias, onicomicoses, infecções oculares até fungemias, fato este bastante preocupante para a clínica médica, pois tais micro-organismos estão dispersos abundantemente no meio ambiente. Objetivo: Verificar a frequência de fungos anemófilos em áreas críticas de unidade hospitalar. Método: As coletas foram realizadas pelo método de sedimentação gravitacional, em placas de Petri contendo ágar-Sabouraud-dextrose, nos setores do Centro Cirúrgico (CC), Centro de Terapia Infantil (CTI), Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e Unidade de Terapia dos Queimados (UTQ). Resultados: Foram isolados do CC quatro gêneros de fungos, quatro da CTI, quatro da UTI e cinco da UTQ. Os gêneros detectados com maior frequência foram: Aspergillus spp (43%), Penicillum spp (12%), Fusarium spp (11%), Candidaspp (6%) e Curvularia spp (5%). A contaminação observada pode estar associada principalmente com a falta de metodologia de limpeza, com a ventilação artificial, e com o fluxo humano entre os setores.

Isobutane driven salbutamol sulfate metered dose inhaler: formulation selection and respiratory tract absorption in guinea pigs / 药学学报

This paper is to study the iso-butane (A-31)-driven salbutamol sulfate (SS) metered dose inhaler (MDI) formulations and inhaling status in guinea pigs. Solubility determination and orthogonal design were used to screen non-chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) SS MDI formulations. Intubation inhalation of MDI in guinea pigs was used as a main administration method. Fluorescence HPLC detection method was testified as a potential method in assaying the concentration of SS in plasma of guinea pigs after inhaling various SS MDI formulations. Analysis of the data was executed with statistical moment calculation from which pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained. The results show that A-31 based on SS MDI formulations were screened and the guinea pigs in vivo determination method after inhaling SS MDI was established. The zero-moment rations of SS/A-31 MDI formulation to contrast sample and CFC SS MDI was 143.26% and 147.01%, respectively. The first moment value of SS/A-31 MDI formulation was the highest. It is a preliminary conclusion that the absorption result of SS/A-31 MDI formulation inhaled by guinea pigs is equivalent to HFA-134a formulation in sale and better than CFC formulation. A-31 could be used as a potential substitute candidate for CFC MDI propellant.

Clinical study and pathological examination on the treatment of deep partial thickness burn wound with negative charge aerosol / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of negative charge aerosol (NCA) on the treatment of burn wound.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Patients with superficial or deep partial thickness burn only were enrolled in the study, and they were randomly divided into trial group (T, including 180 cases of superficial thickness burn and 100 cases of deep partial thickness burn), control group (C, including 30 cases with superficial thickness burn and 30 with deep partial thickness burn), and self control group (SC, including 10 cases with superficial thickness burn and 10 with deep partial thickness burn). The patients in T and SC groups were treated with NCA for 1.5 hours, 1-2 times a day, from 6 postburn hour (PBH) to 2 postburn day (PBD), while those in C group received conventional treatment. For those in SC group, some of the wounds were covered with sterile schissel, while other wounds without schissel covering. The general changes in the wounds during NCA treatment were observed, and bacterial culture before and after NCA treatment was performed. The healing time was recorded and the blood biochemical parameters were determined. Rat model with deep partial thickness scald was established, and the rats were also divided into T and C groups, and received treatment as in human. Tissue samples were harvested from the wounds of rats in the 2 groups before and 1, 2, 3 weeks after treatment for pathological examination.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no infection and little exudation in the patients in T group. No bacteria were found in the wound before and after NCA treatment. The healing time of the wounds of patients with superficial and deep partial thickness burn in T group was 6.3 +/- 1.6 d and 15.1 +/- 3.1 d, respectively, which was obviously shorter than those in C group (11.3 +/- 1.4 d and 21.2 +/- 1.4 d, P < 0.01). In SC group, the healing time of those with sterile schissel coverage was also significantly shorter than those without covering (P < 0.01). There was no obvious change in the liver and kidney functions and blood biochemical parameters among the patients. Pathological examination showed that the skin structure was almost recovered in the rats in T group 3 weeks after treatment, while those in C group was not.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Negative charge aerosol is safe and effective in promoting wound healing of the patients with partial thickness burns.</p>

Hidrofluoralcano como propelente dos aerossóis pressurizados de dose medida: histórico, deposição pulmonar, farmacocinética, eficácia e segurança / Hydrofluoroalkane as a propellant for pressurized metered-dose inhalers: history, pulmonary deposition, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety

OBJETIVO: Rever a literatura sobre o hidrofluoralcano como propelente dos inaladores de dose medida contendo medicamentos empregados na asma. FONTES DOS DADOS: O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado em bancos de dados eletrônicos - MEDLINE, MDConsult, HighWire, Medscape e LILACS - e por pesquisa direta - referentes aos últimos 15 anos -, utilizando-se as seguintes palavras-chaves: hidrofluoralcano, asma e infância. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram selecionados 43 artigos originais abordando a questão da substituição do clorofluorcarbono pelo hidrofluoralcano. Este gás mostrou-se como uma alternativa de propelente segura, com deposição pulmonar de 50 a 60 por cento e eficácia significativa quando comparado com placebo (p < 0,003) através de estudos clínicos controlados. A maioria das pesquisas realizadas com o hidrofluoralcano emprega o dipropionato de beclometasona. O custo anual aproximado do tratamento com dipropionato de beclometasona/hidrofluoralcano foi menor do que com dipropionato de beclometasona/clorofluorcarbono. Alguns estudos avaliaram o salbutamol, a fluticasona, a flunisolida e a associação fluticasona-salmeterol tendo o hidrofluoralcano como propelente em inaladores pressurizados de dose medida. CONCLUSÕES: Ficou evidenciada em adultos a eficácia e segurança do hidrofluoralcano como propelente de broncodilatadores e glicocorticosteróides em aerossol, bem como a melhor deposição pulmonar das partículas, de um modo geral. Todavia, são escassos os dados na literatura acerca do uso do hidrofluoralcano na faixa etária pediátrica. Seria importante conduzir estudos adicionais em crianças e adolescentes.

Relative potency of lambdacyhalothrin and cypermethrin applied as thermal fogs for the control of houseflies (Musca domestica) and mosquitos (Aedes aegypti).

Two highly active synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, lambdacyhalothrin and cypermethrin, were evaluated as thermal fogs against houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeus) and mosquitos (Aedes aegypti Linnaeus). Lambdacyhalothrin (OMS 3021) showed an average of 2.5 times more knockdown activity and over 5 times more adulticidal activity than cypermethrin against Musca domestica and Aedes aegypti. These results demonstrate that lambdacyhalothrin is highly effective at very low rates as a thermal fog against Ae. aegypti and M. domestica. Commercially available formulations of 2.5% and 5% lambdacyhalothrin can be diluted either with water for ULV cold aerosol space-spraying or with diesel/kerosene for thermal fogging at recommended application rates of 0.5-1 g ai/ha for mosquito control and 2 g ai/ha for housefly control. Due to the very low rates of application, formulated products of lambdacyhalothrin are unlikely to present any acute hazards in normal use. The low dosages required to bring about rapid control of houseflies and mosquitos make this new pyrethroid insecticide particularly cost-effective. Coupled with its good residual activity (Jutsum et al, 1984), lambdacyhalothrin can be adopted as a powerful tool in integrated pest management program for the control of medically important pests and vectors.