Occupational Lead Exposure from Indoor Firing Ranges in Korea

Military personnel often use ammunitions that contain lead. The present study aimed to identify the risks for lead exposure and lead poisoning among workers at indoor firing ranges. A special health examination, including blood lead level (BLL) testing, was performed for all 120 workers at the indoor firing ranges of the Republic of Korea's Air Force, Navy, and Armed Forces Athletic Corps. The overall mean BLL was 11.3 ± 9.4 µg/dL (range: 2.0-64.0 µg/dL). The arithmetic mean of the BLL for professional shooters belong to Armed Forces Athletic Corps was 14.0 ± 8.3 µg/dL, while those of shooting range managers and shooting range supervisors were 13.8 ± 11.1 µg/dL and 6.4 ± 3.1 µg/dL, respectively. One individual had a BLL of 64 µg/dL, and ultimately completed chelation treatment (with CaNa2-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) without any adverse effects. These findings indicate that indoor firing range workers are exposed to elevated levels of lead. Therefore, when constructing an indoor firing range, a specialist should be engaged to design and assess the ventilation system; and safety guidelines regarding ammunition and waste handling must be mandatory. Moreover, workplace environmental monitoring should be implemented for indoor firing ranges, and the workers should undergo regularly scheduled special health examinations.

Urinary, Circulating, and Tissue Biomonitoring Studies Indicate Widespread Exposure to Bisphenol A / Estudos de biomonitoração do sistema urinário, circulatório e tecidos indicam grande exposição ao Bisfenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, and human exposure to BPA is thought to be ubiquitous. Thus, there are concerns that the amount of BPA to which humans are exposed may cause adverse health effects. We examined many possibilities for why biomonitoring and toxicokinetic studies could come to seemingly conflicting conclusions. More than 80 published human biomonitoring studies that measured BPA concentrations in human tissues, urine, blood, and other fluids, along with two toxicokinetic studies of human BPA metabolism were examined. Unconjugated BPA was routinely detected in blood (in the nanograms per milliliter range), and conjugated BPA was routinely detected in the vast majority of urine samples (also in the nanograms per milliliter range). In stark contrast, toxicokinetic studies proposed that humans are not internally exposed to BPA. Available data from biomonitoring studies clearly indicate that the general population is exposed to BPA and is at risk from internal exposure to unconjugated BPA. The two toxicokinetic studies that suggested human BPA exposure is negligible have significant deficiencies, are directly contradicted by hypothesis-driven studies, and are therefore not reliable for risk assessment purposes.

Bisfenol A (BPA) é um dos produtos químicos mais produzido em todo o mundo, e a exposição humana a ele é considerada onipresente. Assim, há preocupações de que a quantidade de BPA para o qual os seres humanos estão expostos podem causar efeitos adversos à saúde. Nós examinamos muitas possibilidades sobre o porquê estudos de biomonitorização e toxicocinética podem chegar a conclusões aparentemente conflitantes. Mais de 80 estudos publicados de biomonitorização humana que mediram a concentração de BPA em tecidos humanos, urina, sangue e outros fluidos, juntamente com dois estudos de toxicocinética do metabolismo humano BPA foram examinados. BPA não conjugado foi detectado no sangue (nonanogramas por mililitro gama), e BPA conjugado foi detectado na grande maioria das amostras de urina. Em contraste, estudos de toxico-cinética propuseram que os seres humanos não são internamente expostos ao BPA. Dados disponíveis de estudos de biomonitorização indicam que a população em geral está exposta ao BPA e em risco de exposição interna ao BPA não conjugado. Os dois estudos de toxicocinética, que sugeriram a exposição humana ao BPA é insignificante, têm deficiências significativas e estão diretamente refutados por outros estudos e, portanto não são confiáveis para fins de avaliação de risco.

Environmental exposure of commuters in Mexico City to volatile organic compounds as assessed by blood concentrations, 1998

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la exposición a compuestos orgánicos volátiles en usuarios de transporte no expuestos ocupacionalmente en la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se determinaron las concentraciones sanguíneas de benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno, m/p-xileno, o-xileno y metil-terbutil éter en muestras obtenidas de participantes después del traslado matutino. RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones promedio de benceno en sangre (0.11µg/l), etilbenceno (0.081µg/l), m-/p-xileno (0.32µg/l) y tolueno (0.56µg/l) en los participantes de la Ciudad de México son aproximadamente dos veces más elevadas que en la submuestra de no fumadores de la Tercera Encuesta de Nutrición y Salud (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) en la población de Estados Unidos de América. Por otro lado, la mediana de los niveles de Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles fueron similares a las medianas observadas en otros estudios de viajeros en ciudades de los Estados Unidos de América, no obstante el hecho de que sólo la mitad de los participantes de la Ciudad de México viajan en vehículos de uso personal, en comparación con los viajeros de los Estados Unidos de América. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados reflejan el problema de la contaminación ambiental en la Ciudad de México, donde la topografía que la rodea incrementa los problemas causados por el tráfico vehicular intenso, el bajo control de emisiones en los vehículos viejos y las pobres prácticas de mantenimiento. Los niveles altos de componentes de gasolina en la sangre de los viajeros no expuestos ocupacionalmente enfatizan la necesidad de iniciativas regulatorias y alternativas para disminuir el tráfico que reduzcan las emisiones de hidrocarburos y, en consecuencia, el riesgo de exposición no ocupacional para los residentes de la Ciudad de México.