Evaluación de medidas para reducir la transmisión de COVID-19 en espacios cerrados, Tegucigalpa, Honduras / Evaluation of measures to reduce COVID-19 transmission in closed spaces, Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Antecedentes. Ante la evidencia que establece una transmisión aérea del SARS-CoV-2, es primordial buscar nuevas formas para reducir la transmisión. El monitoreo a través de medidores de dióxido de carbono (CO 2 ) permite determinar la calidad de aire en espacios cerrados. Objetivo: Evaluar niveles de CO 2 y uso de medidas de seguridad para reducir la transmisión de COVID-19 en aulas universitarias, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, abril-mayo 2022. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal sobre aulas y estudiantes universitarios. Los datos se obtuvieron por observación, medición y documentación. La muestra fue a conveniencia. Se midieron las concentraciones de CO2 en 5 aulas usando un medidor infrarrojo marca ARANET4. Se registraron las medidas de bioseguridad utilizadas. Se realizó análisis univariado por medio de frecuencia y medidas de tendencia central; se calculó coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y valores de p. Se obtuvo consentimiento informado de los participantes. Resultados: De los 86 participantes, 91.9% (79) aplicaba medidas de bioseguridad. Los niveles máximos de CO 2 encontrados en 5 aulas se encontraron en el nivel recomendado para espacios de clases (clasificación Calidad del Aire Interior IDA, Subdirección de Salud Pública, Madrid, España). Discusión: Los niveles de CO 2 en las aulas se elevaron con la presencia de estudiantes. Sin embargo, los niveles alcanzados no sugieren un riesgo. Honduras no cuenta con normas de calidad del aire para la protección a la salud de los impactos de los contaminantes atmosféricos. Es necesario realizar estudios con mayor tamaño muestral en cuanto a sitios y participantes...(AU)

Characteristics and Differences of Household Fine Particulate Matter Pollution Caused by Fuel Burning in Urban and Rural Areas in China / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the overall level,distribution characteristics,and differences in household fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution caused by fuel burning in urban and rural areas in China. Methods The relevant articles published from 1991 to 2021 were retrieved and included in this study.The data including the average concentration of household PM2.5 and urban and rural areas were extracted,and the stoves and fuel types were reclassified.The average concentration of PM2.5 in different areas was calculated and analyzed by nonparametric test. Results The average household PM2.5 concentration in China was (178.81±249.91) μg/m3.The mean household PM2.5 concentration was higher in rural areas than in urban areas[(206.08±279.40) μg/m3 vs. (110.63±131.16) μg/m3;Z=-5.45,P<0.001] and higher in northern areas than in southern areas[(224.27±301.66) μg/m3 vs.(130.11±140.61) μg/m3;Z=-2.38,P=0.017].The north-south difference in household PM2.5 concentration was more significant in rural areas than in urban areas[(324.19±367.94) μg/m3 vs.(141.20±151.05) μg/m3,χ2=-5.06,P<0.001].The PM2.5 pollution level showed differences between urban and rural households using different fuel types (χ2=92.85,P<0.001),stove types (χ2=74.42,P<0.001),and whether they were heating (Z=-4.43,P<0.001).Specifically,rural households mainly used solid fuels (manure,charcoal,coal) and traditional or improved stoves,while urban households mainly used clean fuels (gas) and clean stoves.The PM2.5 concentrations in heated households were higher than those in non-heated households in both rural and urban areas (Z=-4.43,P<0.001). Conclusions The household PM2.5 pollution caused by fuel combustion in China remains a high level.The PM2.5 concentration shows a significant difference between urban and rural households,and the PM2.5 pollution is more serious in rural households.The difference in the household PM2.5 concentration between urban and rural areas is more significant in northern China.PM2.5 pollution in the households using solid fuel,traditional stoves,and heating is serious,and thus targeted measures should be taken to control PM2.5 pollution in these households.

Revision and prospect of "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The formulation and revision of the detection methods of indoor air quality standards is an important, rigorous and delicate endeavor. The standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022) were issued by the State Administration of Market Regulation and the Standardization Administration on July 11, 2022, and implemented on February 1, 2023 by replacing indoor air quality standards (GB/T 18883-2002). The revised standard specifies hygienic requirements for physical, chemical, biological and radioactive indicators in indoor air and the corresponding test methods. This article interpreted the revision background, drafting principles, main indicators and methods, as well as the revision basis of the standards. Recommendations for the implementation of the standards are also proposed.

Study on formulation and revision of standard limit for formaldehyde in the "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Formaldehyde, as an important pollutant in indoor air, has always been of great concern. In the newly issued "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)", the standard limit of formaldehyde has been restricted to 0.08 mg/m3. In order to better promote the implementation and application of this new standard, this study reviewed and interpreted the relevant technical content for determining the standard limit, including the indoor concentration and human exposure levels of formaldehyde, the health effects of formaldehyde, and the derivation of safety reference values. It also proposed prospect for the future development and revision of quality standards for formaldehyde in indoor air.

Study on revision of standard limits for benzene in"Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）"in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Benzene, as a major indoor pollutant, has received widespread attention. In order to better control indoor benzene pollution and protect people's health, the limit value of benzene in the"Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)'' was reduced from 0.11 mg/m3 to 0.03 mg/m3. This study reviewed and discussed the relevant technical contents of the determination of benzene limit value, including the exposure status of benzene, health effects, and derivation of the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the future direction of formulating indoor air benzene standards.

Study on formulation of standard limits for trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

There are clear indoor air pollution sources of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. A large number of epidemiological evidence has confirmed their carcinogenic toxicity and non-carcinogenic toxicity. Several countries and international organizations have paid attention to indoor air trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. It has been also assessed that there should be certain potential health risk of indoor air trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in China. Based on the latest research results of health risk assessment of indoor air trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, the "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)" added trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene as indicators. The index limit of trichloroethylene is 6 μg/m3 for an 8-hour average concentration. The index limit of tetrachloroethylene is 120 μg/m3 for an 8-hour average concentration. The technical contents related to the determination of the standard limits of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in indoor air were analyzed and discussed, including the sources, the exposure, the health effects, the determination of the limit values, and the recommendations for standard implementation. It also proposed recommendations for the implementation of"Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)".

Study on formulation and revision of standard limits for inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The pollution and health effects of indoor inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are increasingly receiving public attention. The"Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)"has revised the standard limit for PM10 and added the standard limit for PM2.5. This study analyzed and interpreted the relevant technical contents of the revision of the standard limits for two indicators, including the exposure status, health effects, and the basis for the determination of the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the future development and revision of standard limits for indoor particulate matters.

Study on revision of standard limits for nitrogen dioxide in "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an important indoor air pollutant, with both outdoor and indoor sources contributing to indoor NO2 exposure levels. Considering the association of high NO2 exposure with adverse health effects, the Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022) have been revised to further restrict indoor NO2 limit values. The 1-h average concentration limit value for NO2 has been reduced from 0.24 mg/m3 to 200 μg/m3.This study analyzed the technical contents related to the determination of the limits of indoor NO2 in Standards for Indoor Air Quality (GB/T 18883-2022), including source, exposure level, health effects, and the process and evidence basis for determining the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the direction for the implementation of the indoor NO2 standard.

Study on formulation and revision of standard limits for total bacteria count in "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The total bacteria count has been attracting attention as an important pollutant in indoor air, and its standard limit was tightened to 1500 CFU/m3 in "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)".The technical contents related to the determination of the indoor air standard limits for total bacteria count were analyzed and studied, including the environmental existence level, exposure status, the health effects and the derivation of the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the future development and revision of quality standards for total bacteria count in indoor air.

Study on formulation and revision of standard limits for radon in "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Public exposure to radon has attracted increasing public concern. The newly issued "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)" has revised the radiological parameters of radon. This study analyzed and discussed the relevant technical contents about the derivation of radon limit, including the distribution level for indoor radon, exposure pathway, health effects, and the process for establishing the standard limits. Specific implementation and evaluation suggestions are also proposed.

Study on formulation and revision of detection methods of "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The formulation and revision of the detection methods of indoor air quality standards is an important, rigorous and delicate endeavor. This paper introduced the formulation and revision of the detection methods of the standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022), focusing on the revision process, revision principles, main adjustments and technical points of some key indicators to facilitate users to better understand and apply the detection methods in standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022).

Revision and prospect of "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The formulation and revision of the detection methods of indoor air quality standards is an important, rigorous and delicate endeavor. The standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022) were issued by the State Administration of Market Regulation and the Standardization Administration on July 11, 2022, and implemented on February 1, 2023 by replacing indoor air quality standards (GB/T 18883-2002). The revised standard specifies hygienic requirements for physical, chemical, biological and radioactive indicators in indoor air and the corresponding test methods. This article interpreted the revision background, drafting principles, main indicators and methods, as well as the revision basis of the standards. Recommendations for the implementation of the standards are also proposed.

Study on formulation and revision of standard limit for formaldehyde in the "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Formaldehyde, as an important pollutant in indoor air, has always been of great concern. In the newly issued "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)", the standard limit of formaldehyde has been restricted to 0.08 mg/m3. In order to better promote the implementation and application of this new standard, this study reviewed and interpreted the relevant technical content for determining the standard limit, including the indoor concentration and human exposure levels of formaldehyde, the health effects of formaldehyde, and the derivation of safety reference values. It also proposed prospect for the future development and revision of quality standards for formaldehyde in indoor air.

Study on revision of standard limits for benzene in"Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）"in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Benzene, as a major indoor pollutant, has received widespread attention. In order to better control indoor benzene pollution and protect people's health, the limit value of benzene in the"Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)'' was reduced from 0.11 mg/m3 to 0.03 mg/m3. This study reviewed and discussed the relevant technical contents of the determination of benzene limit value, including the exposure status of benzene, health effects, and derivation of the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the future direction of formulating indoor air benzene standards.

Study on formulation of standard limits for trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

There are clear indoor air pollution sources of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. A large number of epidemiological evidence has confirmed their carcinogenic toxicity and non-carcinogenic toxicity. Several countries and international organizations have paid attention to indoor air trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. It has been also assessed that there should be certain potential health risk of indoor air trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in China. Based on the latest research results of health risk assessment of indoor air trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, the "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)" added trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene as indicators. The index limit of trichloroethylene is 6 μg/m3 for an 8-hour average concentration. The index limit of tetrachloroethylene is 120 μg/m3 for an 8-hour average concentration. The technical contents related to the determination of the standard limits of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in indoor air were analyzed and discussed, including the sources, the exposure, the health effects, the determination of the limit values, and the recommendations for standard implementation. It also proposed recommendations for the implementation of"Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)".

Study on formulation and revision of standard limits for inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The pollution and health effects of indoor inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are increasingly receiving public attention. The"Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)"has revised the standard limit for PM10 and added the standard limit for PM2.5. This study analyzed and interpreted the relevant technical contents of the revision of the standard limits for two indicators, including the exposure status, health effects, and the basis for the determination of the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the future development and revision of standard limits for indoor particulate matters.

Study on revision of standard limits for nitrogen dioxide in "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an important indoor air pollutant, with both outdoor and indoor sources contributing to indoor NO2 exposure levels. Considering the association of high NO2 exposure with adverse health effects, the Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022) have been revised to further restrict indoor NO2 limit values. The 1-h average concentration limit value for NO2 has been reduced from 0.24 mg/m3 to 200 μg/m3.This study analyzed the technical contents related to the determination of the limits of indoor NO2 in Standards for Indoor Air Quality (GB/T 18883-2022), including source, exposure level, health effects, and the process and evidence basis for determining the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the direction for the implementation of the indoor NO2 standard.

Study on formulation and revision of standard limits for total bacteria count in "Standards for indoor air quality（GB/T 18883-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The total bacteria count has been attracting attention as an important pollutant in indoor air, and its standard limit was tightened to 1500 CFU/m3 in "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)".The technical contents related to the determination of the indoor air standard limits for total bacteria count were analyzed and studied, including the environmental existence level, exposure status, the health effects and the derivation of the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the future development and revision of quality standards for total bacteria count in indoor air.

Study on formulation and revision of standard limits for radon in "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Public exposure to radon has attracted increasing public concern. The newly issued "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)" has revised the radiological parameters of radon. This study analyzed and discussed the relevant technical contents about the derivation of radon limit, including the distribution level for indoor radon, exposure pathway, health effects, and the process for establishing the standard limits. Specific implementation and evaluation suggestions are also proposed.

Study on formulation and revision of detection methods of "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The formulation and revision of the detection methods of indoor air quality standards is an important, rigorous and delicate endeavor. This paper introduced the formulation and revision of the detection methods of the standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022), focusing on the revision process, revision principles, main adjustments and technical points of some key indicators to facilitate users to better understand and apply the detection methods in standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022).