Evaluación de medidas para reducir la transmisión de COVID-19 en espacios cerrados, Tegucigalpa, Honduras / Evaluation of measures to reduce COVID-19 transmission in closed spaces, Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Antecedentes. Ante la evidencia que establece una transmisión aérea del SARS-CoV-2, es primordial buscar nuevas formas para reducir la transmisión. El monitoreo a través de medidores de dióxido de carbono (CO 2 ) permite determinar la calidad de aire en espacios cerrados. Objetivo: Evaluar niveles de CO 2 y uso de medidas de seguridad para reducir la transmisión de COVID-19 en aulas universitarias, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, abril-mayo 2022. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal sobre aulas y estudiantes universitarios. Los datos se obtuvieron por observación, medición y documentación. La muestra fue a conveniencia. Se midieron las concentraciones de CO2 en 5 aulas usando un medidor infrarrojo marca ARANET4. Se registraron las medidas de bioseguridad utilizadas. Se realizó análisis univariado por medio de frecuencia y medidas de tendencia central; se calculó coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y valores de p. Se obtuvo consentimiento informado de los participantes. Resultados: De los 86 participantes, 91.9% (79) aplicaba medidas de bioseguridad. Los niveles máximos de CO 2 encontrados en 5 aulas se encontraron en el nivel recomendado para espacios de clases (clasificación Calidad del Aire Interior IDA, Subdirección de Salud Pública, Madrid, España). Discusión: Los niveles de CO 2 en las aulas se elevaron con la presencia de estudiantes. Sin embargo, los niveles alcanzados no sugieren un riesgo. Honduras no cuenta con normas de calidad del aire para la protección a la salud de los impactos de los contaminantes atmosféricos. Es necesario realizar estudios con mayor tamaño muestral en cuanto a sitios y participantes...(AU)

Characteristics and Differences of Household Fine Particulate Matter Pollution Caused by Fuel Burning in Urban and Rural Areas in China / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the overall level,distribution characteristics,and differences in household fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution caused by fuel burning in urban and rural areas in China. Methods The relevant articles published from 1991 to 2021 were retrieved and included in this study.The data including the average concentration of household PM2.5 and urban and rural areas were extracted,and the stoves and fuel types were reclassified.The average concentration of PM2.5 in different areas was calculated and analyzed by nonparametric test. Results The average household PM2.5 concentration in China was (178.81±249.91) μg/m3.The mean household PM2.5 concentration was higher in rural areas than in urban areas[(206.08±279.40) μg/m3 vs. (110.63±131.16) μg/m3;Z=-5.45,P<0.001] and higher in northern areas than in southern areas[(224.27±301.66) μg/m3 vs.(130.11±140.61) μg/m3;Z=-2.38,P=0.017].The north-south difference in household PM2.5 concentration was more significant in rural areas than in urban areas[(324.19±367.94) μg/m3 vs.(141.20±151.05) μg/m3,χ2=-5.06,P<0.001].The PM2.5 pollution level showed differences between urban and rural households using different fuel types (χ2=92.85,P<0.001),stove types (χ2=74.42,P<0.001),and whether they were heating (Z=-4.43,P<0.001).Specifically,rural households mainly used solid fuels (manure,charcoal,coal) and traditional or improved stoves,while urban households mainly used clean fuels (gas) and clean stoves.The PM2.5 concentrations in heated households were higher than those in non-heated households in both rural and urban areas (Z=-4.43,P<0.001). Conclusions The household PM2.5 pollution caused by fuel combustion in China remains a high level.The PM2.5 concentration shows a significant difference between urban and rural households,and the PM2.5 pollution is more serious in rural households.The difference in the household PM2.5 concentration between urban and rural areas is more significant in northern China.PM2.5 pollution in the households using solid fuel,traditional stoves,and heating is serious,and thus targeted measures should be taken to control PM2.5 pollution in these households.

Investigation on occupational hazard factors in teaching and research places of a university / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate and monitor the occupational hazards in the Teaching and Research Laboratory (hereinafter referred to as the place) of a university, so as to provide basis for the occupational health work in the university. Methods: November 2014, 46 places in a university were selected by stratified random sampling, and the occupational health risk factors were investigated. Results: Indoor temperature, humidity, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were detected in 21 sites, xylene and hydrofluoric acid were detected in 6 sites, and colony count was detected in 18 sites, the power frequency electric field intensity was measured in 23 places, and the x-ray radiation dose was measured in 4 places. Noise was measured at 21 sites, with 7 sites exceeding the standards accounting for 33.3% (7/21) ; 21 sites were detected for illumination and 10 sites for nonconformity accounting for 47.6% (10/21) ; 10 sites for Microwave Radiation and 3 sites exceeding the standards accounting for 30% (3/10) ; and 25 sites were detected for outdoor air volume and air velocity, the percentage of unqualified was 72% (18/25) in 18 sites, among which the wind velocity was statistically significant in teaching, research and experimental sites (P=0.010) . Conclusion: The occupational hazards in the teaching and research places of a university should be paid attention to, and the engineering protection and personal protection should be strengthened in the experiment.

Calidad microbiológica del aire en un Centro Comunitario de Salud Familiar de Talcahuano, Región del Biobío, Chile / Microbiological air quality in a Community Family Health Center of Talcahuano, Biobío Region, Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La calidad del aire en centros de salud es fundamental para resguardar la salud de las personas. En Chile, los Centros Comunitarios de Salud Familiar (CECOSF) son lugares de gran concurrencia de personas, favoreciendo la diseminación de microorganismos. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la calidad microbiológica del aire al interior del CECOSF-Centinela en Talcahuano, Región del Biobío. METODOLOGÍA: Se tomó muestras de aire en seis salas del CECOSF, quincenalmente, entre julio de 2018 y junio de 2019, con el equipo MAS-100 NT, empleando agar tripticasa y agar Sabouraud. Diferentes morfotipos de bacterias y hongos fueron identificados mediante RPC. RESULTADOS: Los recuentos de bacterias y hongos variaron entre 9,1 × 101 - 2,4 × 103 ufc/m3 y 10 - 1,5 × 102 ufc/m3, respectivamente. El aire de la sala de espera presentó los recuentos más altos, tanto para bacterias como hongos (P < 0,05). Se identificó Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, destacando las especies Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, microrganismo este último, descrito actualmente como patógeno nosocomial. Entre los hongos se identificó Aspergillus, Meyerozyma y Rhodotorula. CONCLUSIÓN: Las muestras de aire del CECOSF-Centinela presentan microrganismos de importancia en salud humana. De ahí la necesidad de formular programas de monitoreo más regulares para controlar la calidad del aire al interior de estos establecimientos.

BACKGROUND: Indoor air quality in health centers is essential to protect the health of people. In Chile, the Community Family Health Centers (CECOSF) are places with large attendance of people, favoring the dissemination of microorganisms, and there are no reports of the microbial air loading these health centers. AIM: To evaluate the microbiological indoor air quality in CECOSF-Centinela in Talcahuano, Biobío Region. METHODS: Air samples were taken in 6 rooms of the CECOSF, every 15 days between July 2018 and June 2019, with the MAS-100 NT equipment using trypticase and Sabouraud agars. Different morphotypes of bacteria and fungi were identified by PCR. Results: The bacterial and fungal counts varied between 9.1 × 101 - 2.4 × 103 cfu/m3 and 10 - 1.5 × 102 cfu/m3, respectively. The air in the waiting room presented the highest counts, both for bacteria and fungi (P < 0.05). Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter were identified, highlighting the species Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, the latter described as a nosocomial pathogen. Among the fungi, Aspergillus, Meyerozyma and Rhodotorula were identified. CONCLUSION: The indoor air of the CECOSF-Centinela presents microorganisms of importance in human health. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate more regular monitoring programs for the control of air quality inside these health centers.

Exposição ao uso da lenha para cocção no Brasil e sua relação com os agravos à saúde da população / Exposure to the use of firewood for cooking in Brazil and its relation with the health problems of the population

Resumo A poluição do ar em ambientes fechados é agravada pela queima de lenha em fogões rústicos e ambientes pouco ventilados. A exposição aos poluentes emitidos por este tipo de combustível resulta no aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade. No Brasil, os estudos e as estimativas são escassos. Visando entender esta problemática, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o uso de lenha utilizando as séries de dados das agências governamentais para estimar o número de pessoas expostas. Os resultados apontam que a lenha é o segundo combustível mais usado para cozinhar, sendo utilizada por uma parcela significativa da população, em torno de 30 milhões de brasileiros. Um fator decisivo no maior uso deste combustível é o nível socioeconômico da população associada ao preço do gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP). Os estudos realizados no país registraram concentrações altas de partículas durante a queima da lenha, excedendo os limites sugeridos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Também foram observadas associações entre a exposição aos poluentes gerados pela queima e o agravamento dos mais diversos problemas de saúde, dentre eles doenças respiratórias e câncer. A substituição da lenha e outros combustíveis sólidos por combustíveis mais limpos deve ser a meta do governo para minimizar custos com a saúde.

Abstract Indoor air pollution is exacerbated by the burning of firewood in rustic stoves and poorly ventilated environments. Exposure to the pollutants emitted by this type of fuel results in increased morbidity and mortality. In Brazil, studies and estimates regarding these conditions are scarce. In order to understand this problem, the objective of this work was to investigate the use of firewood using the data series of government agencies to estimate the number of exposed people. The results indicated that firewood is the second most used fuel for cooking, being used by a significant portion of the population, more than 30 million Brazilians. A decisive factor in the increased use of this fuel is the socioeconomic level of the population associated with the price of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The studies carried out in the country recorded high concentrations of particles during firewood burning, exceeding the limits suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). Associations were also observed between the exposure to the pollutants generated by the burning and the aggravation of health problems, among them respiratory diseases and cancer. Replacing fuelwood and other solid fuels with cleaner fuels should be the government's goal to minimize health costs.

Aislamiento de Aspergillus tritici desde ambiente interno (Chile): alcances ecológicos y clínicos / Isolation of Aspergillus tritici from internal environment (Chile): Ecological and clinical scope

Los ambientes internos son un hábitat protector importante, donde el hombre reside o trabaja la mayor parte de su tiempo. Muchos de estos ambientes carecen de buena ventilación, lo que influye en la composición de sus comunidades microbianas y, en especial, de la fúngica. El objetivo de este estudio es comunicar la presencia de Aspergillus de la sección Candidi en ambientes internos de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile, y destacar su rol ecológico y su importancia en micología médica. Se efectuó la clasificación morfofisiológica y molecular de dichos aislamientos. Se realizó un muestreo no volumétrico ambiental en agar papa glucosado (PDA) mediante la exposición de 2 placas en 10 diferentes ambientes internos para seleccionar las especies de Aspergillus. Se efectuaron subcultivos en agar Czapek con extracto de levadura (CYA), agar extracto de malta (MEA) y agar creatina sacarosa (CREA) solo para las especies de esporas blancas, para su identificación morfofisiológica y posteriormente molecular. De 20 muestras analizadas, en solo una se aisló un miembro de Aspergillus perteneciente a la sección Candidi. Sobre la base de sus características morfológicas y moleculares, se clasificó a este aislamiento como Aspergillus tritici Mehrotra & Basu. Se describe su ecología y se discute su importancia médica.

Indoor environments provide important protective habitats for humans, who live or work in them most of the time. Many of these environments lack ventilation, which affects the composition of microbial communities, especially that of the fungal community. The aim of this study is to report the isolation of Aspergillus section Candidi from indoor environments of the School of Medicine at Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile, and identification through morpho-physiological and molecular approaches. Their ecological and clinical features were highlighted. An environmental non-volumetric sampling was performed on PDA medium; 2 petri dishes were exposed in 10 different places to select the Aspergillus samples. Subcultures were performed on agar Czapek with yeast extract (CYA), malt extract agar (MEA) and creatin sacarose agar (CREA) media only for the morpho-physiological and later the molecular identification of white spore species. Of the 20 samples analyzed, one Aspergillus belonging to Candidi section was isolated. Based on its morphology and molecular features, it was classified as Aspergillus tritici Mehrotra & Basu. Its ecology and medical relevance are reviewed and discussed.

Effects of high-efficiency particulate air purifiers on indoor fine particulate matter and its constituents in a district of Beijing during winter / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the effect of domestic high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) purifiers on the concentrations of indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its elementary constituents in 20 residences in a district of Beijing during winter.@*METHODS@#From November 2015 to January 2016, 20 residences in a district of Beijing were selected, where indoor and outdoor PM2.5 data were collected simultaneously in three time periods according to the operating of air purifiers (Group 0 h: 24 hours before operating; Group 24 h: 24 hours after operating; Group 48 h: 24 to 48 hours after operating). The content of 21 elements in PM2.5 samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Indoor/outdoor particle concentration ratio (I/O ratios) and ΔI/O ratios were used to describe the pollution levels and the variation range of PM2.5 and its 21 elementary constituents. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurement data was applied to compare the I/O ratios of PM2.5 and its elementary constituents among the different groups, and Bonferroni method was used for comparison in pairs. Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired-samples was used to compare ΔI/O ratios of 21 elementary constituents with that of PM2.5.@*RESULTS@#The median I/O ratios of PM2.5 in the three groups were 1.27 (P25-P75: 0.50-2.68), 0.45 (P25-P75: 0.27-1.03) and 0.36 (P25-P75: 0.28-2.48), respectively. Compared with Group 0 h, the I/O ratios of PM2.5 in Group 24 h (P=0.042) and Group 48 h (P=0.006) decreased significantly. However, there was no significant difference between Group 24 h and Group 48 h. Significant differences were found comparing ΔI/O ratios of aluminium, ferrum and titanium to that of PM2.5, in both Group 24 h and Group 48 h (P<0.05). No significant change was found in the I/O ratios of these three elements among the three groups before and after air purifier operating (P>0.05). Distances from residences to traffic arteries could affect I/O ratios of some elements from traffic-related source (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Domestic HEPA air purifiers could effectively reduce indoor PM2.5 concentration, and the pollution level of PM2.5 tend to be stable after the purifier operating for a time. The purifiers had different effects on different elements, among which most showed statistical significances.

Comparison of waste anesthetic gases in operating rooms with or without an scavenging system in a Brazilian University Hospital / Comparação de resíduos de gases anestésicos em salas de operação com ou sem sistema de exaustão em hospital universitário brasileiro

Abstract Background and objectives Occupational exposure to waste anesthetic gases in operating room without active scavenging system has been associated with adverse health effects. Thus, this study aimed to compare the trace concentrations of the inhalational anesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane in operating room with and without central scavenging system. Method Waste concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane were measured by infrared analyzer at different locations (near the respiratory area of the assistant nurse and anesthesiologist and near the anesthesia station) and at two times (30 and 120 min after the start of surgery) in both operating room types. Results All isoflurane and sevoflurane concentrations in unscavenged operating room were higher than the US recommended limit (2 parts per million), regardless of the location and time evaluated. In scavenged operating room, the average concentrations of isoflurane were within the limit of exposure, except for the measurements near the anesthesia station, regardless of the measurement times. For sevoflurane, concentrations exceeded the limit value at all measurement locations and at both times. Conclusions The exposure to both anesthetics exceeded the international limit in unscavenged operating room. In scavenged operating room, the concentrations of sevoflurane, and to a lesser extent those of isoflurane, exceeded the recommended limit value. Thus, the operating room scavenging system analyzed in the present study decreased the anesthetic concentrations, although not to the internationally recommended values.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos A exposição ocupacional aos resíduos de gases anestésicos em salas de operação (SO) sem sistema ativo de exaustão tem sido associada a efeitos adversos à saúde. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi comparar os resíduos dos anestésicos inalatórios isoflurano e sevoflurano em SO com e sem sistema de exaustão. Método Concentrações residuais de isoflurano e sevoflurano foram mensuradas por analisador infravermelho em diferentes locais (próximo à área respiratória do auxiliar de enfermagem e do anestesiologista e próximo à estação de anestesia) e em dois momentos (30 e 120 min após o início da cirurgia) em ambos os tipos de SO. Resultados Todas as concentrações de isoflurano e sevoflurano nas SO sem sistema de exaustão foram mais elevadas em relação ao valor limite recomendado pelos EUA (2 partes por milhão), independentemente do local e momento avaliados. Nas SO com sistema de exaustão, as concentrações médias de isoflurano ficaram dentro do limite de exposição, exceto para as mensurações próximas à estação de anestesia, independentemente dos momentos avaliados. Para o sevoflurano, as concentrações excederam o valor limite em todos locais de medição e nos dois momentos. Conclusões A exposição a ambos os anestésicos excedeu o limite internacional nas SO sem sistema de exaustão. Nas SO com sistema de exaustão, as concentrações de sevoflurano, e em menor extensão, as de isoflurano excederam o valor limite recomendado. Dessa forma, o sistema de exaustão das SO analisado no presente estudo diminuiu as concentrações dos anestésicos, embora não tenha reduzido a valores internacionalmente recomendados.

Contaminación intradomiciliaria por material particulado fino (MP2, 5) en hogares de recién nacidos / Indoor air pollution by fine particulate matter in the homes of newborns

Introducción: La contaminación de aire por material particulado (MP) es un importante problema de salud pública. En Chile se ha estudiado la contaminación atmosférica y MP10, y escasamente aire interior y MP2,5. Como los recién nacidos y los lactantes pasan la mayoría del tiempo en el hogar, es necesario evaluar la exposición a la contaminación intradomiciliaria en esta población susceptible. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración de MP2,5 en hogares de recién nacidos e identificar las fuentes de emisión contaminante. Pacientes y método: En 207 hogares se recolectó la concentración de MP2,5 ([MP2,5]) por 24 h y se evaluó la información sociodemográfica y los factores ambientales (calefacción, ventilación, tabaquismo intradomiciliario y aseo del hogar). Resultados: La [MP2,5] mediana fue 107,5 μg/m³. El antecedente «asma familiar¼ se asoció a menor [MP2,5] (p = 0,0495). Hogares sin uso de calefacción mostraron la menor [MP2,5] mediana, 58,6 μg/m³, mientras los que usaron leña, parafina, electricidad entre 112,5 y 114,9 μg/m³ y brasero 162,9 μg/m³. Hogares que usaron leña tuvieron diferencias significativas en [MP2,5] mediana (p = 0,0164) al usar estufa de combustión completa (98,2 μg/m³) versus cocina a leña (112,6 μg/m³) y salamandra (140,6 μg/m³). En el 8,7% de los hogares se reportó consumo de cigarrillos, no asociándose a [MP2,5]. La ventilación se asoció a mayor [MP2,5] mediana (120,6 vs. 99,1 μg/m³; p = 0,0039). Conclusión: Hubo hogares con [MP2,5] elevada, siendo el consumo residencial de leña casi universal y asociado a [MP2,5]. La ventilación natural incrementó el MP2,5 interior, probablemente por infiltración desde el exterior.

Introduction: Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is a major public health problem. In Chile, the study has focused on outdoor air and PM10, rather than indoor air and PM2.5. Because newborns and infants spend most of their time at home, it is necessary to evaluate the exposure to indoor air pollution in this susceptible population. Objective: To determine concentration of PM2.5 in the homes of newborns and identify the emission sources of the pollutants. Patients and Method: The PM2.5 concentration ([PM2.5]) was collected over a 24 hour period in 207 households. Baseline sociodemographic information and environmental factors (heating, ventilation, smoking and house cleaning), were collected. Results: The median [PM2.5] was 107.5 μg/m³. Family history of asthma was associated with lower [PM2.5] (P = .0495). Homes without heating showed a lower median [PM2.5], 58.6 μg/m³, while those using firewood, kerosene, and electricity ranged between 112.5 and 114.9, and coal users’ homes reached 162.9 μg/m³. Wood using homes had significant differences (P = .0164) in median [PM2.5] whether the stove had complete combustion (98.2 μg/m³) vs. incomplete (112.6 μg/m³), or a salamander stove (140.6 μg/m³). Cigarette smoking was reported in 8.7% of the households, but was not associated with the [PM2.5]. Ventilation was associated with a higher median [PM2.5] (120.6 vs. 99.1 μg/m³, P = .0039). Conclusion: We found homes with high [PM2.5]. Residential wood consumption was almost universal, and it is associated with the [PM2.5]. Natural ventilation increased MP2.5, probably due to infiltration from outside.

Avaliação da qualidade do ar de um centro cirúrgico de um hospital do sul do Brazil / Evaluation of the quality of air in a surgical center of a hospital in the south of Brazil / Evaluación de la calidad del aire de un centro quirúrgico de un hospital del sur de Brasil

Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade do ar das salas do centro cirúrgico de um hospital no Sul do Brasil. Métodos Foi realizada uma avaliação dos parâmetros de confortabilidade (temperatura, luminosidade, concentração de dióxido de carbono e umidade relativa do ar), análise microbiológica e cromatográfica do material particulado presente nos filtros dos aparelhos de ar condicionados. Resultados Em relação aos aspectos de confortabilidade, três salas cirúrgicas não apresentaram temperatura de acordo com a legislação vigente, mas encontram-se dentro do padrão ideal nos demais fatores ambientais. Na análise do material particulado, obteve-se um maior número de bioaerossóis fúngicos de colônias viscosas do que as filamentosas. Conclusões Constatou-se que os principais aspectos da qualidade do ar no hospital são atendidos, no entanto há a necessidade de modificação de aspectos construtivos nas salas de cirurgia para que se reduza a possibilidade de contaminações por via atmosférica e possa reduzir a concentração de dióxido de carbono no ambiente.(AU)

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of air in surgical centre rooms of a hospital in the South of Brazil. Methods An evaluation of the parameters of comfortability (temperature, luminosity, concentration of carbon dioxide and relative humidity), microbiological analysis and chromatographic of the particulate material present in the filters of air conditioners was carried out. Results Regarding the aspects of comfortability, three surgical rooms did not present temperature in accordance to the current legislation, but were found within the ideal patterns in other environmental factors. In the analysis of particulate material, a larger number of fungal bio-aerosols of viscous colonies was obtained than filamentous. Conclusion It was found that the main aspects related to the quality of air in the hospital being studied are being accomplished; however there is a need of modifying building aspects in the surgical rooms in order to reduce the possibility of contamination by air and decrease the concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment.(AU)

Objetivo Evaluar la calidad del aire de las salas del centro quirúrgico de un hospital en el "Vale do Rio Pardo", en el sur de Brasil. Métodos Fue realizada una evaluación de los parámetros de confortabilidad (temperatura, luminosidad, concentración de dióxido de carbono y humedad relativa del aire), análisis microbiológico y cromatográfico del material particulado presente en los filtros de los aparatos de aire acondicionados. Resultados En relación a los aspectos de confortabilidad, tres salas quirúrgicas no presentaron temperatura de acuerdo con la legislación vigente, pero se encuentran dentro del padrón ideal en los demás factores ambientales. En el análisis del material particulado, se obtuvo un número más grande de bioaerosoles fúngicos de colonias viscosas de que las filamentosas. Conclusión Se constató que los principales aspectos relacionados a la calidad del aire en el hospital en estudio, son atendidos, sin embargo, ahí la necesidad de cambio de aspectos constructivos en las salas de cirugía para que se reduzca la posibilidad de contaminaciones por vía atmosférica y pueda reducir la concentración de dióxido de carbono en el ambiente.(AU)

Thirdhand smoke: when the danger is more than you can see or smell / Thirdhand smoke: cuando el peligro va más allá de lo que se ve o se siente / Thirdhand smoke: quando o perigo vai além do que se vê ou sente

Recent discussion has focused on another form of exposure to tobacco - thirdhand smoke (THS) - consisting of residual pollutants from cigarette smoke that remain in environments. The main concern with THS is based on the presence and persistence of many toxic compounds, some specific nitrosamines from tobacco that have carcinogenic activity. Little is known about THS, and few people are aware of its existence and potential health repercussions, thus highlighting the need to shed light on the subject and incorporate it into the public health debate, as was done with passive smoking several years ago. THS is a form of passive smoking, together with secondary or involuntary exposure to cigarette smoke.

Recientemente comenzó a ser discutida otra forma de exposición al tabaco -thirdhand smoke (THS)- que consta de contaminantes residuales de humo de cigarrillo que permanecen en el medio ambiente. La principal preocupación con la THS se basa en la presencia y larga persistencia de muchos compuestos tóxicos, como algunas nitrosaminas específicas que tienen actividad cancerígena. Pocos saben de la existencia de los THS y su impacto preocupante en la salud. Se plantea la necesidad de sacarlo a la luz e incluirlo en las discusiones, como se hizo con el tabaquismo pasivo hace unos años, incluso porque el THS se caracteriza como una forma de tabaquismo pasivo por la exposición secundaria o involuntaria de humo de cigarrillo.

Recentemente, passou a ser discutida mais uma forma de exposição ao tabaco - thirdhand smoke (THS) - que consiste nos poluentes residuais da fumaça de cigarro que permanecem nos ambientes. A principal preocupação com o THS é embasada na presença e longa persistência de muitos compostos tóxicos, algumas nitrosaminas específicas do tabaco que têm atividade carcinogênica. Além de se saber pouco sobre o THS, poucos sabem de sua existência e preocupante repercussão na saúde. Coloca-se em destaque a necessidade de trazê-lo à luz e incluí-lo nas discussões, assim como foi feito com o tabagismo passivo alguns anos atrás, até mesmo porque o THS se caracteriza como uma forma de tabagismo passivo junto à exposição secundária ou involuntária da fumaça de cigarro.

Análisis de la micobiota existente en el ambiente interior de la mapoteca del archivo nacional de la República de Cuba / Analysis of mycobiota existing in the indoor environment in the map library of the national archive of the republic of Cuba

Actualmente el estudio de la concentración fúngica en ambientes interiores es de interés para los especialistas, pues los hongos pueden causar el biodeterioro de colecciones valiosas y resultan peligrosos para la salud humana ya que provocan alergias y otras enfermedades al hombre que está en contacto con ellos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar microbiológicamente el ambiente de la Mapoteca del Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba y el polvo depositado sobre el mobiliario que conserva los mapas y planos en ese local. El estudio se ejecutó en un mes lluvioso y el muestreo microbiológico del aire se realizó empleando un método de sedimentación mientras que el polvo se colectó por aspiración. Los hongos se aislaron en medios de cultivo adecuados y los análisis se realizaron por triplicado. La concentración fúngica detectada en el aire fue inferior a las 750 UFC.m-3, por lo que el local se consideró POCO CONTAMINADO mientras en el polvo fue del orden de 105 UFC.g-1. Se detectaron los géneros Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Acremonium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Humicola, Epicoccum, Penicillium, Pestalotia y Trichoderma. Algunas de las especies fúngicas detectadas en el aire del local poseen importancia para el biodeterioro y la salud humana. Se reportan nuevos registros para el Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba consistente en tres géneros (Epicoccum Link, Humicola Traaen y Pestalotia Not.), cuatro especies de Aspergillus Nees ex Fr. (A. alliaceus Thom y Church., A. auricomus (Gueren) Saito., A. ostianus Wehmer y A. chevalieri (Mangin) Thom y Church.), una especie de Cladosporium Link ex Fr. (C. caryigenum Ellis y Lang.), dos especies de Penicillium Link (P. canescens Sopp., P. janczewskii K.M. Zalessky) y una de Curvularia Boedijn (C. australiensis Manamgoda, Cai y Hyde).

Currently the study of indoor fungal concentration is of interest for specialists, because the fungi cause the biodeterioration of the valuable collections and they are dangerous to human health as they cause allergies and other diseases to man who is in touch with them. The objectives were to evaluate the microbiological environment of Map Library of National Archive of the Republic of Cuba and the dust deposited on the furniture that keeps the maps and plans in this local. The study was carried out in a rainy month, microbial air sampling was performed using a sedimentation method and the powder was collected by manual vacuum aspiration. The fungi were isolated in suitable culture media and analyzes were performed by triplicate. The fungal concentration was detected in the air below the 750 CFU.m-3, so that the place was considered slightly contaminated while the dust was around 105 CFU.g-1. The fungal genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Acremonium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Humicola, Epicoccum, Penicillium, Pestalotia and Trichoderma were detected. Some fungal species detected in the repository air have importance for human health and biodeterioration. New records to the National Archives of the Republic of Cuba are reported consists of three genera (Epicoccum Link, Humicola Traaen, Pestalotia Not.), four species of Aspergillus Nees ex Fr. (A. alliaceus Thom & Church., A. auricomus (Gueren) Saito., A. ostianus Wehmer. and A. chevalieri (Mangin) Thom y Church), one species of Cladosporium Link ex Fr. (C. caryigenum Ellis & Lang.), two species of Penicillium Link (P. canescens Sopp., P. janczewskii K.M. Zalessky) and one of Curvularia Boedijn (C. australiensis Manamgoda, Cai & Hyde .

Indoor air quality and health in schools / Qualidade do ar interno e saúde em escolas

Objective: To determine whether indoor air quality in schools is associated with the prevalence of allergic and respiratory diseases in children. Methods: We evaluated 1,019 students at 51 elementary schools in the city of Coimbra, Portugal. We applied a questionnaire that included questions regarding the demographic, social, and behavioral characteristics of students, as well as the presence of smoking in the family. We also evaluated the indoor air quality in the schools. Results: In the indoor air of the schools evaluated, we identified mean concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) above the maximum reference value, especially during the fall and winter. The CO2 concentration was sometimes as high as 1,942 ppm, implying a considerable health risk for the children. The most prevalent symptoms and respiratory diseases identified in the children were sneezing, rales, wheezing, rhinitis, and asthma. Other signs and symptoms, such as poor concentration, cough, headache, and irritation of mucous membranes, were identified. Lack of concentration was associated with CO2 concentrations above the maximum recommended level in indoor air (p = 0.002). There were no other significant associations. Conclusions: Most of the schools evaluated presented with reasonable air quality and thermal comfort. However, the concentrations of various pollutants, especially CO2, suggest the need for corrective interventions, such as reducing air pollutant sources and improving ventilation. There was a statistically significant association between lack of concentration in the children and exposure to high levels of CO2. The overall low level of pollution in the city of Coimbra might explain the lack of other significant associations. .

Objetivo: Determinar se há uma associação entre a qualidade do ar interno em escolas e a prevalência de patologias alérgicas e respiratórias nas crianças que as frequentam. Métodos: Foram avaliados 1.019 alunos de 51 escolas de ensino básico na cidade de Coimbra, Portugal. A avaliação foi realizada através de um questionário com questões referentes a características demográficas, sociais e comportamentais dos alunos, assim como presença de hábitos tabágicos na família. Foi ainda avaliada a qualidade do ar interno nas escolas. Resultados: Foram identificadas concentrações médias de dióxido de carbono (CO2) no interior das salas de aula acima da concentração máxima de referência, principalmente no período de outono/inverno, chegando a valores de 1.942 ppm, o que implica elevado risco potencial para a saúde das crianças. Os sintomas/patologias respiratórias mais prevalentes nas crianças foram crises de espirros, rinite alérgica, estertores/sibilos e asma. Outros sinais e sintomas verificados foram falta de concentração, tosse, dores de cabeça e irritação das mucosas. A falta de concentração das crianças foi associada ao ar interno das salas de aula com valores acima do máximo recomendado para CO2 (p = 0,002). Não houve outras associações significativas. Conclusões: A maioria das escolas estudadas apresentava razoável qualidade do ar e conforto térmico, embora a concentração de vários poluentes, sobretudo CO2, sugere a necessidade de intervenções corretivas, como redução de fontes emissoras de poluentes e melhorias da ventilação. Houve uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a falta de concentração nas crianças ...

A Study on the Prevalence of Indoor Mycoflora in Air Conditioned Buses.

Aim: To study the presence of indoor mycoflora in A/c Buses to know the commuters risk of exposure to fungal spores. Place and Duration: Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT), Koyambedu, Chennai, India. Study was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012. Methodology: Airborne fungi from 50 A/c buses were studied using Reuter Centrifugal Sampler (Biotest, Germany), fungi from the surfaces of air vents through swab sample and bus seats by rubbing sterile petridishes on the seats. Sabourauds Dextrose Agar (SDA) was used for the isolation of fungi from different buses. The collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 38 species classified in 21 genera were recorded. Among which, Zygomycetes was represented by 4 species, Ascomycetes and Coelomycetes by single species each and the remaining belongs to Hyphomycetes. The genus, Aspergillus was represented by maximum number of species (11 species) followed by Penicillium (5 species). A total average of 713 CFU/m3 of air was recorded within the buses. Aspergillus niger was the first dominant fungi in the order of dominance followed by Chrysonilia sitophila, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus flavus in that order. From the surface of bus seats, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer and A. japonicus were recorded as dominant. However, different mycofloral composition was recorded from air vents. Cladosporium chlorocephalum and Curvularia lunata dominated the surface of air vents. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the presence of potential fungal species which pose exposure risk to the immune compromised commuters.

[Evaluation of the natural gamma radiation level in residential zones and determination of annual effective exposure dose in the residents of Hamadan province, Iran, 2012]

Human is always exposed to natural background ionizing radiation which may have harmful effects; therefore, measurement of the natural background radiation is important. In this study, was measured the dose of effective natural background gamma radiation in indoor residential zones of Hamadan Province. In this cross-sectional study, we selected four stations along the main geographic directions and one in the center of city for measurement of the indoor dose rate in each of the cities in Hamadan Province. Based on the household numbers, some houses were selected randomly in every station and natural background indoor dose was measured by using RDS-110 survey meter. Then, using the results of our previous study about measuring the level of outdoor natural gamma radiation in this province, we determined the level of annual effective exposure dose from natural gamma radiation in Hamadan residents. In Hamadan province cities, maximum and minimum indoor natural background radiation [gamma ray] belonged to Razan City [1.41 +/- 0.079 mSv] and Asadabad City [0.955 +/- 0.044 mSv], respectively. Mean annual equivalent indoor dose in Hamadan Province was 1.20 +/- 0.070 mSv. Also the maximum indoor natural background radiation dose [gamma ray] in the buildings with the age of more and less than 25 years were 1.42 +/- 0.219 mSv and 1.44 +/- 0.149 mSv, respectively. According to the results of this study and our previous study about outdoor gamma natural background radiation, the annual effective dose in Hamadan Province residents was 0.83 mSv. According to the results of this study, it seems that annual effective equivalent dose due to indoor gamma radiation in Hamadan Province exceeded the mean external exposure amount reported by UNSCEAR [0.5 mSv]. Also the annual effective dose due to gamma background radiation in Hamadan Province residents is 0.83 mSv, which is higher than the global average [0.48 mSv] reported by UNSCEAR - 2000. Therefore epidemiological studies to assess the prevalence of chronic diseases associated with natural radiation exposure among Hamadan Province residents are recommended

Estudo exploratorio da qualidade do ar em escolas de educacao basica, Coimbra, Portugal / Estudio exploratorio de la calidad del aire en escuelas de educacion basica, Coimbra, Portugal / Exploratory study of air quality in elementary schools, Coimbra, Portugal

OBJETIVO : Analisar a qualidade do ar em escolas de educação básica e suas condições estruturais e funcionais. MÉTODOS : Foi avaliada a qualidade do ar de 51 escolas (81 salas de aula) de educação básica da cidade de Coimbra, Portugal, tanto na parte interior das salas como na exterior, durante as quatro estações do ano, de 2010 a 2011. Foram avaliadas a temperatura (Tº), umidade relativa (Hr), concentrações de monóxido de carbono (CO), dióxido de carbono (CO 2 ), ozona (O 3 ), dióxido de nitrogênio (NO 2 ), dióxido de enxofre (SO 2 ), compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV), formaldeído e material particulado (PM 10 ), de novembro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011 (outono/inverno) e de março de 2011 a junho de 2011 (primavera/verão). Procedeu-se ao preenchimento de uma grelha de caracterização das condições estruturais e funcionais das escolas. Aplicaram-se os testes estatísticos t- Student para amostras emparelhadas e o teste t de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS : Em 47 escolas, as concentrações médias de CO 2 encontravam-se acima da concentração máxima de referência (984 ppm) mencionada na legislação portuguesa. Os valores máximos de concentração encontrados no interior das salas foram críticos, principalmente no outono/inverno (5.320 ppm). As concentrações médias de COV e de PM 10 no interior ultrapassaram a concentração máxima de referência legislada em algumas escolas. Não foram detetados valores relevantes (risco) de CO, formaldeído, NO 2 , SO 2 e O 3 . CONCLUSÕES : Houve maior concentração de poluentes no interior das salas, comparativamente com o exterior. A inadequada ventilação está associada à elevada concentração de CO 2 nas salas de aula. .

OBJETIVO : Analizar la calidad del aire en escuelas de educación básica y sus condiciones estructurales y funcionales. MÉTODOS : Se evaluó la calidad del aire de 51 escuelas (81 salas de aula) de educación básica de la ciudad de Coimbra, Portugal, tanto en el interior de las salas como en el exterior, durante las cuatro estaciones del año, de 2010 a 2011. Se evaluaron la temperatura (T°), humedad relativa (Hr), concentraciones de monóxido de carbono (CO), dióxido de carbono (CO2), ozono (O3), dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2), dióxido de azufre (SO2), compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV), formaldehido (HCHO) y material particulado (PM10), de noviembre de 2010 a febrero de 2011 (otoño/invierno) y de marzo de 2011 a junio de 2011 (primavera/verano). Se procedió a llenar una tabla de caracterización de las condiciones estructurales y funcionales de las escuelas. Se aplicaron las pruebas estadísticas t-Student para muestras pareadas y la prueba t de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS : En 47 escuelas, las concentraciones promedio de CO2 estaban por encima de la concentración máxima de referencia (984 ppm) mencionada en la legislación portuguesa. Los valores máximos de concentración encontrados en el interior de las salas fueron críticos, principalmente en el otoño/invierno (5.320 ppm). Las concentraciones promedio de COV y de PM10 en el interior sobrepasaron la concentración máxima de referencia legislada en algunas escuelas. No fueron detectados valores relevantes (riesgo) de CO, HCHO, NO2, SO2 y O3. CONCLUSIONES : Hubo mayor concentración de contaminantes en el interior de las salas, en comparación con el exterior. La inadecuada ventilación está asociada con la elevada concentración de CO2 en las salas de aula. .

OBJECTIVE : To analyze the air quality in elementary schools and their structural and functional conditions. METHODS : Air quality in 51 elementary schools (81 classrooms) in the city of Coimbra, Portugal, both inside and outside of the rooms was evaluated during the four seasons, from 2010 to 2011. Temperature (T°), relative humidity (Hr), concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), compounds were evaluated, as were volatile organics (VOC), formaldehyde and particulate matter (PM10), from November 2010 to February 2011 (autumn/winter) and March 2011 to June 2011 (spring/summer). A grid characterizing the structural and functional conditions of the schools was created. The statistical Student t test for paired samples and the Wilcoxon t test were applied. RESULTS : In 47 schools, the average CO2concentrations were above the maximum reference concentration (984 ppm) mentioned in Portuguese legislation. The maximum concentration values found inside the rooms were critical, especially in the fall/winter (5,320 ppm). In some schools the average concentrations of VOC and PM10within the maximum concentration exceeded the reference legislated. The values (risk) of CO, formaldehyde, NO2, SO2and O3detected were not relevant. CONCLUSIONS : There was a higher concentration of pollutants inside the rooms compared with outside. Inadequate ventilation is associated with high CO2concentration in the classroom. .

[Determination of aerosol emission and bag filter efficiency in fire-proof products industries]

Today, the environmental pollution caused by fire-proof break producing factories is one of the critical and challenging issues in our country. Aerosols emission concentration of the factory stacks and determining of bag filters efficiency were aims of this study. In this research, the concentration of emitting dust from 6 stacks related to Kaolin preparation, Calcinatory, Shamout, Specific mass, Extrude Furnace and Shuttle Furnace units were measured during 2006-2008. Also, the efficiency of bag filters of Kaolin preparation, Calcinatory, Shamout, Specific mass units were determined in 2008. Devices M9096 Particulate Sampling Train and DURAG model [D-RC 80] were used in this research. The rates of dust concentrations in years 2006-9 in Kaolin unit were; 284, 112 and 12.5 mg/m3, in Shamout unit were; 120, 140 and 73 mg/m3, in Calcinatory were; 178, 179 and 173 mg/m3, Specific Mass were; 291, 283 and 60 mg/m3, in Shuttle Furnace were; 14.7, 14.3 and 14.8 and in Extrude Furnace were; 12.6, 13.7 and 12.7 mg/ m[3]. Efficiency of bag filters was 99.896% for Kaolin unit, 06.499% for Shamout unit, 92.348% for Calcinatory and 99.782% for Specific Mass unit. During 2006 and 2007 the rate of dust emission in Kaolin preparation, Calcinatory and specific mass have exceeded than the national emission standard but in 2008, the rate of dust emission from Kaolin Preparation and Specific Mass units were extensively reduced to the lower than national emission standard limit due to proper maintenance and replacing of damaged parts in time. Efficiency of bag filters has been ideal in Kaolin unit and Specific Mass unit but it was low in Shamout and Calcinatory units

Calidad del aire en edificios destinados a oficinas: parámetros y estándares de diseño y gestión para una ventilación eficiente / Air quality in buildings intended for offices: parameters and design and management standards for an efficient ventilation

Nuestra experiencia en evaluación de sistemas de ventilación existentes en edificios destinados a trabajos de oficina nos ha permitido detectar con una frecuencia relativamente alta problemas relacionados con el diseño y gestión de estos sistemas, que dificultan la obtención de ambientes sanos y confortables. En cuanto al diseño, éste requiere considerar las bases, parámetros y estándares que permitan obtener de ellos las condiciones que las personas necesitan y, una vez logrado lo anterior, la gestión correspondiente para controlar su aplicación y existencia permanente, que implica la evaluación periódica de los parámetros a través de mediciones y dispositivos de observación, así como de regulación y mantención de sus elementos constituyentes. Los resultados de las mediciones de estos parámetros deben ser verificados con estándares nacionales o internacionales reconocidos, utilizados en el diseño.

Our experience in evaluation of ventilation systems installed in buildings intended for offices has allowed us to detect rather frequent problems related to the design and management of these systems, which hamper the achievement of healthy and comfortable environments. With regard to design, it is necessary to consider the bases, parameters and standards that allow the achievement of the conditions that people require, and once this has been achieved, the corresponding management for controlling its application and continuous existence that implies the periodic evaluation of parameters through measurements and observation devices, as well as the regulation and maintenance of its constituent elements. The results of the measurements of these parameters must be verified with recognized national or international standards used in the design.

Informing effective smokefree policies in Argentina: air quality monitoring study in 15 cities (2007-2009) / Políticas efectivas de ambientes libres de humo de tabaco en Argentina: estudio de monitoreo de calidad del aire en 15 ciudades (2007-2009)

Objective. To evaluate indoor air pollution in hospitality venues in Argentina. Material and Methods. PM2.5 levels were measured in a convenience sample of venues in 15 cities with different legislative contexts following a protocol developed by Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Results. 554 samples were collected. Across all 5 smokefree cities the mean PM2.5 level was lower during daytime vs. evening hours, 24 vs. 98 PM2.5 respectively (p=.012). In the three cities evaluated before and after legislation, PM2.5 levels decreased dramatically (p<0.001 each). Overall, PM2.5 levels were 5 times higher in cities with no legislation vs. smokefree cities (p<0.001). In cities with designated smoking areas, PM2.5 levels were not statistically different between smoking and non-smoking areas (p=0.272). Non-smoking areas had significantly higher PM2.5 levels compared to 100 percent smokefree venues in the same city (twofold higher) (p=0.017). Conclusions. Most of the participating cities in this study had significantly lower PM2.5 levels after the implementation of 100 percent smokefree legislation. Hence, it represents a useful tool to promote 100 percent smokefree policies in Argentina.

Objetivo. Evaluar la polución ambiental del sector gastronómico en Argentina. Material y métodos. Se midieron los niveles de partículas respirables (PM2.5) en una muestra por conveniencia de establecimientos de 15 ciudades con diferente legislación, siguiendo un protocolo del Instituto de Cáncer Roswell Park. Resultados. Se recolectaron 554 muestras. En cinco ciudades libres de humo (CLH) la media de PM2.5 durante el día fue baja y menor a la observada durante la noche, 24 vs. 98 PM2.5 respectivamente (p=.012). En las tres ciudades evaluadas antes y después de la legislación, las PM2.5 disminuyeron drásticamente (p<0.001 cada una). Las PM2.5 fueron cinco veces mayores en ciudades sin legislación comparadas con CLH (p<0.001). En ciudades con restricción parcial, no hubo diferencia significativa entre las PM2.5 en el sector fumador y no fumador (p=0.272). Los sectores no fumadores tuvieron niveles PM2.5 significativamente más altos comparados con los lugares 100 por ciento libres de humo de la misma ciudad (p= 0.017). Conclusiones. La mayoría de las ciudades participantes en este estudio tuvieron niveles PM2.5 significativamente más bajos tras la implementación de leyes pro ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco, por lo que representa una herramienta útil para promover legislación 100 por ciento libre de humo en Argentina.

Exposición a humo de tabaco ajeno en lugares públicos de la Ciudad de México, Guadalajara y Monterrey / Tobacco smoke exposure in public places in Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey

Objetivo. Cuantificar la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno (HTA) en lugares públicos de México, con el fin de impulsar políticas locales de ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco. Material y métodos. Se monitoreó aleatoriamente 20 por ciento de las áreas interiores de hospitales, escuelas y oficinas públicas de Monterrey, Guadalajara y la Ciudad de México. La concentración mediana de nicotina ambiental fue estimada por ciudad, tipo de espacio público y área interior. Resultados. La concentración mediana en los espacios donde se detectó nicotina fue de 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3), las mayores concentraciones se obtuvieron en la Ciudad de México y en las oficinas públicas. No se detectó nicotina en 75 por ciento de los espacios monitoreados. Conclusiones. El monitoreo ambiental de nicotina es una herramienta útil para fortalecer la implementación y evaluar el cumplimiento de la política de ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco.

Objective. To quantify environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public places in Mexico to promote policies of 100 percent smoke-free environments. Materials and Methods. In hospitals, schools and public offices of Monterrey, Guadalajara and Mexico City 20 percent of inner areas were monitored. Median nicotine concentrations were estimated by city, type of public space and type of inner area. Results. Median concentration in areas where nicotine was detected was 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3). Higher concentrations were found in Mexico City and in public offices. Nicotine was not detected in 75 percent of monitored areas. Conclusions. Monitoring environmental nicotine is a useful tool to evaluate compliance of public places with the smoke-free environments legislation, and could constitute an important source of information to strengthen implementation efforts.