Cost of diseases related to alcohol consumption in the Brazilian unified health system / Custos de doenças relacionadas ao consumo de álcool no sistema único de saúde

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the direct costs associated to outpatient and hospital care of diseases related to alcohol consumption in the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS Attributable populational risks were estimated for the selected diseases related to the use of 25 g/day or more of ethanol (risk consumption), considering a relative risk (RR) ≥ 1.20. The RR estimates were obtained from three meta-analysis. The risk consumption rates of the Brazilian population ≥ 18 years old were obtained by a national survey. Data from the Hospital Information System of SUS (HIS-SUS) were used to estimate the annual costs of the health system with the diseases included in the analysis. RESULTS The total estimated costs for a year regarding diseases related to risk consumption were U$8,262,762 (US$4,413,670 and US$3,849,092, for outpatient and hospital care, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Risk consumption of alcohol is an important economic and health problem, impacting significantly the health system and society.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar os custos diretos associados ao atendimento ambulatorial e hospitalar de doenças relacionadas com o consumo de álcool no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. MÉTODOS Riscos atribuíveis populacionais foram calculados para doenças selecionadas relacionadas ao uso de 25 g/dia ou mais de etanol (consumo de risco), considerando-se o risco relativo (RR) ≥ 1,.20. As estimativas de RR foram obtidas a partir de três meta-análises e as taxas de consumo de risco em brasileiros ≥ 18 anos obtidos em pesquisa nacional. Os dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH-SUS) e do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS (SIA-SUS) foram utilizados para estimar os custos anuais do SUS com as doenças incluídas na análise. RESULTADOS Os custos totais estimados em um ano com todas as doenças relacionadas com consumo de risco foram US$8.262.762 (US$4.413.670 e US$3.849.092 para pacientes ambulatoriais e internados, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES Consumo de risco de álcool representa importante problema econômico e de saúde, com um impacto significativo para o sistema de saúde e para a sociedade.

Evaluation of the predictive indices for candidemia in an adult intensive care unit

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate predictive indices for candidemia in an adult intensive care unit (ICU) and to propose a new index. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted between January 2011 and December 2012. This study was performed in an ICU in a tertiary care hospital at a public university and included 114 patients staying in the adult ICU for at least 48 hours. The association of patient variables with candidemia was analyzed. RESULTS: There were 18 (15.8%) proven cases of candidemia and 96 (84.2%) cases without candidemia. Univariate analysis revealed the following risk factors: parenteral nutrition, severe sepsis, surgical procedure, dialysis, pancreatitis, acute renal failure, and an APACHE II score higher than 20. For the Candida score index, the odds ratio was 8.50 (95% CI, 2.57 to 28.09); the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.78, 0.71, 0.33, and 0.94, respectively. With respect to the clinical predictor index, the odds ratio was 9.45 (95%CI, 2.06 to 43.39); the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.89, 0.54, 0.27, and 0.96, respectively. The proposed candidemia index cutoff was 8.5; the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.77, 0.70, 0.33, and 0.94, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Candida score and clinical predictor index excluded candidemia satisfactorily. The effectiveness of the candidemia index was comparable to that of the Candida score. .

Alcohol, diabetes, and public health in the Americas / Alcohol, diabetes y salud pública en las Américas

This article describes epidemiological evidence on the association between alcohol use and diabetes, and the implications for clinical management and public health policies in the Americas. Heavy alcohol use is a risk factor for both diabetes and poor treatment adherence, despite evidence that moderate drinking can protect against type 2 diabetes under some circumstances. The burden of disease from diabetes associated with excessive alcohol consumption warrants both clinical and public health measures. On the clinical level, research on early interventions to prevent hazardous drinking shows that new screening, brief intervention, and referral techniques are effective ways to manage hazardous drinking in primary care settings. On the population level, restrictions on alcohol marketing and other alcohol control policies reduce the frequency and intensity of alcohol consumption in at-risk populations. These policy actions are recommended within the context of the World Health Organization's global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol

Este artículo describe las pruebas epidemiológicas de la asociación entre el consumo de alcohol y la diabetes, así como sus implicaciones para el manejo clínico y las políticas de salud pública en las Américas. Aunque existe evidencia de que, en determinadas circunstancias, el consumo moderado de alcohol puede proteger contra la diabetes de tipo políticas de control reducen la frecuencia y la intensidad del consumo de alcohol en las poblaciones en riesgo. Estas acciones de política se recomiendan en el contexto de la estrategia mundial de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para reducir el consumo de alcohol nocivo

Estrategia nacional sobre alcohol: reducción del consumo de riesgo y sus consecuencias sociales y sanitarias: un desafío bicentenario para Chile / National strategy on alcohol: risk reduction in consumption and its social and health consequences: a challenge for Chile Bicentennial

Reducir el consumo de riesgo de alcohol y sus consecuencias sociales, sanitarias, económicas y humanas, configura ciertamente un genuino desafío para que Chile logre avances sustantivos en el período de su Bicentenario. Ello puede ser posible. Hoy día se cuenta con evidencias de estrategias efectivas y con el antecedente de experiencias exitosas en otros países, que pueden aprovecharse en el país. El presente documento de trabajo ha sido elaborado con el concurso de muchas personas, expertos nacionales y extranjeros y un Comité Interministerial que contribuyó a armonizar diversas perspectivas, con el propósito de que sea utilizable como una propuesta de las bases de una política de Estado. La publicación del documento inicia la etapa siguiente, destinada a un amplio y sostenido debate de opiniones y de proposiciones para el perfeccionamiento de las nueve líneas de acción que aquí se proponen.

Estimating the Socioeconomic Costs of Alcohol Drinking Among Adolescents in Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to estimate the socioeconomic costs resulting from alcohol drinking among adolescents as of 2006 from a societal perspective. METHODS: The costs were classified into direct costs, indirect costs, and other costs. The direct costs consisted of direct medical costs and direct non-medical costs. The indirect costs were computed by future income losses from premature death, productivity losses from using medical services and reduction of productivity from drinking and hangover. The other costs consisted of property damage, public administrative expenses, and traffic accident compensation. RESULTS: The socioeconomic costs of alcohol drinking among adolescents as of 2006 were estimated to be 387.5 billion won (0.05% of GDP). In the case of the former, the amount included 48.25% for reduction of productivity from drinking and hangover, 39.38% for future income losses from premature death, and 6.71% for hangover costs. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the socioeconomic costs of alcohol drinking among adolescents in Korea were a serious as compared with that of the United States. Therefore, the active interventions such as a surveillance system and a prevention program to control adolescents drinking by government and preventive medicine specialist are needed.

Conceitos introdutórios de economia da saúde e o impacto social do abuso de álcool / Introductory concepts of health economics and the social impact of the alcohol misuse

A sociedade brasileira arca, atualmente, com um elevado custo econômico frente aos problemas decorrentes do uso abusivo de álcool. No Brasil, estudos econômicos relacionados ao abuso e/ou dependência química são escassos ou inexistentes, embora exista uma grande limitação de recursos e enormes problemas de saúde decorrentes. Este artigo tem como objetivo introduzir aos profissionais da saúde conceitos fundamentais da Economia da Saúde, tais como: avaliação econômica completa e incompleta, custo da doença, comparação de custos, tipos de avaliação (custo-minimização, custo-efetividade, custo-utility e custo-benefício), pontos de vista da análise (do paciente, da Instituição de Saúde, do Ministério da Saúde ou da sociedade), tipos de custos (diretos, indiretos e intangíveis) e outros. Além disso, serão descritos alguns dados de pesquisas sobre o impacto do consumo de álcool na sociedade brasileira. Não pretendemos esgotar os assuntos tratados, mas sim, enfatizar a necessidade de pesquisas nacionais que aliem a avaliação econômica à dependência alcoólica, tendo por finalidade propiciar o maior ganho de saúde possível, com a menor utilização dos escassos recursos destinados ao sistema saúde, na busca de maior eficiência.

Brazilian society bears high economic costs in view of the problems resulting from the alcohol consumption. There is a lack of economic studies into alcohol misuse or dependence in Brazil due to the limited financial resources, despite the huge health problems the country has been facing. This paper aims to introduce basic concepts of Heath Economics to health care practitioners, such as: Complete and Incomplete Economic Evaluation, Disease Costs, Cost Comparison, Types of Evaluation (cost-minimisation, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, and cost-benefice), Point of View Analysis (from patient, health institution, Ministry of Health, or society), Types of Costs (direct, indirect and intangible), and other ones. In addition, research data on the impact of the alcohol consumption on the Brazilian society is described. We do not intend to exhaust the subjects addressed in this paper, but emphasise the need for more national researches that link the economic evaluation to the alcohol addiction issue in order to seek maximum efficiency by maximising the health care and minimising the scarce health system resources.

Custo social e de saúde do consumo do álcool / The social and health burden of alcohol abuse

Baseando-se numa revisão, apresentada pela Organizacão Mundial da Saúde (OMS), de recentes estudos sobre avaliacão do custo social e de saúde decorrentes do uso do álcool, este artigo tem o objetivo de expor as evidências que permitem avaliar o consumo do álcool para além da esfera médica assistencial, pessoal e familiar, como questão prioritária do ponto de vista sócio-político e de saúde pública. São discutidos os dados mundiais e enfatizados os dados específicos do cenário brasileiro. O custo social é dimensionado com metodologia aplicada a diversos fatores, sendo unificados dados sobre violência, problemas familiares, abuso de menores, desordem pública, problemas profissionais, entre outros. O custo dos problemas de saúde é evidenciado pelo método epidemiológico, por meio de uma categorizacão elementar de dados de morbi-mortalidade geral de cada região e sub-região continental e triangulando-se dados de volume médio de consumo e padrões de consumo. Os resultados finais são obtidos através de análise comparativa de risco, utilizando-se basicamente um indicador representativo do número de anos de vida útil perdidos por adoecimento ou mortalidade precoce atribuíveis ao consumo do álcool, na língua inglesa designado "DALYs" (Disability Adjusted Life Years). O valor global do "DALYs", no ano de 2000, para o álcool, foi de 4 por cento da morbi-mortalidade mundial, revelando tendência de ascensão. Os gradientes encontrados entre as diversas regiões do planeta são analisados à luz de uma crítica de seus potenciais determinantes.

Delitos relacionados con el consumo de alcohol en México (1964-1984) / Offenses related to alcohol consumption in Mexico (1964/1984)

En este trabajo se presentan series de datos relacionados con las sentencias dictadas por las agencias del Ministerio Público a aquellos sujetos que cometieron algún delito, tanto del fuero común como del federal, a los que se les detectó presencia de alcohol en el momento de cometer el acto. Se realizaron análisis de regresión y correlación con estas series de datos y alguna variables de tipo económico. Los resultados indicaron que en estos dos factores hay una correlación casi perfecta (.90,.96,.97)